Rhabdomyosarcoma risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]

## Overview[edit | edit source]

As all other childhood cancers, the particular risk factors of rhabdomyosarcoma is not exactly known; however, rhabdomyosarcoma is more prevalent among the patients with beckwith-wiedemann syndrome, li-fraumeni syndrome, Costello syndrome, and neurofibromatosis.

## Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

* The same as all other childhood cancers, the particular risk factors of rhabdomyosarcoma is not exactly known.[1]
* Higher incidence of rhabdomyosarcoma is reported among following individuals:[2][3][4]
* Exposure to radiation in utero
* Low socio-economic situations
* Antibiotic therapy soon after birth
* In children whose parents took recreational drugs such as cocaine and marijuana during pregnancy[5]
* Accelerated growth in uterus
* Rhabdomyosarcoma may be associated with following familial syndromes:[6][7][8]
* Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome[9]
* Li-Fraumeni syndrome
* Costello syndrome[10]
* Neurofibromatosis[11]
* Higher risk of embryonal rhabdomyosarcom in uterine, bladder, and cervix in patients with DICER1 gene mutation and lung pleuropulmonary blastoma.[12][13]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Grufferman S, Wang HH, DeLong ER, Kimm SY, Delzell ES, Falletta JM (1982). "Environmental factors in the etiology of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood". J Natl Cancer Inst. 68 (1): 107–13. PMID 6948120.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ Magnani C, Pastore G, Luzzatto L, Carli M, Lubrano P, Terracini B (1989). "Risk factors for soft tissue sarcomas in childhood: a case-control study". Tumori. 75 (4): 396–400. PMID 2815346.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Hartley AL, Birch JM, McKinney PA, Teare MD, Blair V, Carrette J; et al. (1988). "The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): case control study of children with bone and soft tissue sarcomas". Br J Cancer. 58 (6): 838–42. PMC 2246858. PMID 3224086.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ↑ Ognjanovic S, Carozza SE, Chow EJ, Fox EE, Horel S, McLaughlin CC; et al. (2010). "Birth characteristics and the risk of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma based on histological subtype". Br J Cancer. 102 (1): 227–31. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605484. PMC 2813761. PMID 19997102.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ Grufferman S, Schwartz AG, Ruymann FB, Maurer HM (1993). "Parents' use of cocaine and marijuana and increased risk of rhabdomyosarcoma in their children". Cancer Causes Control. 4 (3): 217–24. PMID 8318638.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ Li FP, Fraumeni JF (1969). "Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome?". Ann Intern Med. 71 (4): 747–52. PMID 5360287.
7. ↑ Hartley AL, Birch JM, Marsden HB, Harris M, Blair V (1988). "Neurofibromatosis in children with soft tissue sarcoma". Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 5 (1): 7–16. PMID 3155239.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ↑ DeBaun MR, Tucker MA (1998). "Risk of cancer during the first four years of life in children from The Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Registry". J Pediatr. 132 (3 Pt 1): 398–400. PMID 9544889.
9. ↑ Smith AC, Squire JA, Thorner P, Zielenska M, Shuman C, Grant R; et al. (2001). "Association of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome". Pediatr Dev Pathol. 4 (6): 550–8. PMID 11826361.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
10. ↑ Quezada E, Gripp KW (2007). "Costello syndrome and related disorders". Curr Opin Pediatr. 19 (6): 636–44. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f161dc. PMID 18025929.
11. ↑ Matsui I, Tanimura M, Kobayashi N, Sawada T, Nagahara N, Akatsuka J (1993). "Neurofibromatosis type 1 and childhood cancer". Cancer. 72 (9): 2746–54. PMID 8402499.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
12. ↑ Doros L, Yang J, Dehner L, Rossi CT, Skiver K, Jarzembowski JA; et al. (2012). "DICER1 mutations in embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas from children with and without familial PPB-tumor predisposition syndrome". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 59 (3): 558–60. doi:10.1002/pbc.24020. PMC 3708486. PMID 22180160.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
13. ↑ Fernández-Martínez L, Villegas JA, Santamaría Í, Pitiot AS, Alvarado MG, Fernández S, Torres H, Paredes Á, Blay P, Balbín M (February 2017). "Identification of somatic and germ-line DICER1 mutations in pleuropulmonary blastoma, cystic nephroma and rhabdomyosarcoma tumors within a DICER1 syndrome pedigree". BMC Cancer. 17 (1): 146. doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3136-5. PMC 5320664. PMID 28222777.

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