Monkeypox history and symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Bassel Almarie M.D.[2]

## Overview

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The significant information in the patient's history include recent travel to endemic area of monkeypox or possible contact with infected person, animal, or contaminated material. Initial symptoms include fever, chills, lymphadenopathy, headache, and myalgia, followed by skin rash of multiple lesions that develop and evolve at the same time. The evolvement of the lesions progresses as follows: macular (1−2 days), papular (1−2 days), vesicular (1−2 days), pustular (5-7 days), lastly scab (7-14 days)_Monkeypox_|_Poxvirus_|_CDC-1|[1].

## History

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The significant information in the patient's history include:

* Recent travel to endemic area
* Recent contact with person with similar complains or infected person with monkeypox

## Symptoms

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After infection, the incubation period lasts 7-14 days. Initial symptoms develop at the beginning of the prodromal period include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Lymphadenopathy (distinctive feature of monkeypox)
* Headache
* Myalgia

Following the prodromal period, a rash develops with the following characteristics:

* Lesions develop and evolve at the same time
* Lesions progresses from macular (1−2 days), papular (1−2 days), vesicular (1−2 days), to pustular (5-7 days), then scab (7-14 days)_Monkeypox_|_Poxvirus_|_CDC-1|[1]
* Common anatomical sites for lesions include the anogenital area (73%); the trunk, arms, or legs (55%); the face (25%); and the palms and soles (10%)[2]

In certain cases, monkeypox may be asymptomatic[3][4].

### Diagnostic Criteria

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Clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic criteria for case classification — U.S. Monkeypox Response, May 2022_MMWR-5|[5]

Clinical and laboratory classification  | Criteria

|

Suspected  | New characteristic rash* OR
Meets one of the epidemiologic criteria and has high clinical suspicion† for monkeypox
Probable  | No suspicion of other recent orthopoxvirus exposure (e.g., Vaccinia virus in ACAM2000 vaccination) AND demonstration of the presence of
•  Orthopoxvirus DNA by polymerase chain reaction testing of a clinical specimen

•  Orthopoxvirus using immunohistochemical or electron microscopy testing methods

•  Detectable levels of antiorthopoxvirus IgM antibody during the period of 4–56 days after rash onset
Confirmed  | Demonstration of the presence of Monkeypox virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction testing or next-generation sequencing of a clinical specimen

Isolation of Monkeypox virus in culture from a clinical specimen

(*)The characteristic rash associated with monkeypox lesions involve the following: deep-seated and well-circumscribed lesions, often with central umbilication; and lesion progression through specific sequential stages: macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabs. The rash can sometimes be confused with other diseases that are more commonly encountered in clinical practice (e.g., secondary syphilis, herpes, and varicella zoster). Historically, sporadic accounts of patients co-infected with Monkeypox virus and other infectious agents (e.g., varicella zoster, or syphilis) have been reported, therefore patients with a characteristic rash should be considered to receive testing, even if other test results are positive. † Clinical suspicion can exist if initial signs and symptoms are consistent with illnesses confused with monkeypox (e.g., secondary syphilis, herpes, and varicella zoster).

## References

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1. ↑ _Monkeypox_|_Poxvirus_|_CDC_1-0|1.0 _Monkeypox_|_Poxvirus_|_CDC_1-1|1.1 "Clinical Recognition | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". Retrieved 2022-06-14.
2. ↑ Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB; et al. (2022). "Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries - April-June 2022". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207323. PMID 35866746 Check `|pmid=` value (help).CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ De Baetselier I, Van Dijck C, Kenyon C, Coppens J, Michiels J, de Block T; et al. (2022). "Retrospective detection of asymptomatic monkeypox virus infections among male sexual health clinic attendees in Belgium". Nat Med. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02004-w. PMID 35961373 Check `|pmid=` value (help).CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ↑ Reda A, El-Qushayri AE, Shah J (2022). "Asymptomatic monkeypox infection: a call for greater control of infection and transmission". Lancet Microbe. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00259-2. PMC 9536807 Check `|pmc=` value (help). PMID 36209756 Check `|pmid=` value (help).CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. _MMWR_5-0|↑ "Monkeypox Outbreak — Nine States, May 2022 | MMWR". Retrieved 2022-06-14.