Hydrolase

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## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Nomenclature
* 3 Classification
* 4 References

## Overview

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In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. For example, an enzyme that catalyzed the following reaction is a hydrolase:

A-B + H2O -> A-OH + B-H

## Nomenclature

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Systematic names of hydrolases are formed as "substrate hydrolase." However, common names are typically in the form "substratease." For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids.

## Classification

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Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses, based upon the bonds they act upon:

* EC 3.1: ester bonds (esterases: nucleases, phosphodiesterases, lipase, phosphatase)
* EC 3.2: sugars (glycosylases/DNA glycosylases, glycoside hydrolase)
* EC 3.3: ether bonds
* EC 3.4: peptide bonds (Proteases/peptidases)
* EC 3.5: carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds
* EC 3.6: acid anhydrides (acid anhydride hydrolases, including helicases and GTPase)
* EC 3.7: carbon-carbon bonds
* EC 3.8: halide bonds
* EC 3.9: phosphorus-nitrogen bonds
* EC 3.10: sulfur-nitrogen bonds
* EC 3.11: carbon-phosphorus bonds
* EC 3.12: sulfur-sulfur bonds
* EC 3.13: carbon-sulfur bonds

## References

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* EC 3 Introduction from the Department of Chemistry at Queen Mary, University of London, only covers 3.1-3.4
* More detailed taxonomy

* v
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* e

Enzymes

Activity|

* Active site
* Binding site
* Catalytic triad
* Oxyanion hole
* Enzyme promiscuity
* Catalytically perfect enzyme
* Coenzyme
* Cofactor
* Enzyme catalysis

Regulation|

* Allosteric regulation
* Cooperativity
* Enzyme inhibitor
* Enzyme activator

Classification|

* EC number
* Enzyme superfamily
* Enzyme family
* List of enzymes

Kinetics|

* Enzyme kinetics
* Eadie–Hofstee diagram
* Hanes–Woolf plot
* Lineweaver–Burk plot
* Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Types|

* EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
* EC2 Transferases (list)
* EC3 Hydrolases (list)
* EC4 Lyases (list)
* EC5 Isomerases (list)
* EC6 Ligases (list)

* v
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Hydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1)

3.1.1: Carboxylic
ester hydrolases|

* Cholinesterase
* Acetylcholinesterase
* Butyrylcholinesterase
* Pectinesterase
* 6-phosphogluconolactonase
* PAF acetylhydrolase

* Lipase
* Bile salt-dependent
* Gastric/Lingual
* Pancreatic
* Lysosomal
* Hormone-sensitive
* Endothelial
* Hepatic
* Lipoprotein
* Monoacylglycerol
* Diacylglycerol

* Phospholipase
* A1
* A2
* B

* Cutinase
* PETase

3.1.2: Thioesterase|

* Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
* Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
* 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase

3.1.3: Phosphatase|

* Alkaline phosphatase
* ALPI
* ALPL
* ALPP
* Acid phosphatase (Prostatic)/Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/Purple acid phosphatases
* Nucleotidase
* Glucose 6-phosphatase
* Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
* Calcineurin
* Protein phosphatase
* PP2A
* OCRL
* Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
* Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
* PTEN
* Phytase
* Beta-propeller phytase
* Inositol-phosphate phosphatase
* IMPA1, IMPA2, IMPA3
* Protein phosphatase: Protein tyrosine phosphatase
* Protein serine/threonine phosphatase
* Dual-specificity phosphatase

3.1.4:
Phosphodiesterase|

* Autotaxin
* Phospholipase
* C
* D
* Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
* 1
* PDE1
* PDE2
* PDE3
* PDE4A/PDE4B
* PDE5
* Lecithinase (Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin)
* Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

3.1.6: Sulfatase|

* arylsulfatase
* Arylsulfatase A
* Arylsulfatase B
* Arylsulfatase E
* Steroid sulfatase
* Galactosamine-6 sulfatase
* Iduronate-2-sulfatase
* N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase

Nuclease (includes
deoxyribonuclease
and ribonuclease)|

| 3.1.11-16:
Exonuclease|

| Exodeoxyribonuclease|

* RecBCD

|

Exoribonuclease|

* Oligonucleotidase

3.1.21-31:
Endonuclease|

| Endodeoxyribonuclease|

* Deoxyribonuclease I
* Deoxyribonuclease II
* Deoxyribonuclease IV
* Restriction enzyme
* UvrABC endonuclease

|

Endoribonuclease|

* RNase III
* RNase H
* 1
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* RNase P
* RNase A
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4/5
* RNase T1
* RNA-induced silencing complex

either deoxy- or ribo-|

* Aspergillus nuclease S1
* Micrococcal nuclease

Template:Glycoside hydrolases

* v
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* e

Hydrolases: ether bond (EC 3.3)

3.3.1|

* Adenosylhomocysteinase

3.3.2|

* Epoxide hydrolase
* Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase

* v
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Hydrolase: proteases (EC 3.4)

