Leiomyosarcoma risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Nima Nasiri, M.D.[2]

## Overview

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Studies had shown that soft tissue sarcomas such as leiomyosarcoma is associated with risk factors such as radiation exposure, genetic abnormalities, use of tamoxifen, certain hereditary conditions, immunodeficiency and viral infection such as human herpes virus type-8.

## Risk Factors

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* Age: leiomyosarcoma can be seen at 20 years of age but mean age at diagnosis is 50-60 years old.
* Losses of the normal chromosome 1q observed in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma tumors which is associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) gene, likely a type of tumor suppressor gene. [1]
* Children with immunodeficiency had increased risk in developing leiomyosarcoma.[2]
* Recent studies shown that exposure to dioxin increase the risk of soft tissue sarcoma.[3]
* Viral infections such as human herpes virus type-8 (HHV-8) and Epstein barr virus is linked to increase risk of sarcomas.[4]
* Long term use of the tamoxifen: prolonged use of the tamoxifen especially more than five years has been associated with the increased risk of development of leiomyosarcoma.[5]
* History of pelvic radiations: pelvic irradiation has been associated with the increased development of the leiomyosarcoma.[6][7]
* Certain hereditary condition like hereditary breast carcinoma with BRCA1 mutation,hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma with MSH2 mutation, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, malignant melanoma are associated with the development of leiomyosarcoma.[8]
* Long term survivors of the Retinoblastoma are at higher risk of developing variety of soft tissue sarcoma.[9]

## References

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1. ↑ Launonen, V.; Vierimaa, O.; Kiuru, M.; Isola, J.; Roth, S.; Pukkala, E.; Sistonen, P.; Herva, R.; Aaltonen, L. A. (2001). "Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (6): 3387–3392. doi:10.1073/pnas.051633798. ISSN 0027-8424.
2. ↑ McClain, Kenneth L.; Leach, Charles T.; Jenson, Hal B.; Joshi, Vijay V.; Pollock, Brad H.; Parmley, Richard T.; DiCarlo, Frederick J.; Chadwick, Ellen Gould; Murphy, Sharon B. (1995). "Association of Epstein–Barr Virus with Leiomyosarcomas in Young People with AIDS". New England Journal of Medicine. 332 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1056/NEJM199501053320103. ISSN 0028-4793.
3. ↑ Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO (March 1990). "Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82 (6): 486–90. PMID 2313720.
4. ↑ Weiss RA, Whitby D, Talbot S, Kellam P, Boshoff C (1998). "Human herpesvirus type 8 and Kaposi's sarcoma". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs (23): 51–4. PMID 9709303.
5. ↑ Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Van der Zee AG (2001) Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review. Obstet Gynecol 97 (5 Pt 2):855-66. PMID: 11336777
6. ↑ Fang Z, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Kawaguchi N, Yoshikawa H, Ueda T et al. (2004) Postradiation soft tissue sarcoma: a multiinstitutional analysis of 14 cases in Japan. J Orthop Sci 9 (3):242-6. DOI:10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5 PMID: 15168177
7. ↑ Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I (2014) Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy. BMJ Case Rep 2014 ():. DOI:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240 PMID: 25315801
8. ↑ Lynch HT, Deters CA, Hogg D, Lynch JF, Kinarsky Y, Gatalica Z (November 2003). "Familial sarcoma: challenging pedigrees". Cancer. 98 (9): 1947–57. doi:10.1002/cncr.11743. PMID 14584079.
9. ↑ Yu CL, Tucker MA, Abramson DH, Furukawa K, Seddon JM, Stovall M et al. (2009) Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 101 (8):581-91. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djp046 PMID: 19351917

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