Infertility pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Sanjana Nethagani, M.B.B.S.[3]

## Overview

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Disorders of ovulation make up at least 25% of the cases of infertility worldwide, according to a study done by WHO. Other pathologies such as genital tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis make up the bulk of female infertility cases.

## Pathophysiology

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### Male infertility

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* A decrease in sperm count[1]
* Sperm being blocked from being released
* Sperm that do not work properly
* Genetic disease such as Klienefelter syndrome, Noonan syndrome and chromosome Y deletions.

### Female infertility

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* A fertilized egg or embryo does not survive once it sticks to the lining of the womb (uterus).[2]
* The fertilized egg does not attach to the lining of the uterus
* The eggs cannot move from the ovaries to the womb
* The ovaries have problems producing egg
* Hormonal imbalance such as hyperprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, PCOS which interfere with fertility.

## Associated conditions

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* Endometriosis
* Pelvic inflammatory disease
* Diabetes mellitus
* Hypothyroidism

## References

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1. ↑ Miyamoto T, Minase G, Shin T, Ueda H, Okada H, Sengoku K (2017). "Human male infertility and its genetic causes". Reprod Med Biol. 16 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1002/rmb2.12017. PMC 5661822. PMID 29259455.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ "Recent advances in medically assisted conception. Report of a WHO Scientific Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 820: 1–111. 1992. PMID 1642014.