Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

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The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is a protein found on the surface of human cells. It is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by a hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and by a related hormone called IGF-2. It belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors. This receptor mediates the effects of IGF-1, which is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. IGF-1 plays an important role in growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults – meaning that it can induce hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and other target tissues. Mice lacking the IGF-1 receptor die late in development, and show a dramatic reduction in body mass, testifying to the strong growth-promoting effect of this receptor. Mice carrying only one functional copy of IGF-1R are normal, but exhibit a ~15% decrease in body mass.

## Contents

* 1 Structure
* 2 Family members
* 3 Function
* 3.1 Role in cancer
* 3.2 Role in insulin signaling
* 3.3 Effects of aging
* 3.4 Role in craniosynostosis
* 3.5 Gene inactivation/deletion
* 4 Inhibitors
* 5 Interactions
* 6 Regulation
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## Structure

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Schematic diagram of the IGF-1R structure

Two alpha subunits and two beta subunits make up the IGF-1 receptor. Both the α and β subunits are synthesized from a single mRNA precursor. The precursor is then glycosylated, proteolytically cleaved, and crosslinked by cysteine bonds to form a functional transmembrane αβ chain.[1] The α chains are located extracellularly, while the β subunit spans the membrane and is responsible for intracellular signal transduction upon ligand stimulation. The mature IGF-1R has a molecular weight of approximately 320 kDa.citation? The receptor is a member of a family which consists of the insulin receptor and the IGF-2R (and their respective ligands IGF-1 and IGF-2), along with several IGF-binding proteins.

IGF-1R and the insulin receptor both have a binding site for ATP, which is used to provide the phosphates for autophosphorylation. There is a 60% homology between IGF-1R and the insulin receptor. The structures of the autophosphorylation complexes of tyrosine residues 1165 and 1166 have been identified within crystals of the IGF1R kinase domain.[2]

In response to ligand binding, the α chains induce the tyrosine autophosphorylation of the β chains. This event triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling that, while cell type-specific, often promotes cell survival and cell proliferation.[3][4]

## Family members

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Tyrosine kinase receptors, including the IGF-1 receptor, mediate their activity by causing the addition of a phosphate groups to particular tyrosines on certain proteins within a cell. This addition of phosphate induces what are called "cell signaling" cascades - and the usual result of activation of the IGF-1 receptor is survival and proliferation in mitosis-competent cells, and growth (hypertrophy) in tissues such as skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

During embryonic development, the IGF-1R pathway is involved with the developing limb buds.

The IGFR signalling pathway is of critical importance during normal development of mammary gland tissue during pregnancy and lactation. During pregnancy, there is intense proliferation of epithelial cells which form the duct and gland tissue. Following weaning, the cells undergo apoptosis and all the tissue is destroyed. Several growth factors and hormones are involved in this overall process, and IGF-1R is believed to have roles in the differentiation of the cells and a key role in inhibiting apoptosis until weaning is complete.

## Function

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### Role in cancer

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The IGF-1R is implicated in several cancers,[5][6] including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. In some instances its anti-apoptotic properties allow cancerous cells to resist the cytotoxic properties of chemotherapeutic drugs or radiotherapy. In breast cancer, where EGFR inhibitors such as erlotinib are being used to inhibit the EGFR signaling pathway, IGF-1R confers resistance by forming one half of a heterodimer (see the description of EGFR signal transduction in the erlotinib page), allowing EGFR signaling to resume in the presence of a suitable inhibitor. This process is referred to as crosstalk between EGFR and IGF-1R. It is further implicated in breast cancer by increasing the metastatic potential of the original tumour by conferring the ability to promote vascularisation.

