Iritis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Types
* 3 Signs and symptoms
* 4 Causes
* 4.1 Life Threatening Causes
* 4.2 Common Causes
* 4.3 Causes by Organ System
* 4.4 Causes in Alphabetical Order
* 5 Complications
* 6 Treatment
* 7 External links

## Overview

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Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye.

## Types

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There are two main types of iritis: acute and chronic. Acute iritis is a type of iritis that can heal independently within a few weeks. If treatment is provided, acute iritis improves quickly. Chronic iritis can exist for months or years before recovery occurs. Chronic iritis does not respond to treatment as well as acute iritis does. Chronic iritis is also accompanied by a higher risk of serious visual impairment.

## Signs and symptoms

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* Ocular and periorbital pain
* Photophobia
* Consensual photophobia (pain in affected eye when light is shone in unaffected eye)
* Blurred or cloudy vision
* Reddened eye, especially adjacent to the iris
* White blood cells (leukocytes) (resulting in a grey or near-white haze) and protein (resulting in tiny white dots) in the anterior chamber, often called "cells and flare."
* Synechia or adhesion of iris to lens or cornea

## Causes

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### Life Threatening Causes

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* Sarcoidosis
* Syphilis
* Tuberculosis
* Toxoplasmosis
* Wegener's granulomatosis

### Common Causes

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* Ankylosing spondylitis
* HLA-B27 disorder
* Meclofenamate
* Medrysone
* Trametinib
* Tetracaine
* Behçet's disease
* Crohn's disease
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* Reiter's disease
* Chronic psoriasis
* Psoriatic arthritis
* Sarcoidosis
* Scleroderma
* Ulcerative colitis

### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | Autoimmune retinal vasculitis, Ocular ischemic syndrome

|

Chemical/Poisoning | Box jellyfish poisoning
Dental | No underlying causes
Dermatologic | Behçet's disease, Chronic psoriasis, Dermatostomatitis, Lepromatous leprosy, Psoriatic arthritis, Stevens-johnson syndrome
Drug Side Effect | Etidronate, Fomivirsen sodium, Meclofenamate, Medrysone, Pembrolizumab, Rifabutin, Tetracaine, Trametinib, Vemurafenib
Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes
Endocrine | No underlying causes
Environmental | Foreign body
Gastroenterologic | Crohn's disease, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ulcerative colitis, Ulcerative proctosigmoiditis
Genetic | Alezzandrini syndrome, Blau syndrome, Hla-b27 disorder, Phosgene oxime
Hematologic | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Iatrogenic | No underlying causes
Infectious Disease | Cat scratch fever, Dabrafenib, Euphorbiaceae , Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, Htlv-1, Lepromatous leprosy, Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Onchocerciasis, Secondary syphilis, Syphilis, Toxocariasis, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis, Ulcerative proctosigmoiditis , Weil's syndrome
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Ankylosing spondylitis, Connective tissue diseases, Polychondritis
Neurologic | Charlin's syndrome, Heerfordt-waldenstroem syndrome, Multiple sclerosis
Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes
Oncologic | No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic | Autoimmune retinal vasculitis, Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, Charlin's syndrome, Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis, Incontinentia pigmenti, Ocular ischemic syndrome, Pars planitis, Sympathetic ophthalmitis, Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome
Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes
Psychiatric | No underlying causes
Pulmonary | Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, Blau syndrome, Chronic psoriasis, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Heerfordt-waldenstroem syndrome, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis , Psoriatic arthritis, Reactive arthritis, Reiter's disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatoid disease, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Still's disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual | Secondary syphilis, Syphilis
Trauma | Blunt trauma
Urologic | No underlying causes
Miscellaneous | No underlying causes

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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* Alezzandrini syndrome
* Ankylosing spondylitis
* Autoimmune retinal vasculitis
* Behçet's disease
* Birdshot retinochoroidopathy
* Blau syndrome
* Blunt trauma
* Box jellyfish poisoning
* Cat scratch fever
* Charlin's syndrome
* Chronic psoriasis
* Connective tissue diseases
* Crohn's disease
* Dabrafenib
* Dermatostomatitis
* Etidronate
* Euphorbiaceae
* Fomivirsen sodium
* Foreign body
* Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis
* Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
* Heerfordt-waldenstroem syndrome
* Herpes simplex
* Herpes zoster
* Hla-b27 disorder
* Htlv-1
* Incontinentia pigmenti
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* Juvenile chronic arthritis
* Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
* Lepromatous leprosy
* Leptospirosis
* Lyme disease
* Malaria
* Meclofenamate
* Medrysone
* Multiple sclerosis
* Mycobacterium tuberculosis
* Ocular ischemic syndrome
* Onchocerciasis
* Pars planitis
* Pembrolizumab
* Phosgene oxime
* Polychondritis
* Psoriatic arthritis
* Reactive arthritis
* Reiter's disease
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Rheumatoid disease
* Rifabutin
* Sarcoidosis
* Scleroderma
* Secondary syphilis
* Stevens-johnson syndrome
* Still's disease
* Sympathetic ophthalmitis
* Syphilis
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* Tetracaine
* Toxocariasis
* Toxoplasmosis
* Trametinib
* Tuberculosis
* Ulcerative colitis
* Ulcerative proctosigmoiditis
* Vemurafenib
* Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome
* Wegener's granulomatosis
* Weil's syndrome

## Complications

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Complications of iritis may include the following: Cataract, glaucoma, corneal calcification, posterior uveitis, blindness, band keratopathy, and cystoid macular oedema.

