Mental disorder causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Main article: Causes of mental disorders

## Overview

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Numerous factors have been linked to the development of mental disorders. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause. A common view is that disorders often result from genetic vulnerabilities combining with environmental stressors (Diathesis-stress model). An eclectic or pluralistic mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the biopsychosocial (BPS) model - incorporating biological, psychological and social factors - although this may not be applied in practice. Biopsychiatry has tended to follow a biomedical model, focusing on "organic" or "hardware" pathology of the brain. Psychoanalytic theories have been popular but are now less so. Evolutionary psychology may be used as an overall explanatory theory. Attachment theory is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context for mental disorders. A distinction is sometimes made between a "medical model" or a "social model" of disorder and related disability.

Genetic studies have indicated that genes often play an important role in the development of mental disorders, via developmental pathways interacting with environmental factors. The reliable identification of connections between specific genes and specific categories of disorder has proven more difficult.

Environmental events surrounding pregnancy and birth have also been implicated. Traumatic brain injury may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, to substance misuse, and to general physical health.

Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems has been implicated, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of certain brains regions in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive and emotional processes, personality, temperament and coping style.

Social influences have been found to be important, including abuse, bullying and other negative or stressful life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures.

## Causes

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### Common Causes

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* Anxiety disorders
* Anorexia
* Binge eating disorder
* Bulimia
* Depression
* Environmental stressors
* Eating disorders
* Illicit drugs use (cocaine, heroin, meth)
* Personality disorders
* Traumatic brain injury

### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | No underlying causes

|

Chemical / poisoning | Cocaine
Dermatologic | No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect | Long-term opioid use
Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes
Endocrine | No underlying causes
Environmental | Environmental stressors, Exposure to toxins
Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes
Genetic | Narcolepsy, Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Difficulty delaying gratification, Dissociative amnesia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dysthymia, Fragile X Syndrome, Genetic prenatal causes, Genetic vulnerabilities, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Language-based learning disability, Learning disorders, Mental retardation, Paranoid personality disorder
Hematologic | No underlying causes
Iatrogenic | No underlying causes
Infectious Disease | Syphilis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho | No underlying causes
Neurologic | Migraine, Body dysmorphic disorder, Borna disease, Brain defects or injury, Dementia, Developmental disorders, Developmental language disorder, Miscellaneous neurologic events, Neuropsychiatric disorder
Nutritional / Metabolic | Malnutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic | Pregnancy, Unplanned pregnancy
Oncologic | Cancer
Opthalmologic | No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity | No underlying causes
Psychiatric | Anxiety, Autism, Attention deficit, Avoidant personality disorder, Brief psychotic disorder, Bipolar disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Bullying, Bulimia, Childhood disintegrative disorder, Conversion disorder, Cyclothymic disorder, Dependent personality disorder, Depression, Dissociative identity disorder, Emotional maltreatment, Emotional neglect, Emotional processes, Exhibitionism, False perceptions, Feelings of inadequacy, Frequent mood swings, Gambling addiction, Generalized anxiety disorder, Hallucinations, Histrionic personality disorder, Hyperactivity disorder, Hypersomnia, Hypochondriasis, Impulse control disorders, Kleptomania, Loneliness, Low self-esteem, Intermittent explosive disorder, Narcissistic personality disorder, Neuropsychiatric disorder, Nonaffective Psychosis, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Personality disorder, Post traumatic stress disorder, Postpartum psychosis, Post traumatic stress disorder, Psychotic disorders, Pyromania, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizotypal personality disorder, Somatization Disorder, Suicide attempts, Specific phobias, Tic disorders
Pulmonary | No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte | No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy | Brachioradial pruritus
Sexual | No underlying causes
Trauma | No underlying causes
Urologic | No underlying causes
Dental | No underlying causes
Miscellaneous | Binge eating disorder, Behavioral disorders, Cannabis use, Cocaine use, Changing jobs or schools, Death or divorce, Delusional disorder, Dysfunctional family life, Financial problems, Frotteurism, Insomnia, Migration, Unemployment, Voyeurism

