Isotopes of chlorine

Chlorine (Cl) has isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 32 g mol−1 to 40 g mol−1. There are two principal stable isotopes, 35Cl (75.77%) and 37Cl (24.23%), found in the relative proportions of 3:1 respectively, giving chlorine atoms in bulk an apparent atomic weight of 35.5.
Standard atomic mass: 35.453(2) u

## Contents

* 1 Chlorine-36 (36Cl)
* 2 Table
* 2.1 Notes
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Chlorine-36 (36Cl)

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Main article: Chlorine-36

Trace amounts of radioactive 36Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about 7x10−13 to 1 with stable isotopes. 36Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the subsurface environment, 36Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by 35Cl or muon capture by 40Ca. 36Cl decays to 36S and to 36Ar, with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this hydrophilic nonreactive isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Additionally, large amounts of 36Cl were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.

## Table

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nuclide
symbol  | Z(p)  | N(n)  |
isotopic mass (u)
| half-life  | nuclear
spin  | representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)  | range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

excitation energy
28Cl  | 17  | 11  | 28.02851(54)#  |  | (1+)#  |  |
29Cl  | 17  | 12  | 29.01411(21)#  | <20 ns  | (3/2+)#  |  |
30Cl  | 17  | 13  | 30.00477(21)#  | <30 ns  | (3+)#  |  |
31Cl  | 17  | 14  | 30.99241(5)  | 150(25) ms  | 3/2+  |  |
32Cl  | 17  | 15  | 31.985690(7)  | 298(1) ms  | 1+  |  |
33Cl  | 17  | 16  | 32.9774519(5)  | 2.511(3) s  | 3/2+  |  |
34Cl  | 17  | 17  | 33.97376282(19)  | 1.5264(14) s  | 0+  |  |
34mCl  | 146.36(3) keV  | 32.00(4) min  | 3+  |  |
35Cl  | 17  | 18  | 34.96885268(4)  | STABLE  | 3/2+  | 0.7576(10)  | 0.75644-0.75923
36Cl | 17  | 19  | 35.96830698(8)  | 3.01(2)E+5 a  | 2+  |  |
37Cl  | 17  | 20  | 36.96590259(5)  | STABLE  | 3/2+  | 0.2424(10)  | 0.24077-0.24356
38Cl  | 17  | 21  | 37.96801043(10)  | 37.24(5) min  | 2-  |  |
38mCl  | 671.361(8) keV  | 715(3) ms  | 5-  |  |
39Cl  | 17  | 22  | 38.9680082(19)  | 55.6(2) min  | 3/2+  |  |
40Cl  | 17  | 23  | 39.97042(3)  | 1.35(2) min  | 2-  |  |
41Cl  | 17  | 24  | 40.97068(7)  | 38.4(8) s  | (1/2+,3/2+)  |  |
42Cl  | 17  | 25  | 41.97325(15)  | 6.8(3) s  |  |  |
43Cl  | 17  | 26  | 42.97405(17)  | 3.07(7) s  | 3/2+#  |  |
44Cl  | 17  | 27  | 43.97828(12)  | 0.56(11) s  |  |  |
45Cl  | 17  | 28  | 44.98029(13)  | 400(40) ms  | 3/2+#  |  |
46Cl  | 17  | 29  | 45.98421(77)  | 232(2) ms  |  |  |
47Cl  | 17  | 30  | 46.98871(64)#  | 101(6) ms  | 3/2+#  |  |
48Cl  | 17  | 31  | 47.99495(75)#  | 100# ms [>200 ns]  |  |  |
49Cl  | 17  | 32  | 49.00032(86)#  | 50# ms [>200 ns]  | 3/2+#  |  |
50Cl  | 17  | 33  | 50.00784(97)#  | 20# ms  |  |  |
51Cl  | 17  | 34  | 51.01449(107)#  | 2# ms [>200 ns]  | 3/2+#  |  |

### Notes

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* Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
* Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.
* Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
* Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

## References

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* Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
* Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
* National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
* David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.

## External links

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* Chlorine isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

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