Pulmonary edema classification

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Farnaz Khalighinejad, MD [2]

## Overview

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Pulmonary edema can be classified on the basis of etiology into 2 subtypes, including cardiogenic pulmonary edema (left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction, left ventricle hypertrophy cardiomyopathy) and, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (high altitude pulmonary edema, neurogenic pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, re-expansion pulmonary edema)

## Classification

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Pulmonary edema may be classified according to etiology into 2 groups:

* Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which can be secondary to:[1]
* Left ventricular failure
* Dysrhythmia
* Left ventricular hypertrophy cardiomyopathy
* Volume overload
* Myocardial Infarction
* Left ventricular outflow obstruction
* Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema which can be secondary to:[2]
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
* High altitude pulmonary edema
* Neurogenic pulmonary edema
* Reperfusion pulmonary edema
* Re-expansion pulmonary edema
* Others(opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, viral infections)

| Pulmonary edema|

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| Cardiogenic|

| Non-cardiogenic

LV failure|

| Dysrhythmia|

| LV hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy|

| Volume overload|

| Myocardial Infarction|

| LV outflow obstruction|

| Direct injury to lung|

| Hematogenous injury to lung|

| Lung injury plus elevated hydrostatic pressure

| Chest trauma,pulmonary contusion|

| Aspiration|

| Smoke inhalation|

| Pneumonia|

| Oxygen toxicity|

| Pulmonary embolism,reperfusion|

| High altitude pulmonary edema|

| Neurogenic pulmonary edema|

| Reexpansion pulmonary edema|

| Sepsis|

| Pancreatitis|

| Nonthoracic trauma|

| Multiple transfusions|

| Intravenous drug use. e.g. heroin|

## References

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1. ↑ Attias D, Mansencal N, Auvert B, Vieillard-Baron A, Delos A, Lacombe P, N'Guetta R, Jardin F, Dubourg O (2010). "Prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of patients presenting with cardiogenic unilateral pulmonary edema". Circulation. 122 (11): 1109–15. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.934950. PMID 20805429.
2. ↑ Calenoff L, Kruglik GD, Woodruff A (1978). "Unilateral pulmonary edema". Radiology. 126 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1148/126.1.19. PMID 619405.

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