Parathyroid adenoma causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Preeti Singh, M.B.B.S.[2],  Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[3]

## Overview

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The cause of most parathyroid adenomas is unknown. However, about 10% are said to be hereditary. It can be the result of multiple genetic mutations in genes such as the calcium-sensing receptor gene, HRPT2 gene (CDC73 gene), Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1)/PRAD1 gene, MEN1 gene, and RET gene.

## Causes

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Parathyroid adenoma is idiopathic in approximately 90% of the individuals. However, approximately 10% of parathyroid adenoma are caused by mutation in genes.[1]

### Genetic Causes

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* Parathyroid adenoma can be caused by a mutation of the following genes.

* Calcium-sensing receptor gene[2][3]
* HRPT2 gene (CDC73 gene)[4]
* Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1)/PRAD1 gene[5][6]
* MEN1 gene[7][8]
* RET gene[9]
* CDNK1B gene[10]

## References

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1. ↑ Duan K, Gomez Hernandez K, Mete O (October 2015). "Clinicopathological correlates of hyperparathyroidism". J. Clin. Pathol. 68 (10): 771–87. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203186. PMID 26163537.
2. ↑ Hosokawa Y, Pollak MR, Brown EM, Arnold A (1995). "Mutational analysis of the extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor gene in human parathyroid tumors". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80 (11): 3107–10. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.11.7593409. PMID 7593409.
3. ↑ Carling T, Szabo E, Bai M, Ridefelt P, Westin G, Gustavsson P, Trivedi S, Hellman P, Brown EM, Dahl N, Rastad J (2000). "Familial hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria caused by a novel mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of the calcium receptor". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (5): 2042–7. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.5.6477. PMID 10843194.
4. ↑ Shattuck TM, Välimäki S, Obara T, Gaz RD, Clark OH, Shoback D; et al. (2003). "Somatic and germ-line mutations of the HRPT2 gene in sporadic parathyroid carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 349 (18): 1722–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031237. PMID 14585940.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G (2009). "Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease". World J Surg. 33 (11): 2224–33. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6. PMID 19373510.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A (1996). "Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81 (5): 1736–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826. PMID 8626826.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ↑ Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G (2009). "Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease". World J Surg. 33 (11): 2224–33. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6. PMID 19373510.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ↑ Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC; et al. (1997). "Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states". Hum Mol Genet. 6 (7): 1169–75. PMID 9215689.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
9. ↑ Marquard, Jessica; Eng, Charis (September 27, 1999). "Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2". GeneReviews® [Internet].
10. ↑ Bilezikian JP (January 15, 2017). De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., eds. Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endotext [Internet]: South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.