Protein kinase Mζ

Protein kinase C, zeta

Identifiers
Symbols|  PRKCZ ; PKC2
External IDs|  Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 55681
EC number|  2.7.1.37
| Gene ontology

Molecular function | Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
Cellular component | Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
Biological process | Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
File:PBB GE PRKCZ 202178 at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species|  Human|  Mouse
Entrez|  n/a|  n/a
Ensembl|  n/a|  n/a
UniProt|  n/a|  n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)|  n/a|  n/a
RefSeq (protein)|  n/a|  n/a
Location (UCSC)|  n/a|  n/a
PubMed search|  n/a|  n/a

Protein kinase Mζ (also called PKMζ or PKMzeta) is the independent catalytic domain of protein kinase Cζ and, lacking an autoinhibitory regulatory domain of the full-length PKCζ, is constitutively active. This constitutive or autonomous activity allows the kinase to be independent of second messengers and thus persistently active. It was originally thought of as being a cleavage product of full-length PKCζ, an atypical isoform of protein kinase C (PKC). Like other PKC isoforms, PKCζ is a serine/threonine kinase that adds phosphate groups to target proteins. It is atypical in that unlike other PKC isoforms, PKCζ does not require calcium or diacylglycerol (DAG) to become active, but rather relies on a second messenger other than DAG, presumably generated through a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) pathway. It is now known that PKMζ is not the result of cleavage of full-length PKCζ, but rather, in mammalian brain, is translated from its own brain-specific mRNA, that is transcribed from the full-length PKCζ gene.[1] The promotor for full-length PKCζ is largely inactive in the forebrain and so PKMζ is the dominant form of ζ in the forebrain and the only PKM that is translated from its own mRNA.

PKMζ is thought to be responsible for maintaining the late phase of long-term potentiation.[2][3][4] This theory arose from the observation that PKMζ perfused postsynaptically into neurons causes synaptic potentiation and selective inhibitors of PKMζ, when bath applied 1 hr after tetanization, inhibit the late phase or maintenance of LTP. Thus PKMζ is both necessary and sufficient for maintaining LTP. Subsequent work showed that inhibiting the kinase reversed LTP maintenance when applied up to 5 hours after LTP was induced in hippocampal slices, and after 22 hr in vivo. Inhibiting PKMζ in behaving animals erased spatial long-term memories in the hippocampus that were up to 1 month-old, without affecting spatial short-term memories.[4] In the neocortex, thought to be the site of storage for most long-term memories, PKMζ inhibition erased memories for conditioned taste aversion in the insular cortex.[5] PKMζ is thus the first molecule shown to be a component of the storage mechanism of long-term memory.

## References

[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Hernandez AI, Blace N, Crary JF, Serrano PA, Leitges M, Libien JM, Weinstein G, Tcherapanov A, Sacktor TC. (2003). "Protein kinase M zeta synthesis from a brain mRNA encoding an independent protein kinase C zeta catalytic domain. Implications for the molecular mechanism of memory". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (41): 40305–16. PMID 12857744.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ Ling D, Benardo L, Serrano P, Blace N, Kelly M, Crary J, Sacktor T (2002). "Protein kinase Mzeta is necessary and sufficient for LTP maintenance". Nat. Neurosci. 5 (4): 295–6. PMID 11914719.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Serrano P, Yao Y, Sacktor T (2005). "Persistent phosphorylation by protein kinase Mzeta maintains late-phase long-term potentiation". J Neurosci. 25 (8): 1979–84. PMID 15728837.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pastalkova E, Serrano P, Pinkhasova D, Wallace E, Fenton A, Sacktor T (2006). "Storage of spatial information by the maintenance mechanism of LTP". Science. 313 (5790): 1141–4. PMID 16931766.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ Shema R, Sacktor T, Dudai Y (2007). "Rapid erasure of long-term memory associations in the cortex by an inhibitor of PKMζ". Science. 317 (5840): 951–3. PMID 17702943.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

## Further reading

[edit | edit source]

* Slater SJ, Ho C, Stubbs CD (2003). "The use of fluorescent phorbol esters in studies of protein kinase C-membrane interactions". Chem. Phys. Lipids. 116 (1–2): 75–91. PMID 12093536.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
* Carter CA, Kane CJ (2005). "Therapeutic potential of natural compounds that regulate the activity of protein kinase C.". Curr. Med. Chem. 11 (21): 2883–902. PMID 15544481.

* v
* t
* e

Kinases: Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (EC 2.7.11-12)

Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (EC 2.7.11.1-EC 2.7.11.20)

| Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinases (EC 2.7.11.1)|

* LATS1
* LATS2
* MAST1
* MAST2
* STK38
* STK38L
* CIT
* ROCK1
* SGK
* SGK2
* SGK3
* Protein kinase B
* AKT1
* AKT2
* AKT3
* Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
* mTOR
* EIF-2 kinases
* PKR
* HRI
* EIF2AK3
* EIF2AK4
* Wee1
* WEE1

|

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (EC 2.7.11.2)|

* PDK1
* PDK2
* PDK3
* PDK4

Dephospho-(reductase kinase) kinase (EC 2.7.11.3)|

* AMP-activated protein kinase α
* PRKAA1
* PRKAA2
* β
* PRKAB1
* PRKAB2
* γ
* PRKAG1
* PRKAG2
* PRKAG3

