Orthopnea causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

## Overview

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Orthopnea is often observed among patients with left heart failure. Orthopnea can also occur in patients suffering from asthma and chronic bronchitis, as well as those with sleep apnea or panic disorder.

## Causes

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### Life Threatening Causes

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Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

* Acute cardiac allograft rejection
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome
* Anaphylaxis
* Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis
* Carbon monoxide toxicity
* Pneumothorax
* Pulmonary embolism
* Myocardial infarction

### Common Causes

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* Aortic regurgitation
* Aortic stenosis
* Calcium channel blockers
* Hypertension
* Left heart failure
* Mitral regurgitation

### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | Acute cardiac allograft rejection, aortic regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, arteriovenous fistula, Cardiac amyloidosis, cardiac aneurysm, cardiac sarcoidosis, cardiac tumors, cor pulmonale, diabetic heart disease, Eisenmenger syndrome, endomyocardial fibrosis, Fallot tetralogy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy, stress cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, left heart failure, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis, multifocal atrial tachycardia, myocardial infarction, patent ductus arteriosus, pericardial effusion, pericardiocentesis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, rupture of the papillary muscles, severe hypertension, STEMI, stress cardiomyopathy, tuberculous pericarditis

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Chemical/Poisoning | Beryllium, cadmium, carbon monoxide toxicity, coal worker pneumoconiosis, cobalt, fume inhalation, lead, mercury, nitrogen dioxide, organophosphates, selenium, silica, snake bite, sulfur dioxide
Dental | No underlying causes
Dermatologic | Dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease
Drug Side Effect | Amphetamines, anthracyclines, bleomycin, calcium channel blockers, carmustine, carnitine, cetuximab, chloroquine, clozapine, cyanides, cyclophosphamide, dasatinib, didanosine, gemcitabine, gemeprost, glatiramer acetate, glutaraldehyde, mitomycin C, nifedipine, nitrofurantoin, NSAIDs, paricalcitol, pentostatin, phenothiazines, protamine sulfate, regadenoson, rifampicin, ticagrelor, trastuzumab, zalcitabine, zidovudine
Ear Nose Throat | Tracheolaryngobronchitis,
Endocrine | Cushing's disease, diabetes, goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypothyroidism, liquorice, mineralocorticoids, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxic myopathy
Environmental | Beryllium, cadmium, carbon monoxide toxicity, coal worker pneumoconiosis, cobalt, fume inhalation, lead, liquorice, malnutrition, mercury, morbid obesity, organophosphates, silica, smoke inhalation, snake bite, sulfur dioxide
Gastroenterologic | Aspiration of stomach contents, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, portopulmonary hypertension
Genetic | Bulbospinal muscular atrophy, congenital impairment of lymphatic system, cystic fibrosis, Foster Kennedy syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, glycogen storage disease type II, GM2 gangliosidosis, hereditary hemochromatosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, hereditary spinal muscular atrophy, inclusion body myositis, langerhans cell histiocytosis, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, lysosomal acid maltase deficiency, Pompe's disease, myotonic dystrophy, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
Hematologic | Congenital impairment of lymphatic system, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hemorrhagic shock, hereditary hemochromatosis, langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangiomyomatosis, septic shock, Severe anemia, transfusion reactions, Wegener granulomatosis
Iatrogenic | Acute cardiac allograft rejection, anaphylaxis, aspiration of stomach contents, insulin treatment, IV fluid overload, neck surgery, pericardiocentesis, pneumothorax, radiation brainstem injury, radiation myelopathy, transfusion reactions