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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* Abnormal behavior

* Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems[1]

* Abuse

* Acute stress disorder

* Adjustment disorder

* Agoraphobia[2]

* Alcohol abuse[3][2]

* Alzheimer disease[4]

* Amnesia

* Anger

* Angry outbursts

* Anorexia

* Antisocial personality disorder

* Anxiety[5][6][7]

* Asperger syndrome

* Attention deficit[1]

* Autism[8][4]

* Avoidant personality disorder

* Behavioral disorders

* Binge eating disorder

* Bipolar disorder[2]

* Body dysmorphic disorder

* Borderline personality disorder[9]

* Borna disease

* Brachioradial pruritus

* Brain defects or injury

* Brief psychotic disorder

* Bulimia

* Bullying[6]

* Cancer[10]

* Cannabis use[11][3]

* Changing jobs or schools

* Childhood disintegrative disorder

* Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

* Cocaine use[3]

* Comorbid anxiety

* Conduct disorder

* Conversion disorder

* Cyclothymic disorder

* Death or divorce

* Delusional disorder

* Dementia

* Dependent personality disorder

* Depression[5][6][7][2]

* Developmental disorders

* Developmental language disorder

* Difficulty delaying gratification

* Disordered eating

* Dissociative amnesia

* Dissociative identity disorder

* Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

* Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)[12]

* Dysfunctional family life

* Dysthymic disorder (dysthymia)

* Eating disorders[7][9]

* Ego-syntonic symptoms

* Emotional maltreatment

* Emotional neglect

* Emotional processes

* Environmental stressors

* Exhibitionism

* Experiences in the womb (mother who was exposed to viruses, toxins, drugs or alcohol during pregnancy)

* Exposure to toxins (such as lead)

* Externalizing and blaming the world for their behaviors and feelings

* False perceptions (visual, auditory or olfactory)

* Feelings of inadequacy

* Fetishism

* Financial problems

* Fragile X Syndrome (FMR1)[13]

* Frequent mood swings

* Frotteurism

* Functional impairment (self-care, work, and interpersonal functioning)

* Gambling addiction[14]

* Gender identity disorder

* Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

* Genetic prenatal causes

* Genetic vulnerabilities

* Global developmental delay/intellectual disability

* Hallucinations

* Hearing impairment

* High risk sexual behavior

* Histrionic personality disorder

* Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)[15][1]

* Hypersomnia

* Hypochondriasis[16]

* Impulse control disorders

* Insomnia[17]

* Intermittent explosive disorder

* Job loss

* Kleptomania

* Lack of social cohesion

* Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS)

* Language-based learning disability[12]

* Learning disorders

* Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

* Loneliness

* Long-term opioid use

* Low self-esteem

* Mental retardation

* Migraine

* Migration

* Miscellaneous neurologic events

* Multiple sclerosis

* Narcissistic Personality Disorder[9]

* Narcolepsy

* Negative working conditions[6]

* Neuropsychiatric disorder[13][5][4]

* Nonaffective Psychosis

* Obsessive-compulsive disorder

* Oppositional Defiant Disorder

* Otalgia paresthetica

* Pain disorder[16]

* Panic attack

* Panic disorder

* Paranoid personality disorder

* Paraphilia

* Pedophilia

* Perinatal causes (hypoxia, infection, trauma and intracranial hemorrhage)

* Personality disorders[2]

* Physical abuse[18]

* Psychological abuse[18]

* Polysubstance use

* Poor nutrition

* Postnatal causes (environmental toxins, psychosocial deprivation, malnutrition, intracranial infection, CNS malignancy)

* Postpartum psychosis

* Post traumatic stress disorder[6]

* Psychotic disorders[9]

* Pyromania

* Rett syndrome

* Sadness

* Schizoaffective disorder

* Schizophrenia[8][2][19][4]

* Schizotypal personality disorder

* Separation anxiety disorder

* Severe early deprivation/reactive attachment disorder

* Sexual abuse[18]

* Sexual Masochism

* Shared psychotic disorder (Folie à deux)