Increased levels of the IGF-IR are expressed in the majority of primary and metastatic prostate cancer patient tumors.[7] Evidence suggests that IGF-IR signaling is required for survival and growth when prostate cancer cells progress to androgen independence.[8] In addition, when immortalized prostate cancer cells mimicking advanced disease are treated with the IGF-1R ligand, IGF-1, the cells become more motile.[9] Members of the IGF receptor family and their ligands also seem to be involved in the carcinogenesis of mammary tumors of dogs.[10][11] IGF1R is amplified in several cancer types based on analysis of TCGA data, and gene amplification could be one mechanism for overexpression of IGF1R in cancer.[12]

### Role in insulin signaling

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IGF-1 binds to at least two cell surface receptors: the IGF1 Receptor (IGFR), and the insulin receptor. The IGF-1 receptor seems to be the "physiologic" receptor - it binds IGF-1 at significantly higher affinity than it binds insulin.[13] Like the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase - meaning it signals by causing the addition of a phosphate molecule on particular tyrosines. IGF-1 activates the insulin receptor at approximately 0.1x the potency of insulin. Part of this signaling may be via IGF1R/insulin receptor heterodimers (the reason for the confusion is that binding studies show that IGF1 binds the insulin receptor 100-fold less well than insulin, yet that does not correlate with the actual potency of IGF1 in vivo at inducing phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and hypoglycemia).

### Effects of aging

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Studies in female mice have shown that both supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) lose approximately one-third of IGF-1R immunoreactive cells with normal aging. Also, old calorically restricted (CR) mice lost higher numbers of IGF-1R non-immunoreactive cells while maintaining similar counts of IGF-1R immunoreactive cells in comparison to old-Al mice. Consequently, old-CR mice show a higher percentage of IGF-1R immunoreactive cells, reflecting increased hypothalamic sensitivity to IGF-1 in comparison to normally aging mice.[14][15]

### Role in craniosynostosis

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Mutations in IGF1R have been associated with craniosynostosis.[16]

### Gene inactivation/deletion

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Deletion of the IGF-1 receptor gene in mice results in lethality during early embryonic development, and for this reason, IGF-1 insensitivity, unlike the case of growth hormone (GH) insensitivity (Laron syndrome), is not observed in the human population.[17]

## Inhibitors

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Due to the similarity of the structures of IGF-1R and the insulin receptor (IR), especially in the regions of the ATP binding site and tyrosine kinase regions, synthesising selective inhibitors of IGF-1R is difficult. Prominent in current research are three main classes of inhibitor:

1. Tyrphostins such as AG538[18] and AG1024. These are in early pre-clinical testing. They are not thought to be ATP-competitive, although they are when used in EGFR as described in QSAR studies. These show some selectivity towards IGF-1R over IR.
2. Pyrrolo(2,3-d)-pyrimidine derivatives such as NVP-AEW541, invented by Novartis, which show far greater (100 fold) selectivity towards IGF-1R over IR.[19]
3. Monoclonal antibodies are probably the most specific and promising therapeutic compounds. Those currently undergoing trials include figitumumab.

## Interactions

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Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor has been shown to interact with:

* ARHGEF12,[20]
* C-src tyrosine kinase,[21]
* Cbl gene,[22]
* EHD1,[23]
* GRB10,[24][25][26][27]
* IRS1,[25][28][29]
* Mdm2,[22]
* NEDD4,[22][24]
* PIK3R3,[30]
* PTPN11,[28][31]
* RAS p21 protein activator 1,[31]
* SHC1[25][29][32]
* SOCS2,[33]
* SOCS3,[34] and
* YWHAE.[35]

## Regulation

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There is evidence to suggest that IGF1R is negatively regulated by the microRNA miR-7.[36]

## See also

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* Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
* Insulin receptor
* Linsitinib, an inhibitor of IGF-1 in clinical trials for cancer treatment

