Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Laureates
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Overview

[edit | edit source]

Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria.

Below is a list of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) from 1901 to the present, administered by the Nobel Foundation, in Stockholm, Sweden.[1]

In some instances, the national status (nation state) of some countries changed after a Nobel laureate lived in the country and became a Nobel Laureate.

The flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following circumstances:

1. the state of the country when the Nobel Laureate emigrated; or
2. the state of the country when he/she became a Nobel Laureate.

Some laureates obtained additional citizenships during their lifetime.

For those with multiple citizenships, the year they obtained an additional citizenship, when known, precedes the country of citizenship.

For Nobel Laureates who obtained additional citizenships after winning the Nobel Prize, the flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two circumstances:

1. the state of the country at their death; or
2. the current state of the country.

## Laureates

[edit | edit source]

Year  | Name  | Nationality  | Motivation

|
|
|

1901 | Emil Adolf von Behring | Template:Flagcountry | "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[2]
1902 | Ronald Ross | Template:Flagcountry | "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[3]
1903 | Niels Ryberg Finsen | Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[4]
1904 | Ivan Petrovich Pavlov | Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[5]
1905 | Robert Koch | Template:Flagcountry | "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[6]
1906 | Camillo Golgi
Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[7]
1907 | Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran | Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[8]
1908 | Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Paul Ehrlich | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of their work on immunity"[9]
1909 | Emil Theodor Kocher | Template:Flagcountry | "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[10]
1910 | Albrecht Kossel | Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[11]
1911 | Allvar Gullstrand | Template:Flagcountry | "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[12]
1912 | Alexis Carrel | Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[13]
1913 | Charles Robert Richet | Template:Flagcountry | "in recognition of his work onanaphylaxis"[14]
1914 | Robert Bárány | Template:Flagcountry | "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[15]
1915 | [No award]  |
1916 | [No award]  |
1917 | [No award]  |
1918 | [No award]  |
1919 | Jules Bordet | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[16]
1920 | Schack August Steenberg Krogh | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[17]
1921 | [No award]  |
1922*  | Archibald Vivian Hill | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[18]
1922*  | Otto Fritz Meyerhof | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[18]
1923 | Frederick Grant Banting
John James Richard Macleod | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery of insulin"[19]
1924 | Willem Einthoven | Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[20]
1925 | [No award]  |
1926 | Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[21]
1927 | Julius Wagner-Jauregg | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[22]
1928 | Charles Jules Henri Nicolle | Template:Flagcountry | "for his work on typhus"[23]
1929*  | Christiaan Eijkman | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[24]
1929*  | Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[24]
1930 | Karl Landsteiner | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of human blood groups"[25]
1931 | Otto Heinrich Warburg | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[26]
1932 | Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Edgar Douglas Adrian | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[27]
1933 | Thomas Hunt Morgan | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[28]
1934 | George Hoyt Whipple
George Richards Minot
William Parry Murphy,  | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[29]
1935 | Hans Spemann | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[30]
1936 | Sir Henry Hallett Dale
Otto Loewi | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry 1903: Template:Flagcountry 1946: Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[31]
1937 | Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[32]
1938 | Corneille Jean François Heymans | Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[33]
1939 | Gerhard Domagk | Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[34]
1940 | [No award]  |
1941 | [No award]  |
1942 | [No award]  |
1943*  | Carl Peter Henrik Dam | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of vitamin K"[35]
1943*  | Edward Adelbert Doisy | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[35]
1944 | Joseph Erlanger
Herbert Spencer Gasser | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[36]
1945 | Sir Alexander Fleming
Ernst Boris Chain
Sir Howard Walter Florey,  | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[37]
1946 | Hermann Joseph Muller | Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[38]
1947*  | Carl Ferdinand Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz  | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[39]
1947*  | Bernardo Alberto Houssay | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[39]
1948 | Paul Hermann Müller | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[40]
1949*  | Walter Rudolf Hess | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[41]
1949*  | Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[41]
1950 | Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeusz Reichstein
Philip Showalter Hench | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[42]
1951 | Max Theiler | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[43]
1952 | Selman Abraham Waksman | Template:Flagcountry, 1916: Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[44]
1953*  | Hans Adolf Krebs | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[45]
1953*  | Fritz Albert Lipmann | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[45]
1954 | John Franklin Enders
Thomas Huckle Weller
Frederick Chapman Robbins | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[46]
1955 | Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[47]
1956 | André Frédéric Cournand
Werner Forssmann
Dickinson W. Richards | Template:Flagcountry, 1941: Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[48]
1957 | Daniel Bovet | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[49]
1958*  | George Wells Beadle
Edward Lawrie Tatum | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[50]
1958*  | Joshua Lederberg | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[50]
1959 | Severo Ochoa
Arthur Kornberg | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[51]
1960 | Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian Medawar | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[52]
1961 | Georg von Békésy | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[53]
1962 | Francis Harry Compton Crick
James Dewey Watson
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[54]
1963 | Sir John Carew Eccles
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Andrew Fielding Huxley | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[55]
1964 | Konrad Bloch
Feodor Lynen | Template:Flagcountry, Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[56]
1965 | François Jacob
André Lwoff
Jacques Monod | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[57]
1966*  | Peyton Rous | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[58]
1966*  | Charles B. Huggins | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[58]
1967 | Ragnar Granit
Haldan Keffer Hartline
George Wald | Template:Flagcountry 1940: Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[59]
1968 | Robert W. Holley
Har Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. Nirenberg | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry 1966: Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[60]
1969 | Max Delbrück
Alfred Hershey
Salvador E. Luria | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[61]
1970 | Sir Bernard Katz
Ulf von Euler
Julius Axelrod | Template:Flagcountry 1941: Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[62]
1971 | Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[63]
1972 | Gerald M. Edelman
Rodney R. Porter | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[64]
1973 | Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[65]
1974 | Albert Claude
Christian de Duve
George E. Palade | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry 1952: Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[66]
1975 | David Baltimore
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Martin Temin | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[67]
1976 | Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton Gajdusek | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[68]
1977*  | Roger Guillemin
