Ovarian cancer causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Huda A. Karman, M.D.

## Overview

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Ovarian cancer etiology is not completely understood but there are multiple risk factors that can play a role in its occurrence. The theories of the etiology of ovarian cancer suggest that repeated ovulation injures the ovarian epithelium and eventually leads to ovarian cancer development. The other theories discuss the origin of ovarian cancer that can be cortical inclusion cysts that become neoplastic or metaplastic or dysplastic changes of the fallopian tube. Direct effect of persistent Gonadotrophin release from the pituitary gland on the ovary also believed to play a role in ovarian cancer etiology.

## Causes

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* Ovarian cancer etiology is not completely understood but there are multiple risk factors that can play a role in its occurrence such as:
* Follicle stimulation or fertility drugs as Clomiphene[1]
* Based on multiple studies, the following are theories of the etiology of ovarian cancer:
* Theory 1:
* Repeated ovulations lead to injury of the ovarian epithelium and subsequent exposure to the inflammatory cytokine, transformation of the mesenchymal epithelium, alteration of the genes and hence cancer.
* With increased age, cortical inclusion cysts develop and its ovarian surface epithelium become metaplastic or neoplastic under the effect of accumulated inflammatory cytokines or stromal factors stimulation [2]
* Theory 2:
* Ovarian cancer originates from the fallopian tube. This theory evidenced by the presence of dysplastic changes in the fallopian tubes of women who underwent prophylactic removal of their ovaries.
* Theory 3:
* Persistent Gonadotrophin release from the pituitary gland has a direct effect on the ovarian epithelium and is considered carcinogenic [3]

Ovarian cancer Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classifications

Pathophysiology

Causes of Ovarian cancer

Differentiating Ovarian cancer from other Diseases

Epidemiology & Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications & Prognosis

Diagnosis

History & Symptoms

Physical Examination

Staging

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Ovarian cancer causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Ovarian cancer causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Ovarian cancer causes

CDC on Ovarian cancer causes

Ovarian cancer causes in the news

Blogs on Ovarian cancer causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Ovarian cancer

Risk calculators and risk factors for Ovarian cancer causes

### Drug Side Effect

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* Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol
* Estropipate
* Medroxyprogesterone

## References

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1. ↑ Spirtas, Robert; Kaufman, Steven C.; Alexander, Nancy J. (1993). "Fertility drugs and ovarian cancer: red alert or red herring?". Fertility and Sterility. 59 (2): 291–293. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55670-2. ISSN 0015-0282.
2. ↑ Ottevanger, Petronella Beatrix (2017). "Ovarian cancer stem cells more questions than answers". Seminars in Cancer Biology. 44: 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.009. ISSN 1044-579X.
3. ↑ Fishel S, Jackson P (1989). "Follicular stimulation for high tech pregnancies: are we playing it safe?". BMJ. 299 (6694): 309–11. doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6694.309. PMC 1837149. PMID 2535637.

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