Infectious Disease | Chagas disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, herpes zoster, HIV, human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, pleural effusion, pneumocystis jiroveci, pneumonia, post polio syndrome, post-viral neuropathy, septic shock, toxocariasis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, tuberculous pericarditis, viral cardiomyopathy, yersinia pestis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Cervical spondylosis with compressive radiculopathy and myelopathy, dermatomyositis, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, inclusion body myositis, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, mixed connective tissue disease, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, polymyositis post polio syndrome, progressive muscular atrophy, rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, bulbospinal muscular atrophy, central sleep apnea, cervical spondylosis with compressive radiculopathy and myelopathy, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, Foster Kennedy syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, GM2 gangliosidosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, hereditary spastic paraplegia, hereditary spinal muscular atrophy, intraspinal tumors, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease, monomelic (benign focal) amyotrophy, motor neuron syndromes in cancers, multifocal motor neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, neurogenic pulmonary oedema, phrenic nerve injury due to stretching or cooling during cardiac surgery, Post-polio progressive muscular atrophy, post-viral neuropathy, preeclampsia, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar palsy, progressive muscular atrophy, radiation brainstem injury/radiation myelopathy, stroke
Nutritional/Metabolic | Glycogen storage disease type II, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypoproteinemia, lysosomal acid maltase deficiency, Pompe's disease, wet beri-beri,
Obstetric/Gynecologic | Eclampsia, peripartum cardiomyopathy, preeclampsia, pregnancy, premenstrual syndrome
Oncologic | Bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiac tumors, intraspinal tumors, malignant pleural mesothelioma, motor neuron syndromes in cancers
Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity | Bleomycin, cocaine, cyanides, mineralocorticoids, narcotic overdose
Psychiatric | Panic attack, stress cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary | Acute respiratory distress syndrome, altitude sickness, asthma, bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchogenic cyst, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bronchospasm, central sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, cor pulmonale, CREST syndrome, cystic fibrosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, Eisenmenger syndrome, empyema, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, fibrosing alveolitis, cryptogenic, goodpasture syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis, interstitial lung disease , malignant pleural mesothelioma, near-drowning, pleural effusion, pneumonia, pneumothorax, polyarteritis nodosa, portopulmonary hypertension, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonic stenosis, respiratory failure, sclerosing mediastinitis, systemic lupus erythematosus(shrinking lung syndrome), smoke inhalation, tracheolaryngobronchitis, transient tachypnea of the newborn, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Renal/Electrolyte | Nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, renal artery stenosis, renal failure, Uremia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Acute cardiac allograft rejection, anaphylaxis, asthma, cardiac sarcoidosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, CREST syndrome, cytokine release syndrome, dermatomyositis, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, Goodpasture syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, myasthenia gravis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, sclerosing mediastinitis, systemic lupus erythematosus(shrinking lung syndrome), systemic sclerosis, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual | No underlying causes
Trauma | Blunt neck trauma, head injury, hemorrhagic shock, neck surgery, rib fracture
Urologic | No underlying causes
Miscellaneous | Altitude sickness, amyloid cardiomyopathy, heavy alcohol intake, malnutrition, morbid obesity, near-drowning