## Treatment

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* Steroid anti-inflammatory eye drops (such as prednisolone acetate)
* Dilating eye drops (to help prevent synechia and reduce photophobia)
* Pressure-reducing eye drops (such as brimonidine tartrate)
* Oral steroids (such as prednisone)
* Subconjunctival steroid injections
* Steroid-sparing agents such as methotrexate (for prolonged, chronic iritis)

## External links

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* Care of the Patient with Anterior Uveitis (CPG7) (PDF)
* Iritis Organization
* Assessment of the Red Eye - Iritis
* Medical Info on Iritis

* v
* t
* e

* Diseases of the human eye (H00–H59
* 360–379)

Adnexa

| Eyelid|

| Inflammation|

* Stye
* Chalazion
* Blepharitis

|

* Entropion
* Ectropion
* Lagophthalmos
* Blepharochalasis
* Ptosis
* Blepharophimosis
* Xanthelasma

Eyelash|

* Trichiasis
* Madarosis

Lacrimal apparatus|

* Dacryoadenitis
* Epiphora
* Dacryocystitis
* Xerophthalmia

Orbit|

* Exophthalmos
* Enophthalmos
* Orbital cellulitis
* Orbital lymphoma
* Periorbital cellulitis

Conjunctiva|

* Conjunctivitis
* allergic
* Pterygium
* Pinguecula
* Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Globe

| Fibrous tunic|

| Sclera|

* Scleritis
* Episcleritis

|

Cornea|

* Keratitis
* herpetic
* acanthamoebic
* fungal
* Corneal ulcer
* Photokeratitis
* Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
* Corneal dystrophy
* Fuchs'
* Meesmann
* Corneal ectasia
* Keratoconus
* Pellucid marginal degeneration
* Keratoglobus
* Terrien's marginal degeneration
* Post-LASIK ectasia
* Keratoconjunctivitis
* sicca
* Corneal neovascularization
* Kayser–Fleischer ring
* Haab's striae
* Arcus senilis
* Band keratopathy

Vascular tunic|

* Iris
* Ciliary body

* Uveitis
* Intermediate uveitis
* Hyphema
* Rubeosis iridis
* Persistent pupillary membrane
* Iridodialysis
* Synechia

|

Choroid|

* Choroideremia
* Choroiditis
* Chorioretinitis

Lens|

* Cataract
* Congenital cataract
* Childhood cataract
* Aphakia
* Ectopia lentis

Retina|

* Retinitis
* Chorioretinitis
* Cytomegalovirus retinitis
* Retinal detachment
* Retinoschisis
* Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion
* Central retinal artery occlusion
* Branch retinal artery occlusion
* Retinopathy
* diabetic
* hypertensive
* Purtscher's
* of prematurity
* Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
* Coats' disease
* Macular degeneration
* Retinitis pigmentosa
* Retinal haemorrhage
* Central serous retinopathy
* Macular edema
* Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker)
* Vitelliform macular dystrophy
* Leber's congenital amaurosis
* Birdshot chorioretinopathy

Other|

* Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma
* Floater
* Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
* Red eye
* Globe rupture
* Keratomycosis
* Phthisis bulbi
* Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
* Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
* Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Pathways

| Optic nerve
Optic disc|

* Optic neuritis
* optic papillitis
* Papilledema
* Foster Kennedy syndrome
* Optic atrophy
* Optic disc drusen

Optic neuropathy|

* Ischemic
* anterior (AION)
* posterior (PION)
* Kjer's
* Leber's hereditary
* Toxic and nutritional

Strabismus
Extraocular muscles
Binocular vision
Accommodation|

| Paralytic strabismus|

* Ophthalmoparesis
* Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
* Kearns–Sayre syndrome

palsies|

* Oculomotor (III)
* Fourth-nerve (IV)
* Sixth-nerve (VI)

Other strabismus|

* Esotropia / Exotropia
* Hypertropia
* Heterophoria
* Esophoria
* Exophoria
* Cyclotropia
* Brown's syndrome
* Duane syndrome

Other binocular|

* Conjugate gaze palsy
* Convergence insufficiency
* Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
* One and a half syndrome

Refraction|

* Refractive error
* Hyperopia
* Myopia
* Astigmatism
* Anisometropia / Aniseikonia
* Presbyopia

Vision disorders
Blindness|

* Amblyopia
* Leber's congenital amaurosis
* Diplopia
* Scotoma
* Color blindness
* Achromatopsia
* Dichromacy
* Monochromacy
* Nyctalopia
* Oguchi disease
* Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment

Anopsia|

* Hemianopsia
* binasal
* bitemporal
* homonymous
* Quadrantanopia

subjective|

* Asthenopia
* Hemeralopia
* Photophobia
* Scintillating scotoma

Pupil|

* Anisocoria
* Argyll Robertson pupil
* Marcus Gunn pupil
* Adie syndrome
* Miosis
* Mydriasis
* Cycloplegia
* Parinaud's syndrome

Other|

* Nystagmus
* Childhood blindness

Infections

* Trachoma
* Onchocerciasis

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