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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Bassel Almarie M.D.[2]

## Overview

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Monkeypox is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to family Poxviridae[1][2]. It has two genetic clades: the West African clade and the Central African (Congo Basin) clade[3].

Animal-to-human: The virus can be acquired through daily exposure to an infected animal or complex exposure to an infected animal (e.g. invasive bite or scratch that breaks the skin). It can also be acquired through direct contact with lesions or bodily fluids of an infected animal. Human-to-human: The virus can be acquired through close physical contact with infected person, direct contact with lesions, bodily fluids, or respiratory secretions of an infected person[4], via placenta from mother to fetus[5][6][7][8], or direct contact with contaminated materials[9].

## Causes

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Monkeypox is a member of orthopoxvirus genus, which is a subdivision of Chordopoxvirinae that belongs to family Poxviridae[1]. It is a linear double-stranded DNA virus that multiplies in the cytoplasm of infected cell[2]. The virus has two genetic clades: the West African clade and the Central African (Congo Basin) clade[3].

Animal-to-human: The virus can be acquired through daily exposure to an infected animal or complex exposure to an infected animal (e.g. invasive bite or scratch that breaks the skin). Also through direct contact with lesions or bodily fluids of an infected animal.

Human-to-human: The virus can be acquired through close physical contact with infected person, direct contact with lesions, bodily fluids, or respiratory secretions of an infected person, or direct contact with contaminated materials [9]. The role of semen and vaginal fluids is being investigated[4]. Transmission from mother to fetus via placenta is possible, resulting in congenital monkeypox[5][6][7][8].

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "ICTV".
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Holland J, Domingo E (1998). "Origin and evolution of viruses". Virus Genes. 16 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1023/a:1007989407305. PMID 9562888.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M; et al. (2005). "A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses". J Gen Virol. 86 (Pt 10): 2661–2672. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81215-0. PMID 16186219.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "U.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC".
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Monkeypox". Retrieved 2022-06-15.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Khalil A, Samara A, O'Brien P, Morris E, Draycott T, Lees C; et al. (2022). "Monkeypox and pregnancy: what do obstetricians need to know?". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. doi:10.1002/uog.24968. PMID 35652380 Check `|pmid=` value (help).CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kisalu NK, Mokili JL (2017). "Toward Understanding the Outcomes of Monkeypox Infection in Human Pregnancy". J Infect Dis. 216 (7): 795–797. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix342. PMC 6279131. PMID 29029238.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Neonatal Monkeypox Virus Infection | NEJM". Retrieved 2022-10-20.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "CDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC".