Psychedelic plants

File:Phalaris aquatica.jpgPhalaris aquatica

Psychedelic Plants are plants that contain psychedelic drugs. Some of them have been used for thousands of years for religious purposes.

## Contents

* 1 Cannabis
* 2 Plants containing psychedelic tryptamines
* 3 Other Indoles
* 3.1 Mescaline
* 4 Plants containing beta-carbolines
* 4.1 Passifloraceae:
* 5 Other psychedelic plants
* 6 See also
* 7 External links
* 8 References

## Cannabis[edit | edit source]

Main article: Cannabis

File:Marijuana growing 01.jpgFemale Marijuana Plant

Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular and unique psychedelic plant. Cannabis is also unique because it contains a psychedelic substance, THC, that contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, phenethylamine, anticholinergics (deliriant), or a disassociative drug. It is the weakest of the psychedelics but can produce hallucinations at higher doses. Currently, certain universities and research firms are studying the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many US states such as California and many countries have created a Medical Cannabis law to allow patients to use cannabis as (among other things) a pain killer, appetite suppressant and appetite stimulant.

## Plants containing psychedelic tryptamines[edit | edit source]

File:Dimethyltryptamine-3d-sticks.pngDMT Molecule DMT Molecule

Many of the psychedelic plants contain DMT, which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), smoked, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It can not simply be eaten, and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be smokable, since the user needs to smoke all of it in a minute or else tolerance builds rapidly.

Acanthaceae:

* Justicia pectoralis, DMT in leaves[1]

Aizoaceae:

Delosperma acuminatum | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]

|

File:Delosperma cooperi1.jpgDelosperma cooperi | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
Delosperma ecklonis | DMT[2]
Delosperma esterhuyseniae | DMT[2]
Delosperma hallii | 5-MEO-DMT[2]
Delosperma harazianum | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
Delosperma harazianum
Shibam | DMT[2]
Delosperma hirtum | DMT[2]
Delosperma hallii
aff. litorale
File:M. Delosperma lydenbergense flower.JPGDelosperma lydenbergense | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
File:Delosperma nubigenum.jpgDelosperma nubigenum | 5-MEO-DMT[2]
Delosperma pageanum | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
Delosperma pergamentaceum | Traces of DMT[2]
File:Delosperma tradescantioides leafs IMGP0042.jpgDelosperma tradescantioides | DMT[2]

Apocynaceae:

* Voacanga africana: Iboga alkaloids

Fabaceae family (Leguminosae):

Caesalpinioideae (subfamily of Fabaceae) :

* Petalostylis cassioides: 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[3]
* Petalostylis labicheoides, Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%[4]

Acacia acuminata | Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf[5]

|

Acacia adunca | β-methyl-phenethylamine, 2.4% in leaves[6]
File:Alpina mueller.jpgAcacia alpina | Active principles in leaf[7]
File:Acacia aneura blossom.jpgAcacia aneura | Psychoactive.[8][9] Ash used in Pituri.[10] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[11]
Acacia angustifolia | Psychoactive,[8] Tryptamines
File:Acacia angustissima usgs.pngAcacia angustissima | β-methyl-phenethylamine[12], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[13]
Acacia aroma | Tryptamine alkaloids.[14] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[15]
File:Starr 031013 8001 acacia auriculiformis.jpgAcacia auriculiformis | 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[16]
File:Acacia baileyana.jpgAcacia baileyana | 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[7][17][18]
Acacia beauverdiana | Psychoactive[19] Ash used in Pituri.[10]
File:Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpgAcacia berlandieri | DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[20]
File:Koeh-003.jpgAcacia catechu | DMT[2] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia caven | Psychoactive[8]
Acacia chundra | DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia colei | DMT[21]
Acacia complanata | 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[22][23][24]
File:Acacia concinna Blanco2.374.pngAcacia concinna | Nicotine[25]
File:Starr 050107 2872 acacia confusa.jpgAcacia confusa | DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[7] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[26]
File:Acacia constricta flower.jpgAcacia constricta | β-methyl-phenethylamine[12]
Acacia coriacea | Psychoactive[8][9] Ash used in Pituri.[10]
File:A-cornigera.jpgAcacia cornigera | Psychoactive,[8] Tryptamines[27]
File:Acacia cultriformis leaves.jpgAcacia cultriformis | Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[7] and seeds.[15] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[15]
Acacia cuthbertsonii | Psychoactive[19]
File:Acacia-decurrens2.jpgAcacia decurrens | Psychoactive,[8] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[18]
Acacia delibrata | Psychoactive[19]
Acacia falcata | Psychoactive,[19] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[18]
File:Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpgAcacia farnesiana | Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[28] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[29] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[30] Alkaloids are present in the bark[31] and leaves.[32] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[27]
Acacia filiciana | Psychoactive[8]
Acacia floribunda | Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[33] in flowers[15] other tryptamines,[34] phenethylamines[35]
Acacia georginae | Psychoactive,[8] plus deadly toxins
File:Acacia greggii thorns.jpgAcacia greggii | N-methyl-β-phenethylamine,[12] phenethylamine[36]
Acacia harpophylla | Phenethylamine, hordenine at a ratio of 2:3 in dried leaves, 0.6% total[6]
Acacia holoserica | Hordenine, 1.2% in bark[6]
File:Acacia-horrida.jpgAcacia horrida | Psychoactive[8]
File:A.Implexa.jpgAcacia implexa | Psychoactive[37]
Acacia jurema | DMT, NMT
File:Acacia-dealbata.JPGAcacia karroo | Psychoactive
Acacia kempeana | Psychoactive[8][9]
Acacia kettlewelliae | 1.5[6]-1.88%[38] alkaloids, 92% consisting of phenylethylamine.[6] 0.9% N-methyl-2-