## References

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1. ↑ Gregory CW, DeGeorges A, Sikes RA (2001). "The IGF axis in the development and progression of prostate cancer". Recent Research Developments in Cancer: 437–462. ISBN 81-7895-002-2.
2. ↑ Xu, Q.; Malecka, K. L.; Fink, L.; Jordan, E. J.; Duffy, E.; Kolander, S.; Peterson, J. R.; Dunbrack, R. L. (1 December 2015). "Identifying three-dimensional structures of autophosphorylation complexes in crystals of protein kinases". Science Signaling. 8 (405): rs13. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aaa6711. PMC 4766099. PMID 26628682.
3. ↑ Jones JI, Clemmons DR (February 1995). "Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions". Endocr. Rev. 16 (1): 3–34. doi:10.1210/edrv-16-1-3. PMID 7758431.
4. ↑ LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Johnson D, Roberts CT (April 1995). "Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor". Endocr. Rev. 16 (2): 143–63. doi:10.1210/edrv-16-2-143. PMID 7540132.
5. ↑ Warshamana-Greene GS, Litz J, Buchdunger E, García-Echeverría C, Hofmann F, Krystal GW (2005). "The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase inhibitor, NVP-ADW742, sensitizes small cell lung cancer cell lines to the effects of chemotherapy". Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (4): 1563–71. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1544. PMID 15746061.
6. ↑ Jones HE, Goddard L, Gee JM, Hiscox S, Rubini M, Barrow D, Knowlden JM, Williams S, Wakeling AE, Nicholson RI (2004). "Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling and acquired resistance to gefitinib (ZD1839; Iressa) in human breast and prostate cancer cells". Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 11 (4): 793–814. doi:10.1677/erc.1.00799. PMID 15613453.
7. ↑ Hellawell GO, Turner GD, Davies DR, Poulsom R, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM (May 2002). "Expression of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor is up-regulated in primary prostate cancer and commonly persists in metastatic disease". Cancer Res. 62 (10): 2942–50. PMID 12019176.
8. ↑ Krueckl SL, Sikes RA, Edlund NM, Bell RH, Hurtado-Coll A, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Cox ME (December 2004). "Increased insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression and signaling are components of androgen-independent progression in a lineage-derived prostate cancer progression model". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8620–9. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2446. PMID 15574769.
9. ↑ Yao H, Dashner EJ, van Golen CM, van Golen KL (April 2006). "RhoC GTPase is required for PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion but not motility". Oncogene. 25 (16): 2285–96. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209260. PMID 16314838.
10. ↑ Klopfleisch R, Hvid H, Klose P, da Costa A, Gruber AD (December 2010). "Insulin receptor is expressed in normal canine mammary gland and benign adenomas but decreased in metastatic canine mammary carcinomas similar to human breast cancer". Veterinary Comparative Oncology. 8 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00232.x. PMID 21062411.
11. ↑ Klopfleisch R, Lenze D, Hummel M, Gruber AD (November 2010). "Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles". BMC Cancer. 10: 618. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-618. PMC 2994823. PMID 21062462.
12. ↑ Chen Y, McGee J, Chen X, Doman TN, Gong X, Zhang Y, Hamm N, Ma X, Higgs RE, Bhagwat SV, Buchanan S, Peng SB, Staschke KA, Yadav V, Yue Y, Kouros-Mehr H (2014). "Identification of Druggable Cancer Driver Genes Amplified across TCGA Datasets". PLoS ONE. 9 (5): e98293. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098293. PMC 4038530. PMID 24874471.
13. ↑ Hawsawi, Yousef; El-Gendy, Reem; Twelves, Christopher; Speirs, Valerie; Beattie, James (December 2013). "Insulin-like growth factor — Oestradiol crosstalk and mammary gland tumourigenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1836 (2): 345–353. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.005.
14. ↑ Saeed O, Yaghmaie F, Garan SA, Gouw AM, Voelker MA, Sternberg H, Timiras PS (2007). "Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor immunoreactive cells are selectively maintained in the paraventricular hypothalamus of calorically restricted mice". Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 25 (1): 23–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.11.004. PMID 17194562.
15. ↑ Yaghmaie F, Saeed O, Garan SA, Voelker MA, Gouw AM, Freitag W, Sternberg H, Timiras PS (2006). "Age-dependent loss of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor immunoreactive cells in the supraoptic hypothalamus is reduced in calorically restricted mice". Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 24 (7): 431–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.08.008. PMID 17034982.
16. ↑ Cunningham ML, Horst JA, Rieder MJ, Hing AV, Stanaway IB, Park SS, Samudrala R, Speltz ML (2011). "IGF1R variants associated with isolated single suture craniosynostosis". Am J Med Genet A. 155 (1): 91–7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.33781. PMC 3059230. PMID 21204214.
17. ↑ Jay R. Harris; Marc E. Lippman; C. Kent Osborne; Monica Morrow (28 March 2012). Diseases of the Breast. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-1-4511-4870-1.
18. ↑ Blum G, Gazit A, Levitzki A (2000). "Substrate competitive inhibitors of IGF-1 receptor kinase". Biochemistry. 39 (51): 15705–12. doi:10.1021/bi001516y. PMID 11123895.
19. ↑ http://www.targeting-the-kinome.org/images/Garcia-Echeverria3.pdf