3.4.11-19: Exopeptidase|

| 3.4.11|

* Aminopeptidase
* Alanine
* Arginyl
* Aspartyl
* Cystinyl
* Leucyl
* Glutamyl
* Methionyl
* 1
* 2
* O

|

3.4.13|

* Dipeptidase
* 1
* 2
* 3

3.4.14|

* Dipeptidyl peptidase
* Cathepsin C
* Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
* Tripeptidyl peptidase
* Tripeptidyl peptidase I
* Tripeptidyl peptidase II

3.4.15|

* Angiotensin-converting enzyme

3.4.16|

* Serine type carboxypeptidases: Cathepsin A
* DD-transpeptidase

3.4.17|

Metalloexopeptidases
Carboxypeptidase

Glutamate II

Other/ungrouped|

* Metalloexopeptidase

3.4.21-25: Endopeptidase|

* Serine protease
* Cysteine protease
* Aspartic acid protease
* Metalloendopeptidase
* Threonine endopeptidase
* Proteasome endopeptidase complex
* HslU—HslV peptidase

* Other/ungrouped: Amyloid precursor protein secretase
* Alpha secretase
* Beta-secretase 1
* Beta-secretase 2
* Gamma secretase

3.4.99: Unknown|

* Staphylokinase

* v
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Hydrolases: carbon-nitrogen non-peptide (EC 3.5)

3.5.1: Linear amides /
Amidohydrolases|

* Asparaginase
* Glutaminase
* Urease
* Biotinidase
* Aspartoacylase
* Ceramidase
* Aspartylglucosaminidase
* Fatty acid amide hydrolase
* Histone deacetylase
* Sirtuin

3.5.2: Cyclic amides/
Amidohydrolases|

* Barbiturase
* Beta-lactamase

3.5.3: Linear amidines/
Ureohydrolases|

* Arginase
* Agmatinase
* Protein-arginine deiminase

3.5.4: Cyclic amidines/
Aminohydrolases|

* Guanine deaminase
* Adenosine deaminase
* AMP deaminase
* Inosine monophosphate synthase
* DCMP deaminase
* GTP cyclohydrolase I
* Cytidine deaminase
* AICDA
* Activation-induced cytidine deaminase

3.5.5: Nitriles/
Aminohydrolases|

* Nitrilase

3.5.99: Other|

* Riboflavinase
* Thiaminase II

* v
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Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6)

3.6.1|

* Pyrophosphatase
* Inorganic
* Thiamine
* Apyrase
* Thiamine-triphosphatase

3.6.2|

* Adenylylsulfatase
* Phosphoadenylylsulfatase

3.6.3-4: ATPase|

| 3.6.3|

| Cu++ (3.6.3.4)|

* Menkes/ATP7A
* Wilson/ATP7B

|

Ca+ (3.6.3.8)|

* SERCA
* ATP2A1
* ATP2A2
* ATP2A3
* Plasma membrane
* ATP2B1
* ATP2B2
* ATP2B3
* ATP2B4
* SPCA
* ATP2C1
* ATP2C2

Na+/K+ (3.6.3.9)|

* ATP1A1
* ATP1A2
* ATP1A3
* ATP1A4
* ATP1B1
* ATP1B2
* ATP1B3
* ATP1B4

H+/K+ (3.6.3.10)|

* ATP4A

Other P-type ATPase|

* ATP8B1
* ATP10A
* ATP11B
* ATP12A
* ATP13A2
* ATP13A3

3.6.4|

* Dynein
* Kinesin
* Myosin
* Katanin

3.6.5: GTPase|

| 3.6.5.1: Heterotrimeric G protein|

* Gαs
* Gαi
* GNAI1
* GNAI2
* GNAI3
* Gαq/11
* GNAQ
* GNA11
* Gα12/13
* GNA12
* GNA13
* Transducin
* GNAT1
* GNAT2
* Gustducin
* GNAT3

|

3.6.5.2: Small GTPase > Ras superfamily|

* Rho family of GTPases: Cdc42
* CDC42
* TC10
* TCL
* RhoUV
* RhoU
* RhoV
* Rac
* Rac1
* 2
* 3
* RhoG
* RhoBTB
* 1
* 2
* RhoH
* Rho
* A
* B
* C
* Rnd
* 1
* 2
* 3
* RhoDF
* RhoF
* RhoD

* other: Ras
* HRAS
* KRAS
* NRAS
* Rab
* RAB23
* RAB27
* Arf
* ARF6
* SAR1B
* ARL13B
* ARL6
* Ran
* Rheb
* Rap
* RGK

3.6.5.3: Protein-synthesizing GTPase|

* Prokaryotic
* IF-2
* EF-Tu
* EF-G
* Eukaryotic

3.6.5.5-6: Polymerization motors|

* Dynamin
* Tubulin

* v
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* e

Hydrolases: carbon-carbon (EC 3.7)

3.7.1|

* Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
* Kynureninase

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