phenylethylamine found a different time.[6]

Acacia laeta | DMT, in the leaf[7]
Acacia lingulata | Psychoactive[8][9]
File:Acacia longifolia fg01.JPGAcacia longifolia | 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[33] 0.2% DMT in plant.[39] Histamine alkaloids.[18]
Acacia longifolia var. sophorae | Tryptamine in leaves, bark[15]
Acacia macradenia | Tryptamine[15]
File:Acacia maidenii.jpgAcacia maidenii | 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[7]
File:Acacia mangium leaf and pods.jpgAcacia mangium | Psychoactive[8]
File:Acacia melanoxylon branch.jpgAcacia melanoxylon | DMT, in the bark and leaf,[40] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[18]
File:600px-Acacia mellifera 3D-Modell.jpgAcacia mellifera | DMT, in the leaf[7]
File:Acacia-nilotica.jpgAcacia nilotica | DMT, in the leaf[7]
Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens | Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
Acacia obtusifolia | Tryptamine,[34] DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[37] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark, 0.07% in branch tips.[41]
Acacia oerfota | Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[42][17] NMT
Acacia penninervis | Psychoactive[19]
File:Acacia phlebophylla.jpgAcacia phlebophylla | 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[7]
Acacia platensis | Psychoactive[8]
File:Starr 020911 0004 acacia podalyriifolia.jpgAcacia podalyriaefolia | Tryptamine in the leaf,[7] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts[33]
File:Acacia polycantha.pngAcacia polyacantha | DMT in leaf[7] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha | Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[43]
Acacia prominens | phenylethylamine, β-methyl-phenethylamine[33][6]
Acacia pruinocarpa | Psychoactive[8][9] Ash used in Pituri.[10]
File:Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle.jpgAcacia pycantha | Psychoactive,[8] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[18]
File:Acacia melanoxylon2.jpgAcacia retinodes | DMT, NMT,[44] nicotine,[27] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids found[18]
Acacia rigidula | DMT, NMT, tryptamine, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[45]
Acacia roemeriana | β-methyl-phenethylamine[12]
File:Acacia-salicina-pod-w-seeds.jpgAcacia salicina | Psychoactive[8][9] Ash used in Pituri.[10]
Acacia sassa | Psychoactive[8]
File:Acacia-schaffneri-seed-pods.jpgAcacia schaffneri | β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[36] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[27]
Acacia schottii | β-methyl-phenethylamine[12]
File:Koeh-004.jpgAcacia senegal | Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[7] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[29] DMT in bark.
Acacia sieberiana | DMT, in the leaf[7]
File:Acacia simplex.jpgAcacia simplex | DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[46][7]
Acacia taxensis | β-methyl-phenethylamine[12]
Acacia tenuifolia | Psychoactive[8]
Acacia tenuifolia var. producta | Psychoactive[8]
File:Eat267.jpgAcacia tortilis | DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[37]
Acacia verek | Psychoactive.[8] Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT, other tryptamines
Acacia vestita | Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[7] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[18]
Acacia victoriae | Tryptamines[34], 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[15]
Acacia visco | Psychoactive[8]