20. ↑ Taya S, Inagaki N, Sengiku H, Makino H, Iwamatsu A, Urakawa I, Nagao K, Kataoka S, Kaibuchi K (November 2001). "Direct interaction of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with leukemia-associated RhoGEF". J. Cell Biol. 155 (5): 809–20. doi:10.1083/jcb.200106139. PMC 2150867. PMID 11724822.
21. ↑ Arbet-Engels C, Tartare-Deckert S, Eckhart W (February 1999). "C-terminal Src kinase associates with ligand-stimulated insulin-like growth factor-I receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (9): 5422–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.9.5422. PMID 10026153.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Sehat B, Andersson S, Girnita L, Larsson O (July 2008). "Identification of c-Cbl as a new ligase for insulin-like growth factor-I receptor with distinct roles from Mdm2 in receptor ubiquitination and endocytosis". Cancer Res. 68 (14): 5669–77. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6364. PMID 18632619.
23. ↑ Rotem-Yehudar R, Galperin E, Horowitz M (August 2001). "Association of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor with EHD1 and SNAP29". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (35): 33054–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009913200. PMID 11423532.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Vecchione A, Marchese A, Henry P, Rotin D, Morrione A (May 2003). "The Grb10/Nedd4 complex regulates ligand-induced ubiquitination and stability of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (9): 3363–72. doi:10.1128/mcb.23.9.3363-3372.2003. PMC 153198. PMID 12697834.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Dey BR, Frick K, Lopaczynski W, Nissley SP, Furlanetto RW (June 1996). "Evidence for the direct interaction of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor with IRS-1, Shc, and Grb10". Mol. Endocrinol. 10 (6): 631–41. doi:10.1210/mend.10.6.8776723. PMID 8776723.
26. ↑ He W, Rose DW, Olefsky JM, Gustafson TA (March 1998). "Grb10 interacts differentially with the insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor via the Grb10 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and a second novel domain located between the pleckstrin homology and SH2 domains". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (12): 6860–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.12.6860. PMID 9506989.
27. ↑ Morrione A, Valentinis B, Li S, Ooi JY, Margolis B, Baserga R (July 1996). "Grb10: A new substrate of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor". Cancer Res. 56 (14): 3165–7. PMID 8764099.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Mañes S, Mira E, Gómez-Mouton C, Zhao ZJ, Lacalle RA, Martínez-A C (April 1999). "Concerted activity of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and focal adhesion kinase in regulation of cell motility". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (4): 3125–35. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.3125. PMC 84106. PMID 10082579.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Tartare-Deckert S, Sawka-Verhelle D, Murdaca J, Van Obberghen E (October 1995). "Evidence for a differential interaction of SHC and the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) with the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor in the yeast two-hybrid system". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (40): 23456–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23456. PMID 7559507.
30. ↑ Mothe I, Delahaye L, Filloux C, Pons S, White MF, Van Obberghen E (December 1997). "Interaction of wild type and dominant-negative p55PIK regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling proteins". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (13): 1911–23. doi:10.1210/mend.11.13.0029. PMID 9415396.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Seely BL, Reichart DR, Staubs PA, Jhun BH, Hsu D, Maegawa H, Milarski KL, Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM (August 1995). "Localization of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor binding sites for the SH2 domain proteins p85, Syp, and GTPase activating protein". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (32): 19151–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.32.19151. PMID 7642582.
32. ↑ Santen RJ, Song RX, Zhang Z, Kumar R, Jeng MH, Masamura A, Lawrence J, Berstein L, Yue W (July 2005). "Long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity". Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 12. 12 Suppl 1: S61–73. doi:10.1677/erc.1.01018. PMID 16113100.
33. ↑ Dey BR, Spence SL, Nissley P, Furlanetto RW (September 1998). "Interaction of human suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-2 with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (37): 24095–101. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.37.24095. PMID 9727029.
34. ↑ Dey BR, Furlanetto RW, Nissley P (November 2000). "Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 protein interacts with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 278 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3762. PMID 11071852.
35. ↑ Craparo A, Freund R, Gustafson TA (April 1997). "14-3-3 (epsilon) interacts with the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and insulin receptor substrate I in a phosphoserine-dependent manner". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (17): 11663–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.17.11663. PMID 9111084.
36. ↑ Jiang L, Liu X, Chen Z, Jin Y, Heidbreder CE, Kolokythas A, Wang A, Dai Y, Zhou X (2010). "MicroRNA-7 targets IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells". Biochemical Journal. 432 (1): 199–205. doi:10.1042/BJ20100859. PMC 3130335. PMID 20819078.