Causes by Organ System developed by WikiDoc.org, Copyleft 2013

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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* Acute cardiac allograft rejection

* Acute respiratory distress syndrome

* Altitude sickness

* Amphetamines

* Atrial fibrillation

* Arteriovenous fistula

* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

* Anaphylaxis

* Anthracyclines

* Aspiration of stomach contents

* Asthma

* Beryllium

* Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis

* Bleomycin

* Blunt neck trauma

* Bronchiectasis

* Bronchiolitis obliterans

* Bronchitis

* Bronchogenic carcinoma

* Bronchogenic cyst

* Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

* Bronchospasm

* Bulbospinal muscular atrophy

* Cadmium

* Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine)

* Cardiac aneurysm

* Carbon monoxide toxicity

* Cardiac amyloidosis

* Cardiac sarcoidosis

* Cardiac tumors

* Carmustine

* Carnitine

* Central sleep apnea

* Cervical spondylosis with compressive radiculopathy and myelopathy

* Cetuximab

* Chagas disease

* Chloroquine

* Chronic aortic regurgitation

* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

* Churg-Strauss syndrome

* Clozapine

* Coal worker pneumoconiosis

* Cobalt

* Cocaine

* Congenital impairment of lymphatic system

* Cor pulmonale

* CREST syndrome

* Cushing's disease

* Cyanides

* Cyclophosphamide

* Cystic fibrosis

* Cytokine release syndrome

* Dasatinib

* Dermatomyositis

* Diabetic heart disease

* Didanosine

* Diffuse panbronchiolitis

* Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

* Lambert-Eaton syndrome

* Eclampsia

* Eisenmenger syndrome

* Empyema

* Endomyocardial fibrosis

* Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

* Fallot tetralogy

* Fibrosing alveolitis

* Foster Kennedy syndrome

* Friedreich's ataxia

* Fume inhalation

* Gemcitabine

* Gemeprost

* Glatiramer acetate

* Glycogen storage disease type II

* Glutaraldehyde

* GM2 gangliosidosis

* Goiter

* Goodpasture syndrome

* Guillain-Barré syndrome

* Head injury

* Heavy alcohol intake

* Hemorrhagic shock

* Hereditary hemochromatosis

* Hereditary spastic paraplegia

* Hereditary spinal muscular atrophy

* Herpes zoster

* HIV

* Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis

* Hyperthyroidism

* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

* Hypocalcemia

* Hypophosphatemia

* Hypoproteinemia

* Hypothyroidism

* Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis

* Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy

* Inclusion body myositis

* Insulin treatment

* Interstitial lung disease

* Intraspinal tumors

* Ischemic heart disease

* IV fluid overload

* Langerhans cell histiocytosis

* Late-onset Tay-Sachs disease

* Lead

* Left heart failure

* Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

* Liquorice

* Liver Cirrhosis

* Lyme disease

* Lymphangiomyomatosis

* Lysosomal acid maltase deficiency

* Malignant pleural mesothelioma

* Malnutrition

* Mercury

* Mineralocorticoids

* Mitomycin C

* Mitral Regurgitation

* Mitral valve stenosis

* Mixed connective tissue disease

* Monomelic (benign focal) amyotrophy

* Morbid obesity

* Motor neuron syndromes in cancers

* Multifocal atrial tachycardia

* Multifocal motor neuropathy

* Multiple sclerosis

* Myasthenia gravis

* Myocardial infarction

* Myotonic dystrophy

* Narcotic overdose

* Near-drowning

* Neck surgery

* Nephritic syndrome

* Nephrotic syndrome

* Nitrofurantoin

* Nitrogen dioxide

* NSAIDs

* Organophosphates

* Pancreatitis

* Panic attack

* Paricalcitol

* Patent ductus arteriosus

* Pentostatin

* Pericardial effusion

* Pericardiocentesis

* Peripartum cardiomyopathy

* Phenothiazines

* Pheochromocytoma

* Phrenic nerve injury due to stretching or cooling during cardiac surgery

* Pleural effusion

* Pneumocystis jiroveci

* Pneumonia

* Pneumothorax

* Polyarteritis nodosa

* Polymyositis

* Pompe's disease

* Portopulmonary hypertension

* Post-polio progressive muscular atrophy

* Post-viral neuropathy

* Preeclampsia

* Pregnancy

* Premenstrual syndrome

* Primary lateral sclerosis

* Progressive bulbar palsy

* Progressive muscular atrophy

* Protamine sulfate

* Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

* Pulmonary edema

* Pulmonary embolism

* Pulmonary fibrosis

* Pulmonary hypertension

* Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease

* Pulmonic stenosis

* Radiation brainstem injury/radiation myelopathy

* Regadenoson

* Renal artery stenosis

* Renal failure

* Respiratory failure

* Rheumatoid arthritis

* Rib fracture

* Rifampicin

* Sclerosing mediastinitis

* Selenium

* Septic shock

* Severe anemia

* Severe hypertension

* Silica

* Systemic lupus erythematosus(shrinking lung syndrome)

* Smoke inhalation

* Snake bite

* STEMI

* Stress cardiomyopathy

* Stroke

* Sulfur dioxide

* Systemic sclerosis

* Thyrotoxic myopathy

* Ticagrelor

* Toxocariasis

* Tracheolaryngobronchitis

* Transfusion reactions

* Transient tachypnea of the newborn

* Trastuzumab

* Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

* Tuberculous pericarditis

* Uremia

* Viral cardiomyopathy

* Wegener granulomatosis

* Wet beri-beri

* Yersinia pestis

* Zalcitabine

* Zidovudine

Causes of Orthopnea causes developed by WikiDoc.org, Copyleft 2013

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## References

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