List of Acacia Species Having Little or No Alkaloids in the Material Sampled:[18]

0% <math>\le</math> C <math>\le</math> 0.02%, C...Concentration of Alkaloids [%]

* Acacia acinacea
* Acacia baileyana
* Acacia decurrens
* Acacia dealbata
* Acacia mearnsii
* Acacia drummondii
* Acacia elata
* Acacia falcata
* Acacia leprosa

* Acacia linearis
* Acacia melanoxylon
* Acacia pycnantha
* Acacia retinodes
* Acacia saligna
* Acacia stricta
* Acacia verticillata
* Acacia vestita

|

Other Plants Containing DMT:

File:Anadenanthera colubrina branch2.jpgAnadenanthera colubrina |

* Bufotenin, Beans[47][48]
* Bufotenin oxide, Beans[47]
* N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans,[48][47] pods[47]
* N,N-Dimethyltryptamine oxide, Beans[47]

|

Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil | Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[49]

The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[50]

File:Anadenanthera peregrina.jpgAnadenanthera peregrina |

* 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant[48]
* 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant[48]
* 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark[48]
* 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark[48]
* Bufotenin, Plant,[48] beans[47]
* Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit[48], beans[47]
* N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[48][51]

Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina |

Bufotenine is in the seeds.[52]

File:Fern1.jpgDesmanthus illinoensis | Dried root 0.200% DMT and dried root bark 0.340% DMT[53]
Desmanthus leptolobus | DMT in root bark[54]
Desmodium caudatum | Roots: 0.087% DMT,[55] Bufotenine-N-oxide 0.03%
File:Desmodium gangeticum.jpgDesmodium gangeticum | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, whole plant, roots, stems, leaves[1]
Desmodium gyrans | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, leaves, roots[1]
Desmodium pulchellum | DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MEO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers[1]
Desmodium racemosum | 5-MEO-DMT[1]
File:Desmodium triflorum.jpgDesmodium triflorum | DMT-N-oxide, roots[1]
Lespedeza capitata |
File:Lespedeza ja02.jpgLespedeza bicolor | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and roots[56]
Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and root bark[1]
Mimosa ophthalmocentra | DMT[57]
Mimosa scabrella | DMT in bark[1]
File:Mimosa Hostilis.jpgMimosa tenuiflora(syn. "Mimosa hostilis") | 1% DMT in dry root bark.[58]
Mimosa verrucosa | DMT[59]
File:Mucuna pruriens Blanco2.406.jpgMucuna pruriens | "The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT."[60]
Petalostylis casseoides | 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[56]
Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides | DMT in leaves and stems[1]
Phyllodium pulchellum | 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[56]

Lauraceae:

* Nectandra megapotamica, NMT[4]

Malpighiaceae family:

* Diplopterys cabrerana: DMT 0.17-1.74%, average of 0.47% DMT[61]

Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family):

* Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT[56] and beta-carbolines[3]
* Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark[56]
* Iryanthera ulei: 5-MEO-DMT in bark[1]
* Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark[1]

* Virola genus; for example:

Virola calophylla | Leaves 0.149% DMT, 0.006% MMT[1]

|

Virola calophylloidea | DMT[59]
Virola carinata | DMT in leaves[1]
Virola cuspidata | DMT[4]
Virola divergens | DMT in leaves[1]
Virola elongata | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark and leaves[1]
Virola melinonii | DMT in bark[1]
Virola multinervia | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark and leaves[1]
Virola pavonis | DMT in leaves[1]
Virola peruviana | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark[1]
Virola rufula | Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT [62]
Virola sebifera | DMT in bark[1]
Virola surinamensis | DMT[4]
Virola theiodora | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers[1] DMT
Virola venosa | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in roots, leaves[1] DMT

Ochnaceae:

* Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT,[56] DMT in bark and root bark[1], NMT

Ochnaceae:

Genus Pandanus (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts[56]

Poaceae family (Gramineae)

Species | Alkaloids (Dried)

|

File:Arundo.donax1web.jpgArundo donax | 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT[63]
File:Phalaris aquatica.jpgPhalaris aquatica | 0.0007-0.18% Total alkaloids,[64] 0.100% DMT,[65] 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT,[65]0.005% 5-OH-DMT[65]
File:Rietgras bloeiwijze Phalaris arundinacea.jpgPhalaris arundinacea | 0.0004-0.121% Total alkaloids[64]
Phalaris brachystachys | Aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present[citation needed]
File:Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpgPhragmites australis | DMT in roots[1]

None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.[64]

Polygonaceae:

* Erigonum sp.: DMT[1]

Punicaceae:

* Punica granatum "DMT in root cortex"[4]

Rubiaceae family:

Species | Alkaloids (Dried)

|

Psychotria carthagenensis | 0.2% average DMT in dried leaves[1]
Psychotria expansa | DMT[4]
Psychotria forsteriana | DMT[4]
Psychotria insularum | DMT[4]
Psychotria poeppigiana | DMT[4]
Psychotria rostrata | DMT[4]
Psychotria rufipilis | DMT[4]
File:Psychotria viridis.gifPsychotria viridis | DMT 0.1-0.61% dried mass.[66]

Rutaceae family:

* Dictyoloma incanescens DC.: 5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[1][62] 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark[56]
* Dutaillyea drupacea: > 0.4 % 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[1][37]
* Dutaillyea oreophila: 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[1]
* Evodia rutaecarpa: 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[1], fruit and roots
* Limonia acidissima: 5-MeO-DMT in stems[1]
* Melicope leptococca: 0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems,[1] also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline"[3]
* Pilocarpus organensis: 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[1]
* Vepris ampody: Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches[1]
* Zanthoxylum procerum: DMT in leaves[1]

Urticaceae:

* Urtica pilulifera: Bufotenin[4]

## Other Indoles[edit | edit source]

Acoraceae:

* Acorus calamus, asarone

### Mescaline[edit | edit source]

Species | Alkaloid Content (Fresh) | Alkaloid Content (Dried)

|
|

File:T bridgesii flower 05 JPG.jpgEchinopsis lageniformis(Trichocereus bridgesii) |  Mescaline > 0.025%,[67] also 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine < 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%, tyramine < 1% | 2%[68]
File:Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpgEchinopsis pachanoi | Mescaline 0.006-0.12%, 0.05% Average[69] | Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[69]
File:Lightmatter cactusflower.jpgEchinopsis spachiana | Mescaline[70] | Mescaline[70]
File:Peyote Cactus.jpgLophophora williamsii(Peyote) | 0.4% Mescaline[71] | 3-6% Mescaline |
File:Opuntia basilaris form.jpgOpuntia basilaris | Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5
-dimethoxyphenethylamine[70] |
Opuntia cylindrica | Mescaline 0.09%[70] |
Opuntia echinocarpa | Mescaline 0.01%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[70] |
Opuntia spinosior | Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[70] |
Trichocereus macrogonus |  > 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[72] |
File:KK242 Vs Standard Peruvian Torch.jpgTrichocereus peruvianus | Mescaline 0.0005%-0.12%[69] | Mescaline
Trichocereus taquimbalensis |  > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[72] |
Trichocereus terscheckii |  > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[72] |
Trichocereus validus | 0.025% Mescaline[71] |
Trichocereus werdemannianus | Mescaline 0.005-0.25%[69] | Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[69]

## Plants containing beta-carbolines[edit | edit source]

File:Harmaline.pngHarmaline

Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own.

Apocynaceae:

Amsonia tabernaemontana | Harmine

|

Apidosperma exalatum | Beta-carbolines[73]
Apidosperma polyneuron | Beta-carbolines[73]
File:Apocynum cannabinum.jpgApocynum cannabinum | Harmalol
Ochrosia nakaiana | Harman
Pleicarpa mutica | Beta-carbolines[73]

Bignoniacea:

* Newbouldia laevis, Harman

Calycanthaceae:

File:Spice Bush Calycanthus occidentalis Leaf 3008px.jpgCalycanthus occidentalis | Harmine

|

Chenopodiaceae:

* Hammada leptoclada, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
* Kochia scoparia, Harmine, etc.

Combretaceae:

* Guiera senegalensis, Harman, etc.