Andrew Wiktor Schally | Template:Flagcountry 1965: Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[69]
1977*  | Rosalyn Yalow | Template:Flagcountry | "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[69]
1978 | Werner Arber
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O. Smith | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[70]
1979 | Allan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. Hounsfield | Template:Flagcountry 1966: Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[71]
1980 | Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset
George D. Snell | Template:Flagcountry 1943: Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[72]
1981*  | Roger W. Sperry | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[73]
1981*  | David H. Hubel
Torsten N. Wiesel | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[73]
1982 | Sune Bergström
Bengt I. Samuelsson
John R. Vane | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[74]
1983 | Barbara McClintock | Template:Flagcountry | "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[75]
1984 | Niels K. Jerne
Georges J.F. Köhler
César Milstein | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[76]
1985 | Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. Goldstein | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[77]
1986 | Stanley Cohen
Rita Levi-Montalcini | Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries of growth factors"[78]
1987 | Susumu Tonegawa | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[79]
1988 | Sir James W. Black
Gertrude B. Elion
George H. Hitchings | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[80]
1989 | J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[81]
1990 | Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnall Thomas | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[82]
1991 | Erwin Neher
Bert Sakmann | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[83]
1992 | Edmond H. Fischer
Edwin G. Krebs | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[84]
1993 | Richard J. Roberts
Phillip A. Sharp | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries of split genes"[85]
1994 | Alfred G. Gilman
Martin Rodbell | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[86]
1995 | Edward B. Lewis
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. Wieschaus | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[87]
1996 | Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. Zinkernagel | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[88]
1997 | Stanley B. Prusiner | Template:Flagcountry | "for his discovery of Prions \- a new biological principle of infection"[89]
1998 | Robert F. Furchgott
Louis J. Ignarro
Ferid Murad | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[90]
1999 | Günter Blobel | Template:Flagcountry 1987: Template:Flagcountry | "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[91]
2000 | Arvid Carlsson
Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[92]
2001 | Leland H. Hartwell
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Sir Paul M. Nurse | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[93]
2002 | Sydney Brenner
H. Robert Horvitz
John E. Sulston | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry 2003: Template:Flagcountry[94] (honorary);
Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[95]
2003 | Paul Lauterbur
Sir Peter Mansfield | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[96]
2004 | Richard Axel
Linda B. Buck | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[97]
2005 | Barry J. Marshall
J. Robin Warren | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[98]
2006 | Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello | Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry | "for their discovery of RNA interference \- gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[99]
2007 | Mario Capecchi
Sir Martin Evans
Oliver Smithies | Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry;
Template:Flagcountry Template:Flagcountry | "for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[100]

* Years with multiple motivations for a Nobel Prize.

## References

[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
6. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
7. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
8. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
9. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
10. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
11. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
12. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
13. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
14. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
15. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
16. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
17. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
20. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
21. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
22. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
25. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
28. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
29. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
30. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
31. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
32. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
33. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
34. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
37. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
38. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
40. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
42. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
43. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
44. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
46. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
47. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
48. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
49. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
51. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
52. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
53. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
54. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
57. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
59. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
60. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
61. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
62. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
63. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
64. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
65. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
66. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
67. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
68. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
70. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
71. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
72. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
74. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
75. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
76. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
77. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
78. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
79. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
80. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
81. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
82. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
83. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
84. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
85. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
86. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
87. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
88. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
89. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
90. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
91. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
92. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
93. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
94. ↑ "Sydney Brenner, PhD: Biography". 2005 IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
95. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
96. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
97. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
98. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
99. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
100. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-08.

## External links

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| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners.

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* "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine" – Index webpage on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
* "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics" – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site.
* "The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine" – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
* "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" – Official site of the Nobel Foundation.

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