## Further reading

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* Benito M, Valverde AM, Lorenzo M (1996). "IGF-I: a mitogen also involved in differentiation processes in mammalian cells". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 28 (5): 499–510. doi:10.1016/1357-2725(95)00168-9. PMID 8697095.
* Butler AA, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D (1999). "Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signal transduction: at the interface between physiology and cell biology". Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1016/S0305-0491(98)10106-2. PMID 9972281.
* Zhang X, Yee D (2001). "Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in breast cancer". Breast Cancer Res. 2 (3): 170–5. doi:10.1186/bcr50. PMC 138771. PMID 11250706.
* Gross JM, Yee D (2004). "The type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and breast cancer: biology and therapeutic relevance". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 22 (4): 327–36. doi:10.1023/A:1023720928680. PMID 12884909.
* Adams TE, McKern NM, Ward CW (2005). "Signalling by the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor: interplay with the epidermal growth factor receptor". Growth Factors. 22 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1080/08977190410001700998. PMID 15253384.
* Surmacz E, Bartucci M (2005). "Role of estrogen receptor alpha in modulating IGF-I receptor signaling and function in breast cancer". J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 23 (3): 385–94. PMID 15595626.
* Wood AW, Duan C, Bern HA (2005). "Insulin-like growth factor signaling in fish". Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 243: 215–85. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(05)43004-1. ISBN 9780123646477. PMID 15797461.
* Sarfstein R, Maor S, Reizner N, Abramovitch S, Werner H (2006). "Transcriptional regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene in breast cancer". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 252 (1–2): 241–6. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2006.03.018. PMID 16647191.

## External links

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* IGF-1+Receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

* v
* t
* e

PDB gallery

* 1igr: TYPE 1 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (DOMAINS 1-3)

1igr: TYPE 1 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (DOMAINS 1-3)

* 1jqh: IGF-1 receptor kinase domain

1jqh: IGF-1 receptor kinase domain

* 1k3a: Structure of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Kinase

1k3a: Structure of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Kinase

* 1m7n: Crystal Structure of Unactivated APO Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Kinase Domain

1m7n: Crystal Structure of Unactivated APO Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Kinase Domain

* 1p4o: Structure of Apo unactivated IGF-1R Kinase domain at 1.5A resolution.

1p4o: Structure of Apo unactivated IGF-1R Kinase domain at 1.5A resolution.

* 2oj9: Structure of IGF-1R kinase domain complexed with a benzimidazole inhibitor

2oj9: Structure of IGF-1R kinase domain complexed with a benzimidazole inhibitor

* v
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* e

Proteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)

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* CD1
* a-c
* 1A
* 1D
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* CD174
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201-250|

* CD201
* CD202b
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* CDw210
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* CD212
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* 1
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* CD217
* CD218 (a
* b)
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* CD240CE
* CD240D
* CD241
* CD243
* CD244
* CD246
* CD247 \- CD248
* CD249