Cyberaceae:

* Carex brevicollis, Harmine, etc.
* Carex parva, Beta-carbolines[73]

Elaeagnaceae:

File:Elaeagnus angustifolia 20050608 852.jpgElaeagnus augustifolia | Harman, etc.

|

File:Elaeagnus-commutata-total.JPGElaeagnus commutata | Beta-carbolines[73]
Elaeagnus hortensis | Tetrahydroharman, etc.
Elaeagnus orientalis | Tetrahydroharman
Elaeagnus spinosa | Tetrahydroharman
Hippophae rhammoides | Harman, etc.
Shepherdia argentea | Tetrahydroharmol
Shepherdia canadensis | Tetrahydroharmol

Gramineae:

File:Arundo.donax1web.jpgArundo donax | Tetrahydroharman

|

Festuca arundinacea | Harman, etc.
File:Lolium.perenne1web.jpgLolium perenne
(Perennial Ryegrass) | Harman, etc.
Phalaris aquatica | Beta-carbolines[73]
Phalaris arundinacea | Beta-carbolines[73]

Lauraceae:

* Nectandra megapotamica, Beta-carbolines[73]

Leguminosae:

* Acacia baileyana, Tetrahydroharman
* Acacia complanata, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
* Burkea africana, Harman, etc.
* Desmodium gangeticum, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Desmodium gyrans, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Desmodium pulchellum, Harman, etc.
* Mucuna pruriens, 6-Methoxy-Harman
* Petalostylis labicheoides, Tetrahydroharman; MAO's up to 0.5%[4]
* Prosopis nigra, Harman, etc.
* S. puchellum, Beta-carbolines[73]

Loganiaceae:

* Strychnos melinoniana, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Strychnos usambarensis, Harman[73]

Malpighiaceae:

Banisteriopsis argentia | 5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (-)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide[12]

|

File:Aya mujeres.jpgBanisteriopsis caapi | Harmine 0.31-8.43%,[74] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine[75]
Banisteriopsis inebrians | Beta-carbolines[73]
Banisteriopsis lutea | Harmine, telepathine[12]
Banisteriopsis metallicolor | Harmine, telepathine[12]
Banisteriopsis muricata | Harmine
Banisteriopsis rusbyana | Beta-carbolines[73]
Cabi pratensis | Beta-carbolines[73]
Callaeum antifebrile(syn. Cabi paraensis) | Harmine

Myristicaceae:

* Gymnacranthera paniculata, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Horsfieldia superba: Beta-carbolines[3]
* Virola cuspidata, 6-Methoxy-Harman
* Virola rufula, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Virola theidora, Beta-carbolines[73]

Ochnaceae:

* Testulea gabonensis, Beta-carbolines[73]

Palmae:

* Plectocomiopsis geminiflorus, Beta-carbolines[73]

Papaveraceae:

Meconopsis horridula | Beta-carbolines[73]

|

File:Meconopsis nepalensis.jpgMeconopsis napaulensis | Beta-carbolines[73]
Meconopsis panuculata | Beta-carbolines[73]
Meconopsis robusta | Beta-carbolines[73]
Meconopsis rudis | Beta-carbolines[73]
File:Koeh-101.jpgPapaver rhoeas | Beta-carbolines[73]

### Passifloraceae:[edit | edit source]

Passiflora actinea | Harman

|

File:Passiflora alata.JPGPassiflora alata | Harman
Passiflora alba | Harman
Passiflora bryonoides | Harman
File:PassifloraCaerulea Bluete von oben.jpgPassiflora caerulea | Harman
Passiflora capsularis | Harman
Passiflora decaisneana | Harman
File:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpgPassiflora edulis | Harman, 0-7001 ppm[29] in fruit
Passiflora eichleriana | Harman
File:P.foetida.bloom.jpgPassiflora foetida | Harman
File:Photos-photos 1088121309 BeelyBee.jpgPassiflora incarnata (with bee) | Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%.[76] Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25%[76]
File:Badea.jpgPassiflora quadrangularis | Harman
Passiflora ruberosa | Harman
File:Passiflora subpeltata.jpgPassiflora subpeltata | Harman
Passiflora warmingii | Harman

Polygonaceae:

* Calligonum minimum, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Leptactinia densiflora, Leptaflorine, etc.
* Nauclea diderrichii, Harman etc.
* Ophiorrhiza japonica, Harman
* Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Harman
* Pauridiantha dewevrei, Harman
* Pauridiantha lyalli, Harman
* Pauridiantha viridiflora, Harman
* Simira klugii, Harman
* Simira rubra, Harman
* Uncaria attenuata, Harman
* Uncaria canescens, Harman
* Uncaria orientalis, Harman

Rubiaceae:

* Borreria verticillata, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Leptactinia densiflora, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Nauclea diderrichii, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Ophiorrhiza japonica, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Pauridiantha dewevrei, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Pauridiantha yalli, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Pauridiantha viridiflora, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Pavetta lanceolata, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Psychotria carthagenensis, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Psychotria viridis, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Simira klugii, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Simira rubra, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Uncaria attenuata, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Uncaria canescens, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Uncaria orientalis, Beta-carbolines[73]

Rubiaceae:

* Araliopsis tabouensis, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Findersia laevicarpa, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Xanthoxylum rhetsa, Beta-carbolines[73]

Rutaceae family:

* Evodia species: Some contain carbolines
* Melicope leptococca: Beta-carboline[3]

Sapotaceae:

* Chrysophyllum lacouritianum, Norharman etc.

Simaroubaceae:

* Ailanthus malabarica, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Perriera madagascariensis, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Picrasma ailanthoides, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Picrasma crenata, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Picrasma excelsa, Beta-carbolines[73]
* Picrasma javanica, Beta-carbolines[73]

Solanaceae:

* Vestia lycioides, Beta-carbolines[73]

Symplocaceae:

* Symplocos racemosa, Harman

Tiliaceae:

* Grewia mollis, Beta-carbolines[73]

Zygophyllaceae:

Fagonia cretica | Harman

|

Nitraria schoberi | Beta-carbolines[73]
File:Peganum harmala1.jpgPeganum harmala
(Syrian Rue) | The seeds contain about 2-6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline.[77] Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient.
Peganum nigellastrum | Harmine
File:Tribulus terrestris.jpgTribulus terrestris | Harman
File:Morsana1.JPGZygophyllum fabago | Harman, harmine

## Other psychedelic plants[edit | edit source]

File:Salvinorin-A structure.png Salvinorin A | File:Salvia divinorum - Herba de Maria.jpg

Salvia divinorum

| Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C[78]

|
|

File:Ergine.png Ergine |

File:Argyreia nervosa.jpg Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose)

| Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea.
File:Ibogaine.png Ibogaine | File:Iboga.jpg

Tabernanthe iboga

| Ibogaine in root bark[79]
File:Ibogaine.png Ibogaine |

Tabernanthe orientalis

| Ibogaine in root leaves[79]
File:Ibogaine.png Ibogaine |

Tabernanthe pubescens

| Ibogaine and similar alkaloids[79]
File:Ibogaine.png Ibogaine |

Tabernaemontana sp.

| Ibogaine[79]
File:Aporphine.svg Aporphine | File:Nymphaea caerulea.jpg

Nymphaea caerulea

| Recent studies have shown Nympaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is very often confused with Nelumbo nucifera (Sacred Lotus), which contains the alkaloid nuciferine, which has sedative and muscle-relaxing properties. The active principal alkaloid in N. caerulea is currently unknown.
File:MitragynineHigh.svg Mitragynine | File:Kratomtree.jpg

Mitragyna Speciosa

| Leaves contain mitragynine (thought to be primary psychoactive), mitraphylline, and 7-hydroxymitragynine. (An unusual stimulant and narcotic-like effect reminiscent of caffeine and opium)
File:Leonurine.png Leonurine | File:Leonotis leonurus flower.jpg

Leonotis leonurus

| Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
File:Leonurine.png Leonurine | File:Leonotis nepetifolia1.jpg

Leonotis nepetifolia

| Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
File:Blank.jpg Active Chemical Unknown | File:Calea zacatechichi cutting.jpg

Calea zacatechichi

| Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent.

Convolvulaceae:

File:Ipomoea violacea.jpgIpomoea tricolor & Ipomoea violacea | D-lysergic acid amide

|

Rivea corymbosa | D-lysergic acid amide, lysergol, and turbicoryn
Some Mirabilis sp. | LSA

Apocynaceae family:

* Catharanthus roseus is (perhaps unpleasantly) "hallucinogenic."[80]
* Vinca minor

Aquifoliaceae family:

* Ilex guayusa, which is used as an additive to some versions of Ayahuasca.[81] According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.

