Pneumonia other imaging findings

Pneumonia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Pneumonia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

Diagnostic Algorithm

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Pneumonia other imaging findings On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Pneumonia other imaging findings

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Pneumonia other imaging findings

CDC onPneumonia other imaging findings

Pneumonia other imaging findings in the news

Blogs on Pneumonia other imaging findings

Directions to Hospitals Treating Pneumonia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Pneumonia other imaging findings

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2], Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [3]

## Overview

[edit | edit source]

Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is useful to obtain samples for gram stain and culture in patients with certain conditions, such as immunocompromised patients, ICU admission, or antibiotic failure.

## Bronchoscopy

[edit | edit source]

* Bronchoscopy is used in the diagnosis of pneumonia only in certain cases, such as patients admitted in the ICU, immunocompromised patients, or patients with treatment failure.
* When sputum is not produced or not sufficient for evaluation, bronchoscopic sampling and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is used to collect samples for gram stain and culture.[1]
* Bronchoscopy is particularly helpful in the diagnosis of PCP, as the sputum analysis have a high false-negative rate. [2]

## Ultrasound

[edit | edit source]

* In one study, ultrasonography was used to diagnose community acquired pneumonia with a high sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%).[3]
* Findings in the ultrasound for pneumonia include air bronchogram within an echopoor area and pleural effusion seen in some cases. [4]
* Ultrasound can also be used for the follow-up of pneumonia.[4]

## References

[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Mandell, L. A.; Wunderink, R. G.; Anzueto, A.; Bartlett, J. G.; Campbell, G. D.; Dean, N. C.; Dowell, S. F.; File, T. M.; Musher, D. M.; Niederman, M. S.; Torres, A.; Whitney, C. G. (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (Supplement 2): S27–S72. doi:10.1086/511159. ISSN 1058-4838.
2. ↑ Pitchenik AE, Ganjei P, Torres A, Evans DA, Rubin E, Baier H (1986). "Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Am Rev Respir Dis. 133 (2): 226–9. PMID 3484921.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Reissig A, Copetti R, Mathis G, Mempel C, Schuler A, Zechner P; et al. (2012). "Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective, multicenter, diagnostic accuracy study". Chest. 142 (4): 965–72. doi:10.1378/chest.12-0364. PMID 22700780.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Reissig A, Copetti R (2014). "Lung ultrasound in community-acquired pneumonia and in interstitial lung diseases". Respiration. 87 (3): 179–89. doi:10.1159/000357449. PMID 24481027.