3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase (EC 2.7.11.4)|

* BCKDK
* BCKDHA
* BCKDHB

(isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)) kinase (EC 2.7.11.5)|

* IDH2
* IDH3A
* IDH3B
* IDH3G

(tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase (EC 2.7.11.6)|

* STK4

Myosin-heavy-chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.7)|

* Aurora kinase
* Aurora A kinase
* Aurora B kinase
* Aurora C kinase

Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.8)|

* FASTK
* STK10

Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.9)|

* -

IκB kinase (EC 2.7.11.10)|

* CHUK
* IKK2
* TBK1
* IKBKE
* IKBKG
* IKBKAP

cAMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.11)|

* Protein kinase A
* PRKACG
* PRKACB
* PRKACA
* PRKY

cGMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.12)|

* Protein kinase G
* PRKG1

Protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13)|

* Protein kinase C
* Protein kinase Cζ
* PKC alpha
* PRKCB1
* PRKCD
* PRKCE
* PRKCH
* PRKCG
* PRKCI
* PRKCQ
* Protein kinase N1
* PKN2
* PKN3

Rhodopsin kinase (EC 2.7.11.14)|

* Rhodopsin kinase

Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (EC 2.7.11.15)|

* Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
* Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2

G-protein coupled receptor kinases (EC 2.7.11.16)|

* GRK4
* GRK5
* GRK6

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent (EC 2.7.11.17)|

* BRSK2
* CAMK1
* CAMK1A
* CAMK1B
* CAMK1D
* CAMK1G
* CAMK2
* CAMK2A
* CAMK2B
* CAMK2D
* CAMK2G
* CAMK4
* MLCK
* CASK
* CHEK1
* CHEK2
* DAPK1
* DAPK2
* DAPK3
* STK11
* MAPKAPK2
* MAPKAPK3
* MAPKAPK5
* MARK1
* MARK2
* MARK3
* MARK4
* MELK
* MKNK1
* MKNK2
* NUAK1
* NUAK2
* OBSCN
* PASK
* PHKG1
* PHKG2
* PIM1
* PIM2
* PKD1
* PRKD2
* PRKD3
* PSKH1
* SNF1LK2
* KIAA0999
* STK40
* SNF1LK
* SNRK
* SPEG
* TSSK2
* Kalirin
* TRIB1
* TRIB2
* TRIB3
* TRIO
* Titin
* DCLK1

Myosin light-chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18)|

* MYLK
* MYLK2
* MYLK3
* MYLK4

Phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.11.19)|

* PHKA1
* PHKA2
* PHKB
* PHKG1
* PHKG2

Elongation factor 2 kinase (EC 2.7.11.20)|

* EEF2K
* STK19

Polo kinase (EC 2.7.11.21)|

* PLK1
* PLK2
* PLK3
* PLK4

Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (EC 2.7.11.21-EC 2.7.11.30)

| Polo kinase (EC 2.7.11.21)|

* PLK1
* PLK2
* PLK3
* PLK4

|

Cyclin-dependent kinase (EC 2.7.11.22)|

* CDK1
* CDK2
* CDKL2
* CDK3
* CDK4
* CDK5
* CDKL5
* CDK6
* CDK7
* CDK8
* CDK9
* CDK10
* CDK12
* CDC2L5
* PCTK1
* PCTK2
* PCTK3
* PFTK1
* CDC2L1

(RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase (EC 2.7.11.23)|

* RPS6KA5
* RPS6KA4
* P70S6 kinase
* P70-S6 Kinase 1
* RPS6KB2
* RPS6KA2
* RPS6KA3
* RPS6KA1
* RPS6KC1

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.24)|

* Extracellular signal-regulated
* MAPK1
* MAPK3
* MAPK4
* MAPK6
* MAPK7
* MAPK12
* MAPK15
* C-Jun N-terminal
* MAPK8
* MAPK9
* MAPK10
* P38 mitogen-activated protein
* MAPK11
* MAPK13
* MAPK14

MAP3K (EC 2.7.11.25)|

* MAP kinase kinase kinases
* MAP3K1
* MAP3K2
* MAP3K3
* MAP3K4
* MAP3K5
* MAP3K6
* MAP3K7
* MAP3K8
* RAFs
* ARAF
* BRAF
* KSR1
* KSR2
* MLKs
* MAP3K12
* MAP3K13
* MAP3K9
* MAP3K10
* MAP3K11
* MAP3K7
* ZAK
* CDC7
* MAP3K14

Tau-protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.26)|

* TPK1
* TTK
* GSK-3

(acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase (EC 2.7.11.27)|

* -

Tropomyosin kinase (EC 2.7.11.28)|

* -

Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase (EC 2.7.11.29)|

* -

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30)|

* Bone morphogenetic protein receptors
* BMPR1
* BMPR1A
* BMPR1B
* BMPR2
* ACVR1
* ACVR1B
* ACVR1C
* ACVR2A
* ACVR2B
* ACVRL1
* Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor

Dual-specificity kinases (EC 2.7.12)

| MAP2K|

* MAP2K1
* MAP2K2
* MAP2K3
* MAP2K4
* MAP2K5
* MAP2K6
* MAP2K7

|

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