Euphorbiaceae family:

* Alchornea floribunda, Yohimbine

Loganaceae family:

* Desfontainia spinosa, causes visions[82]

Lythraceae family:

* Heimia myrtifolia, auditory[83]
* Heimia salicifolia, auditory[83]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Aztec entheogenic complex
* Legal intoxicants
* List of Entheogens
* Louisiana State Act 159
* Psilocybin mushrooms

## External links[edit | edit source]

* Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide
* Erowid Tryptamine FAQ -- More Plants Containing Tryptamines
* John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
* Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants
* Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.
* Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
* Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships
* UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part II)
* UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)
* Virola -- Dried Herbarium Specimens
* Virola Species Pictures -- USGS
* Desmanthus illinoensis \-- USDA
* A General Introduction to Ayahuasca

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 Ayahuasca Analogues
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Trouts Notes on Sacred Cacti
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Bluezoo Tryptamines
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 .
5. ↑ Lycaeum
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Fitzgerald, J.S. Alkaloids of the Australian Legumuminosae -- The Occurence of Phenylethylame Derivatives in Acacia Species, Aust. J . Chem., 1964, 17, 160-2.
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 Shaman Australis
8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 Index of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 3855025703 at [1] Template:Languageicon
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Book Index from Richard Evans Schultes, Albert Hofmann Pflanzen der Götter at DeutschesFachbuch.de Template:Languageicon
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America
11. ↑ Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Glasby, John Stephen (1991). Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press. p. 2\. ISBN 0850664233.
13. ↑ English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility. Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190
14. ↑ Maya Ethnobotanicals
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Acacia (Polish)
16. ↑ Lycaeum
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 www.serendipity.com
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By Robert Hegnauer
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 www.bushfood.net
20. ↑ Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and Natural Amphetamine
21. ↑ www.abc.net.au
22. ↑ Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies
23. ↑ Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens
24. ↑ Lycaeum
25. ↑ SBEPL
26. ↑ NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)
28. ↑ Lycaeum
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
30. ↑ Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06
31. ↑ www.bpi.da.gov.ph
32. ↑ Purdue University
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Hegnauer, Robert (1994). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer. p. 500\. ISBN 3764329793.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 www.bluelight.ru
35. ↑ Lycaeum (Acacia floribunda)
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)
38. ↑ Acacia kettlewelliae
39. ↑ Lycaeum Acacia longifolia
40. ↑ extentech.sheetster.com
41. ↑ Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies
42. ↑ Plants Containing DMT (German)
43. ↑ Hortipedia
44. ↑ Pflanzentabelle APB (German)
45. ↑ Magiska Molekylers wiki
46. ↑ Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie (APB)
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 UNO
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.8 Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
49. ↑ Herbotechnica (Spanish)
50. ↑ Erowid
51. ↑ Psychedelics Encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, p. 313.
52. ↑ PubMed
53. ↑ Ayahuasca Analogues
54. ↑ www.psychonaut.com
55. ↑ Trout's Notes on Desmodium
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 56.6 56.7 .
57. ↑ Erowid Mimosa Vault
58. ↑ Lycaeum -- Mimosa hostilis
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1969
60. ↑ Erowid entry(2002), [2]
61. ↑ DMT Plants List
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 www.tryptamines.com
63. ↑ Erowid Arundo Donax Info Page 1
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Lycaeum
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Erowid Phalaris FAQ
66. ↑ Amazing Nature
67. ↑ [3]
68. ↑ Trichocereus
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 Forbidden Fruit Archives
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 Visionary Cactus Guide
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Erowid
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Partial List of Alkaloids in Trichocereus Cacti
73. ↑ 73.00 73.01 73.02 73.03 73.04 73.05 73.06 73.07 73.08 73.09 73.10 73.11 73.12 73.13 73.14 73.15 73.16 73.17 73.18 73.19 73.20 73.21 73.22 73.23 73.24 73.25 73.26 73.27 73.28 73.29 73.30 73.31 73.32 73.33 73.34 73.35 73.36 73.37 73.38 73.39 73.40 73.41 73.42 73.43 73.44 73.45 73.46 73.47 73.48 73.49 73.50 73.51 73.52 73.53 73.54 73.55 Angiosperm Families Containing Beta-Carbolines
74. ↑ Callaway JC, Brito GS & Neves ES (2005). Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37(2): 145-150.
75. ↑ John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 www.drugs.com
77. ↑ www.amazing-nature.com
78. ↑ Clones of Salvia divinorum
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 Tihkal
80. ↑ Catharanthus roseus
81. ↑ Ayahuasca Analogues
82. ↑ Schultes, Richard Evans, Iconography of New World Plant Hallucinogens. p. 101
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Sinicuichi FAQ