Respiratory physiology

Error creating thumbnail: File missingGaseous exchange in the lung.

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology focusing upon respiration.

Topics include:

## Contents

* 1 Volumes
* 2 Mechanics
* 3 Circulation, ventilation, and perfusion
* 4 Gas exchange/transport (primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide)
* 5 Control and response
* 6 Disorders
* 7 See also
* 8 Additional images
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Volumes

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* lung volumes
* vital capacity
* functional residual capacity
* dead space
* spirometry
* body plethysmography
* peak flow meter

## Mechanics

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Front view of thorax.

Breathing in, or inhaling, is usually an active movement. The contraction of the diaphragm muscles cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system.

<math> \begin{align} P &= P_{el} + P_{re} + P_{in} \\\ P &= EV + R\dot{V} + I\ddot{V} \end{align} </math>

Where Pel equals the product of elastance E (inverse of compliance) and volume of the system V, Pre equals the product of flow resistance R and time derivate of volume V (which is equivalent to the flow), Pin equals the product of inertance I and second time derivate of V. R and I are sometimes referred to as Rohrer's constants.

* Anatomy: pleural cavity, thoracic diaphragm, Intercostales externi muscles, Intercostales interni muscles
* inhalation and exhalation
* lung, pulmonary alveolus
* With insufficient pulmonary surfactant, the pulmonary alveoli collapse, causing atelectasis (in infants, infant respiratory distress syndrome)
* the law of Laplace,
* compliance (physiology) \- decreased with fibrosis, increased with emphysema[1]
* Poiseuille's law
* asthma and COPD
* hysteresivity

## Circulation, ventilation, and perfusion

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Pulmonary circulation

* pulmonary circulation
* positive pressure ventilation
* hypoxic vasoconstriction
* ventilation (physiology), perfusion, ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), and ventilation/perfusion scan
* shunts: right-to-left (tetralogy of fallot), left-to-right (patent ductus arteriosus)
* respiratory rate and respirometer

## Gas exchange/transport (primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve

* gas exchange
* Dalton's law
* hemoglobin
* oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve, Bohr effect, Haldane effect
* carbonic anhydrase
* oxyhemoglobin
* respiratory quotient
* arterial blood gas

## Control and response

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Pons

* control of respiration
* reticular formation
* pons (apneuistic and pneumotaxic)
* chemoreceptors (medulla, carotid body, aortic body)
* Hering-Breuer reflex
* involuntary control of respiration
* exercise
* hyperoxia
* hypoxemia (hypoxic hypoxia)

## Disorders

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* altitude sickness
* asthma
* carbon monoxide poisoning
* COPD
* emphysema
* infant respiratory distress syndrome
* pulmonary edema

## See also

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* breath sounds
* pulmonology
* respiratory system
* Medical Subject Headings

## Additional images

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## References

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1. ↑ http://oac.med.jhmi.edu/res_phys/Encyclopedia/Compliance/Compliance.HTML

## External links

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* Overview at Johns Hopkins University
* Overview at Medical College of Georgia

* v
* t
* e

Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology

Lung volumes|

VC * FRC * Vt * dead space * CC

calculations: respiratory minute volume * FEV1/FVC ratio

devices: spirometry * body plethysmography * peak flow meter

Airways/
ventilation (V)|

positive pressure ventilation * breath (inhalation, exhalation) * respiratory rate * respirometer * pulmonary surfactant * compliance * hysteresivity * airway resistance * bronchial hyperresponsiveness * bronchial challenge test * bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation

Blood/
perfusion (Q)|

pulmonary circulation * hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction * pulmonary shunt

Interactions/
ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)|

ventilation/perfusion scan * zones of the lung * gas exchange * pulmonary gas pressures * alveolar gas equation * alveolar-arterial gradient * hemoglobin * oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) * carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) * oxyhemoglobin * respiratory quotient * arterial blood gas * diffusion capacity * DLCO

Control of respiration|

pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) * medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) * chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) * pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)

Insufficiency|

high altitude * oxygen toxicity * hypoxia

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