* Significant early loss

* Sleep disorders

* Social phobia[7]

* Socioeconomic inequality

* Somatization Disorder[16][19]

* Specific phobias

* Stress[5][19]
* Substance use disorder[3]

* Substance-induced psychotic disorder[3][19]

* Suicide attempts

* Syphilis

* Tic disorders

* Tourette syndrome

* Traumatic brain injury

* Traumatic event

* Trichotillomania

* Undifferentiated Somatoform disorder

* Unemployment

* Unplanned pregnancy

* Voyeurism

|

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cortese S (2012). "The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know". Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 16 (5): 422–33. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009. PMID 22306277. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Bouzyk-Szutkiewicz J, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A (2012). "[Alcohol and psychiatric disorders]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 33 (195): 176–81. PMID 23157139. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B (2013). "Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample". Am J Addict. 22 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x. PMID 23398220. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB (2013). "Somatic Cell Genomics of Brain Disorders: A New Opportunity to Clarify Genetic-Environmental Interactions". Cytogenet. Genome Res. doi:10.1159/000347053. PMID 23428498. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Abush H, Akirav I (2013). "Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory". Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.51. PMID 23426383. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Perbellini L, Tisato S, Quintarelli E; et al. (2012). "[Mental disorders related to persistent negative working conditions]". Med Lav (in Italian). 103 (6): 437–48. PMID 23405478.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lokkerbol J, Adema D, de Graaf R; et al. (2013). "Non-fatal burden of disease due to mental disorders in the Netherlands". Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0660-8. PMID 23397319. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Barneveld PS, de Sonneville L, van Rijn S, van Engeland H, Swaab H (2013). "Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?". J Int Neuropsychol Soc: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S1355617713000167. PMID 23425682. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Kadish YA (2012). "Pathological organizations and psychic retreats in eating disorders". Psychoanal Rev. 99 (2): 227–52. doi:10.1521/prev.2012.99.2.227. PMID 22489814. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
10. ↑ Brenne E, Loge JH, Kaasa S, Heitzer E, Knudsen AK, Wasteson E (2013). "Depressed patients with incurable cancer: Which depressive symptoms do they experience?". Palliat Support Care: 1–11. doi:10.1017/S1478951512000909. PMID 23388067. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ↑ Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM (2012). "Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications". Iran J Psychiatry. 7 (4): 149–56. PMC 3570572. PMID 23408483.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nardes F, Araújo AP, Ribeiro MG (2012). "Mental retardation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy". J Pediatr (Rio J). 88 (1): 6–16. doi:doi:10.2223/JPED.2148 Check `|doi=` value (help). PMID 22344614.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Li J, Zhao G, Gao X (2013). "Development of neurodevelopmental disorders: a regulatory mechanism involving bromodomain-containing proteins". J Neurodev Disord. 5 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-4. PMID 23425632. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
14. ↑ Cuomo I, Kotzalidis GD, Caccia F, Danese E, Manfredi G, Girardi P (2013). "Citalopram-Associated Gambling: A Case Report". J Gambl Stud. doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9360-2. PMID 23385394. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
15. ↑ Lazaratou H (2012). "[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or bipolar disorder in childhood?]". Psychiatrike (in Greek and Modern (1453-)). 23 (4): 304–13. PMID 23399752.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Sharma MP, Manjula M (2013). "Behavioural and psychological management of somatic symptom disorders: An overview". Int Rev Psychiatry. 25 (1): 116–24. doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.746649. PMID 23383673. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
17. ↑ Buysse DJ (2013). "Insomnia". JAMA. 309 (7): 706–16. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.193. PMID 23423416. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Alvarez-Del Arco D, Del Amo J, Garcia-Pina R; et al. (2013). "Violence in Adulthood and Mental Health: Gender and Immigrant Status". J Interpers Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260512475310. PMID 23422848. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Boyer L, Henry JM, Samuelian JC; et al. (2013). "Mental Disorders among Children and Adolescents Admitted to a French Psychiatric Emergency Service". Emerg Med Int. 2013: 651530. doi:10.1155/2013/651530. PMID 23431454.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

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