Nitrifying bacteria

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Nitrifying bacteria are chemoautotrophic bacteria that grow at the expense of inorganic nitrogen compounds.[1] Many species of nitrifying bacteria have complex internal membrane systems that are the location for key enzymes in nitrification: ammonia monooxygenase which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine, and nitrite oxidoreductase, which oxidizes nitrite to nitrate.

## Contents

* 1 Ecology
* 2 Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Ecology

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Nitrifying bacteria are widespread in soil and water, and are found in highest numbers where considerable amounts of ammonia are present (areas with extensive protein decomposition, and sewage treatment plants).[2] Nitrifying bacteria thrive in lakes and streams high imputs of sewage and wastewater because of the high ammonia content.

## Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate

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Nitrification in nature is the result of actions of two groups of organisms, the nitrosifyers (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria) and nitrifying bacteria (nitrite-oxidizing, nitrate producing bacteria)[3]

Nitrosifying bacteria
1\. NH3 \+ O2 \+ 2e- \+ 2H+ → NH2OH + H2O
2\. NH2OH + H2O + 1/2 O2 → NO2- +2 H2O + H+
Nitrifying bacteria
NO2- \+ 1/2 O2 → NO3-

Nitrifying bacteria that oxidize ammonia (nitrosifyers)

Template:Standard table

| Characteristics  | Genus  | Phylogenetic group  | DNA (mol% GC)  | Habitats

|
|
|
|
|

Gram-negative short to long rods, motile (polar flagella)or nonmotile; peripheral membrane systems  | Nitrosomonas | Beta  | 45-53  | Soil, Sewage, freshwater, Marine
Large cocci, motile, vesicular or peripheral membranes  | Nitrosococcus | Gamma  | 49-50  | Freshwater, Marine
Spirals, motile (peritrichous flagella); no obvious membrane system  | Nitrosospira | Beta  | 54  | Soil
Pleomorphic, lobular, compartmented cells; motile (peritrichous flagella)  | Nitrosolobus | Beta  | 54  | Soil

Nitrifying bacteria that oxidize nitrite

Template:Standard table

| Characteristics  | Genus  | Phylogenetic group  | DNA (mol% GC)  | Habitats

|
|
|
|
|

Short rods, reproduce by budding, occasionally motile (single subterminal flagella) or non-motile; membrane system arranged as a polar cap  | Nitrobacter | Alpha  | 59-62  | Soil, Freshwater, Marine
Long, slender rods, nonmotile, no obvious membrane system  | Nitrospina | Delta  | 58  | Marine
Large Cocci, motile (one or two subterminal flagellum) membrane system randomly arranged in tubes  | Nitrococcus | Gamma  | 61  | Marine
Helical to vibroid-shaped cells; nonmotile; no internal membranes  | Nitrospira | Nitrospirae  | 50  | Marine, Soil

## See also

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* Denitrification
* Nitrification
* Nitrogen cycle
* Nitrogen deficiency
* Nitrogen fixation

## References

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1. ↑ Mancinelli RL (1996). "The nature of nitrogen: an overview". Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space. 3 (1–2): 17–24. PMID 11539154.
2. ↑ Belser LW (1979). "Population ecology of nitrifying bacteria". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 33: 309–33. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.33.100179.001521. PMID 386925.
3. ↑ Ward BB (1996). "Nitrification and ammonification in aquatic systems". Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space. 3 (1–2): 25–9. PMID 11539155.

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