251-300|

* CD252
* CD253
* CD254
* CD256
* CD257
* CD258
* CD261
* CD262
* CD263
* CD264
* CD265
* CD266
* CD267
* CD268
* CD269
* CD271
* CD272
* CD273
* CD274
* CD275
* CD276
* CD278
* CD279
* CD280
* CD281
* CD282
* CD283
* CD284
* CD286
* CD288
* CD289
* CD290
* CD292
* CDw293
* CD294
* CD295
* CD297
* CD298
* CD299

301-350|

* CD300A
* CD301
* CD302
* CD303
* CD304
* CD305
* CD306
* CD307
* CD309
* CD312
* CD314
* CD315
* CD316
* CD317
* CD318
* CD320
* CD321
* CD322
* CD324
* CD325
* CD326
* CD328
* CD329
* CD331
* CD332
* CD333
* CD334
* CD335
* CD336
* CD337
* CD338
* CD339
* CD340
* CD344
* CD349
* CD350

* v
* t
* e

Receptors: growth factor receptors

Type I cytokine receptor|

* Nerve growth factors: Ciliary neurotrophic factor
* Erythropoietin

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase|

* TGF pathway: TGF-beta
* 1
* 2
* Activin
* 1
* 2
* Bone morphogenetic protein
* 1
* 2

Receptor tyrosine kinase|

* Fibroblast growth factor
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4

* Nerve growth factors: high affinity Trk
* TrkA
* TrkB
* TrkC

* Hepatocyte growth factor

* Somatomedin
* Insulin-like growth factor 1

* ErbB/Epidermal growth factor

* VEGF
* 1
* 2
* 3

Tumor necrosis factor receptor|

* Nerve growth factors: Low affinity/p75

Ig superfamily|

* Platelet-derived growth factor
* A
* B
* Stem cell factor

Other/ungrouped|

* Somatomedin
* Insulin-like growth factor 2

* v
* t
* e

Protein kinases: tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10)

Receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.1)

| Growth factor receptors|

| EGF receptor family|

* EGFR
* ERBB2
* ERBB3
* ERBB4

|

Insulin receptor family|

* IGF1R
* INSR
* INSRR

PDGF receptor family|

* CSF1R
* FLT3
* KIT
* PDGFR (PDGFRA
* PDGFRB)

FGF receptor family|

* FGFR1
* FGFR2
* FGFR3
* FGFR4

VEGF receptors family|

* VEGFR1
* VEGFR2
* VEGFR3

HGF receptor family|

* MET
* RON

Trk receptor family|

* NTRK1
* NTRK2
* NTRK3

EPH receptor family|

* EPHA1
* EPHA2
* EPHA3
* EPHA4
* EPHA5
* EPHA6
* EPHA7
* EPHA8
* EPHB1
* EPHB2
* EPHB3
* EPHB4
* EPHB5
* EPHB6
* EPHX

LTK receptor family|

* LTK
* ALK

TIE receptor family|

* TIE
* TEK

ROR receptor family|

* ROR1
* ROR2

DDR receptor family|

* DDR1
* DDR2

PTK7 receptor family|

* PTK7

RYK receptor family|

* RYK

MuSK receptor family|

* MUSK

ROS receptor family|

* ROS1

AATYK receptor family|

* AATYK
* AATYK2

AXL receptor family|

* AXL
* MER
* TYRO3

RET receptor family|

* RET

uncategorised|

* STYK1

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.2)

| ABL family|

* ABL1
* ARG

|

ACK family|

* ACK1
* TNK1

CSK family|

* CSK
* MATK

FAK family|

* FAK
* PYK2

FES family|

* FES
* FER

FRK family|

* FRK
* BRK
* SRMS

JAK family|

* JAK1
* JAK2
* JAK3
* TYK2

SRC-A family|

* SRC
* FGR
* FYN
* YES1

SRC-B family|

* BLK
* HCK
* LCK
* LYN

TEC family|

* TEC
* BMX
* BTK
* ITK
* TXK

SYK family|

* SYK
* ZAP70

* v
* t
* e

Enzymes

Activity|

* Active site
* Binding site
* Catalytic triad
* Oxyanion hole
* Enzyme promiscuity
* Catalytically perfect enzyme
* Coenzyme
* Cofactor
* Enzyme catalysis

