Hyperthyroidism causes

Hyperthyroidism Microchapters

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Differentiating hyperthyroidism from other diseases

Pathophysiology

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Vignesh Ponnusamy, M.B.B.S. [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

## Overview

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Hyperthyroidism is the result of excess thyroid hormone production, causing an overactive metabolism and increased speed of all the body's processes.

Thyroid hormone generally controls the pace of all of the processes in the body. This pace is called one's metabolism. If there is too much thyroid hormone, every function of the body tends to speed up. The thyroid gland regulates the body temperature by secreting two hormones that control how quickly the body burns calories and energy. If the thyroid produces too much hormone, the condition is called hyperthyroidism, but if too little is produced, the result is hypothyroidism.

## Causes

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Major causes in humans are:

* Graves' disease
* Toxic thyroid adenoma
* Toxic multinodular goitre

Other causes of hyperthyroxinemia (high blood levels of thyroid hormones) are not to be confused with true hyperthyroidism and include subacute and other forms of thyroiditis (inflammation) and struma ovarii (a teratoma). Thyrotoxicosis (symptoms caused by hyperthyroxinemia) can occur in both hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis. When it causes acutely increased metabolism, it is sometimes called "thyroid storm", a life-threatening event characterized by tachycardia, hypertension, and fever.

Excess thyroid hormone from pills can also cause hyperthyroidism. Amiodarone, a heart medication, can sometimes cause hyperthyroidism. Hamburger toxicosis is a condition that occurs sporadically and is associated with ground beef contaminated with thyroid hormone.

Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in about 7% of women during the year after they give birth. PPT typically has several phases, the first of which is hyperthyroidism. Many times, the hyperthyroidism corrects itself within weeks or months without any treatment necessary.

### Life Threatening Causes

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* Adenocarcinoma
* Choriocarcinoma
* Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer
* Pituitary tumor
* Struma ovarii
* Teratoma
* Testicular cancer
* Thyroid adenoma
* Thyroid carcinoma
* Thyroid nodule
* Thyroid tumor
* Thyrotropinoma
* Toxic adenoma
* Toxic thyroid adenoma
* Trophoblastic disease
* Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma

### Common Causes

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* Graves' disease
* Toxic thyroid adenoma
* Toxic multinodular goitre

### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | No underlying causes

|

Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes
Dental | No underlying causes
Dermatologic | Hydatidiform mole
Drug Side Effect | Amiodarone  , Atezolizumab, Levothyroxine and indinavir interaction, Nivolumab, Potassium iodide, Pramipexole, Sorafenib, Thyroxine
Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes
Endocrine | Anterior pituitary hyperhormonotrophic syndrome, Autoimmune enteropathy, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Autonomous thyroid tissue  , Choriocarcinoma, De quervain thyroiditis, Excessive replacement therapy, Exogenous thyroid hormone intake, Factitious thyroiditis  , Graves' disease , Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Jod-basedow thyrotoxicosis, Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, Pituitary tumor, Polyendocrinopathy, Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Postpartum thyroiditis, Suppurative thyroiditis, Thyroid adenoma, Thyroid carcinoma, Thyroid nodule, Thyroid stimulating globulin, Thyroid tumor, Thyroiditis, Thyrotropinoma, Toxic adenoma, Toxic multinodular goiter, Toxic thyroid adenoma, Tsh hypersecretion, Tsh-mediated hyperthyroidism, Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma
Environmental | No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic | Enteropathy
Genetic | Glutaricaciduria type 3, Ipex syndrome , Mccune-albright syndrome , Troell-junet syndrome
Hematologic | Diabetes mellitus
Iatrogenic | Excessive replacement therapy, Exogenous thyroid hormone intake, Intentional suppressive therapy, Iodine overuse
Infectious Disease | Hashitoxicosis, Thyrotoxicosis factitia
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes
Neurologic | No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic | Diabetes mellitus, Diarrhea
Obstetric/Gynecologic | Hyperemesis gravidarum, Teratoma, Trophoblastic disease
Oncologic | Adenocarcinoma, Choriocarcinoma, Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, Pituitary tumor, Struma ovarii , Teratoma, Testicular cancer, Thyroid adenoma, Thyroid carcinoma, Thyroid nodule, Thyroid tumor, Thyrotropinoma, Toxic adenoma, Toxic thyroid adenoma, Trophoblastic disease, Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma
Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity | Iodine overuse
Psychiatric | No underlying causes
Pulmonary | No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Autoimmune enteropathy, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Autonomous thyroid tissue  , Immune dysregulation, Intentional suppressive therapy, Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
Sexual | No underlying causes
Trauma | No underlying causes
Urologic | Testicular cancer
Miscellaneous | No underlying causes

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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* Adenocarcinoma
* Amiodarone
* Anterior pituitary hyperhormonotrophic syndrome
* Atezolizumab
* Autoimmune enteropathy
* Autoimmune thyroid disease
* Autonomous thyroid tissue
* Choriocarcinoma
* De quervain thyroiditis
* Diabetes mellitus
* Diarrhea
* Enteropathy
* Excessive replacement therapy
* Exogenous thyroid hormone intake
* Factitious thyroiditis
* Glutaricaciduria type 3
* Graves' disease
* Hashimoto's thyroiditis
* Hashitoxicosis
* Hydatidiform mole
* Hyperemesis gravidarum
* Immune dysregulation
* Intentional suppressive therapy
* Iodine overuse
* Ipex syndrome
* Jod-basedow thyrotoxicosis
* Levothyroxine and indinavir interaction
* Mccune-albright syndrome
* Metastatic follicular thyroid cancer
* Nivolumab
* Pituitary tumor
* Poems syndrome
* Polyendocrinopathy
* Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
* Postpartum thyroiditis
* Potassium iodide
* Pramipexole
* Sorafenib
* Struma ovarii
* Suppurative thyroiditis
* Teratoma
* Testicular cancer
* Thyroid adenoma
* Thyroid carcinoma
* Thyroid nodule
* Thyroid stimulating globulin
* Thyroid tumor
* Thyroiditis
* Thyrotoxicosis factitia
* Thyrotropinoma
* Thyroxine
* Toxic adenoma
* Toxic multinodular goiter
* Toxic thyroid adenoma
* Troell-junet syndrome
* Trophoblastic disease
* Tsh hypersecretion
* Tsh-mediated hyperthyroidism
* Tsh-producing pituitary adenoma

## References

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