Regulation|

* Allosteric regulation
* Cooperativity
* Enzyme inhibitor
* Enzyme activator

Classification|

* EC number
* Enzyme superfamily
* Enzyme family
* List of enzymes

Kinetics|

* Enzyme kinetics
* Eadie–Hofstee diagram
* Hanes–Woolf plot
* Lineweaver–Burk plot
* Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Types|

* EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
* EC2 Transferases (list)
* EC3 Hydrolases (list)
* EC4 Lyases (list)
* EC5 Isomerases (list)
* EC6 Ligases (list)

* v
* t
* e

Growth factor receptor modulators

Angiopoietin|

* Agonists: Angiopoietin 1
* Angiopoietin 4

* Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2
* Angiopoietin 3

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* CE-245677
* Rebastinib

* Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)
* Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)

CNTF|

* Agonists: Axokine
* CNTF
* Dapiclermin

EGF (ErbB)|

| EGF
(ErbB1/HER1)|

* Agonists: Amphiregulin
* Betacellulin
* EGF (urogastrone)
* Epigen
* Epiregulin
* Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
* Murodermin
* Nepidermin
* Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)

* Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
* AG-490
* Agerafenib
* Brigatinib
* Canertinib
* Dacomitinib
* Erlotinib
* Gefitinib
* Grandinin
* Icotinib
* Lapatinib
* Neratinib
* Osimertinib
* Vandetanib
* WHI-P 154

* Antibodies: Cetuximab
* Depatuxizumab
* Depatuxizumab mafodotin
* Futuximab
* Imgatuzumab
* Matuzumab
* Necitumumab
* Nimotuzumab
* Panitumumab
* Zalutumumab

|

ErbB2/HER2|

* Agonists: Unknown/none

* Antibodies: Ertumaxomab
* Pertuzumab
* Trastuzumab
* Trastuzumab duocarmazine
* Trastuzumab emtansine

* Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
* AG-490
* Lapatinib
* Mubritinib
* Neratinib

ErbB3/HER3|

* Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))

* Antibodies: Duligotumab
* Patritumab
* Seribantumab

ErbB4/HER4|

* Agonists: Betacellulin
* Epigen
* Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
* Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))

FGF|

| FGFR1|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)
* Repifermin
* Trafermin
* Velafermin

|

FGFR2|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)
* Palifermin
* Repifermin
* Sprifermin
* Trafermin

* Antibodies: Aprutumab
* Aprutumab ixadotin

FGFR3|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)
* Sprifermin
* Trafermin

* Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)

FGFR4|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)
* Trafermin

Unsorted|

* Agonists: FGF15/19

HGF (c-Met)|

* Agonists: Hepatocyte growth factor

* Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AM7
* AMG-458
* Amuvatinib
* BMS-777607
* Cabozantinib
* Crizotinib
* Foretinib
* Golvatinib
* INCB28060
* JNJ-38877605
* K252a
* MK-2461
* PF-04217903
* PF-2341066
* PHA-665752
* SU-11274
* Tivantinib
* Volitinib

* Antibodies: Emibetuzumab
* Ficlatuzumab
* Flanvotumab
* Onartuzumab
* Rilotumumab
* Telisotuzumab
* Telisotuzumab vedotin

IGF|

| IGF-1|

* Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1
* Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
* IGF-1 LR3
* Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
* Insulin
* Mecasermin
* Mecasermin rinfabate

* Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807
* Linsitinib
* NVP-ADW742
* NVP-AEW541
* OSl-906

* Antibodies: AVE-1642
* Cixutumumab
* Dalotuzumab
* Figitumumab
* Ganitumab
* Robatumumab
* R1507
* Teprotumumab
* Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

|

IGF-2|

* Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)

* Antibodies: Dusigitumab
* Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

Others|

* Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

* Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)
* Trofinetide

LNGF (p75NTR)|

* Agonists: BDNF
* BNN-20
* BNN-27
* Cenegermin
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* NGF
* NT-3
* NT-4

* Antagonists: ALE-0540
* Dexamethasone
* EVT-901 (SAR-127963)
* Testosterone

* Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
* ASP-6294
* Fasinumab
* Frunevetmab
* Fulranumab
* MEDI-578
* Ranevetmab
* Tanezumab

* Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004

* Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)

PDGF|

* Agonists: Becaplermin
* Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
* Axitinib
* Crenolanib
* Imatinib
* Lenvatinib
* Masitinib
* Motesanib
* Nintedanib
* Pazopanib
* Radotinib
* Quizartinib
* Sunitinib
* Sorafenib
* Toceranib

* Antibodies: Olaratumab
* Ramucirumab
* Tovetumab

RET (GFL)|

| GFRα1|

* Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
* Liatermin

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

|

GFRα2|

* Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN)

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

GFRα3|

* Agonists: Artemin (ARTN)

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

GFRα4|

* Agonists: Persephin (PSPN)

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

Unsorted|

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib

SCF (c-Kit)|

* Agonists: Ancestim
* Stem cell factor

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
* Axitinib
* Dasatinib
* Imatinib
* Masitinib
* Nilotinib
* Pazopanib
* Quizartinib
* Sorafenib
* Sunitinib
* Toceranib

TGFβ|

* See here instead.

Trk|

| TrkA|

* Agonists: Amitriptyline
* BNN-20
* BNN-27
* Cenegermin
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* Gambogic amide
* NGF
* Tavilermide

* Antagonists: ALE-0540
* Dexamethasone
* FX007
* Testosterone

* Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AZD-6918
* CE-245677
* CH-7057288
* DS-6051
* Entrectinib
* GZ-389988
* K252a
* Larotrectinib
* Lestaurtinib
* Milciclib
* ONO-4474
* ONO-5390556
* PLX-7486
* Rebastinib
* SNA-120 (pegylated K252a))

* Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
* ASP-6294
* Fasinumab
* Frunevetmab
* Fulranumab
* MEDI-578
* Ranevetmab
* Tanezumab

* Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004

* Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)

|

TrkB|

* Agonists: 3,7-DHF
* 3,7,8,2'-THF
* 4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
* 7,3'-DHF
* 7,8-DHF
* 7,8,2'-THF
* 7,8,3'-THF
* Amitriptyline
* BDNF
* BNN-20
* Deoxygedunin
* Deprenyl
* Diosmetin
* DMAQ-B1
* HIOC
* LM22A-4
* N-Acetylserotonin
* NT-3
* NT-4
* Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
* R7
* R13
* TDP6

* Antagonists: ANA-12
* Cyclotraxin B
* Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)

* Ligands: DHEA

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AZD-6918
* CE-245677
* CH-7057288
* DS-6051
* Entrectinib
* GZ-389988
* K252a
* Larotrectinib
* Lestaurtinib
* ONO-4474
* ONO-5390556
* PLX-7486

TrkC|

* Agonists: BNN-20
* DHEA
* NT-3

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AZD-6918
* CE-245677
* CH-7057288
* DS-6051
* Entrectinib
* GZ-389988
* K252a
* Larotrectinib
* Lestaurtinib
* ONO-4474
* ONO-5390556
* PLX-7486

VEGF|

* Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)
* Telbermin
* VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))

* Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
* Altiratinib
* Axitinib
* Cabozantinib
* Cediranib
* Lapatinib
* Lenvatinib
* Motesanib
* Nintedanib
* Pazopanib
* Pegaptanib
* Rebastinib
* Regorafenib
* Semaxanib
* Sorafenib
* Sunitinib
* Toceranib
* Tivozanib
* Vandetanib
* WHI-P 154

* Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol
* Bevacizumab
* Icrucumab
* Ramucirumab
* Ranibizumab

* Decoy receptors: Aflibercept

Others|

* Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin
* Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead)
* Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
* Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)
* Erythropoietin (see here instead)
* Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
* Glia maturation factor (GMF)
* Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
* Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)
* Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
* Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
* Midkine (NEGF2)
* Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
* Oncomodulin
* Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
* Pleiotrophin
* Renalase
* Thrombopoietin (see here instead)
* Wnt signaling proteins

* Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators
Cytokine receptor modulators
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