Schizophrenia future or investigational therapies

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

## Future or Investigational Therapies[edit | edit source]

Service-user led movements have become integral to the recovery process in Europe and America; groups such as the Hearing Voices Network and the Paranoia Network have developed a self-help approach that aims to provide support and assistance outside the traditional medical model adopted by mainstream psychiatry. By avoiding framing personal experience in terms of criteria for mental illness or mental health, they aim to destigmatize the experience and encourage individual responsibility and a positive self-image. Partnerships between hospitals and consumer-run groups are becoming more common, with services working toward remediating social withdrawal, building social skills and reducing rehospitalization.[1]

### The Soteria Model[edit | edit source]

The Soteria model is an alternative treatment to institutionalization and early use of antipsychotics.[2] It is described as a milieu-therapeutic recovery method, characterized by its founder as "the 24 hour a day application of interpersonal phenomenologic interventions by a nonprofessional staff, usually without neuroleptic drug treatment, in the context of a small, homelike, quiet, supportive, protective, and tolerant social environment."[3] Soteria or Soteria-based houses are currently run in Sweden,[4] Germany,[5][6][7] Switzerland,[8] and Hungary.[9] The Soteria house in Berne, Switzerland is associated with a psychiatrist who teaches at the University of Berne, and has been featured in the Schweizerische Aertzezeitung, the Bulletin of Swiss Physicians.[10]

### Orthomolecular Psychiatry[edit | edit source]

The biologically based branch of alternative medicine that deals with schizophrenia is known as orthomolecular psychiatry. Some scientists claim that schizophrenia can be treated effectively with nutrients like niacin, vitamin C and B6, omega-3 EFAs (fish oil) along with various minerals and amino acids.[11][12] The body's adverse reactions to gluten and other allergens are implicated in some alternative theories as the cause of some cases. This theory—discussed by one author in three British journals in the 1970s[13]—is unproven. A 2006 literature review suggests that gluten may be a factor for a subset of patients with schizophrenia, but further study is needed to confirm the association between gluten and schizophrenia.[14]

An unconventional approach is the use of omega-3 fatty acids, with one study finding some benefits from their use as a dietary supplement.[15]

### LY2109823[edit | edit source]

A new schizophrenia drug "LY219873" yielded promising results, as it targets in the brain – glutamate receptors rather than dopamine and had few side effects. The Nature Medicine study, by drug firm Eli Lilly found it promising and Dr.Sandeep Patil's team proved that LY2140023 appear to work as antipsychotics when tested upon rodents.[16]

### Nicotine Patch[edit | edit source]

Following an observation that tobacco smoking eases effects of schizophrenia, Dr. Tony George from the Yale School of Medicine proposed nicotine patch as a treatment for schizophrenia.[17]

## Other Alternative Approaches[edit | edit source]

An approach broadly known as the anti-psychiatry movement, most active in the 1960s, opposes the orthodox medical view of schizophrenia as an illness.[18] Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz argued that psychiatric patients are not ill rather individuals with unconventional thoughts and behavior that make society uncomfortable.[19] He argues that society unjustly seeks to control them by classifying their behavior as an illness and forcibly treating them as a method of social control. According to this view, "schizophrenia" does not actually exist but is merely a form of social construction, created by society's concept of what constitutes normality and abnormality. Szasz has never considered himself to be "anti-psychiatry" in the sense of being against psychiatric treatment, but simply believes that treatment should be conducted between consenting adults, rather than imposed upon anyone against his or her will. Similarly, psychiatrists R. D. Laing, Silvano Arieti, Theodore Lidz and Colin Ross[20] have argued that the symptoms of what is called mental illness are comprehensible reactions to impossible demands that society and particularly family life places on some sensitive individuals. Laing, Arieti, Lidz and Ross were notable in valuing the content of psychotic experience as worthy of interpretation, rather than considering it simply as a secondary but essentially meaningless marker of underlying psychological or neurological distress. Laing described eleven case studies of people diagnosed with schizophrenia and argued that the content of their actions and statements was meaningful and logical in the context of their family and life situations.[21] In the books Schizophrenia and the Family and The Origin and Treatment of Schizophrenic Disorders Lidz and his colleagues explain their belief that parental behaviour can result in mental illness in children. Arieti's Interpretation of Schizophrenia won the 1975 scientific National Book Award in the United States.

The concept of schizophrenia as a result of civilization has been developed further by psychologist Julian Jaynes in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind; he proposed that until the beginning of historic times, schizophrenia or a similar condition was the normal state of human consciousness.[22] This would take the form of a "bicameral mind" where a normal state of low affect, suitable for routine activities, would be interrupted in moments of crisis by "mysterious voices" giving instructions, which early people characterized as interventions from the gods. Researchers into shamanism have speculated that in some cultures schizophrenia or related conditions may predispose an individual to becoming a shaman;[23] the experience of having access to multiple realities is not uncommon in schizophrenia, and is a core experience in many shamanic traditions. Equally, the shaman may have the skill to bring on and direct some of the altered states of consciousness psychiatrists label as illness. Psychohistorians, on the other hand, accept the psychiatric diagnoses. However, unlike the current medical model of mental disorders they argue that poor parenting in tribal societies causes the shaman's schizoid personalities.[24] Speculation regarding primary and important religious figures as having schizophrenia abound. Commentators such as Paul Kurtz and others have endorsed the idea that major religious figures experienced psychosis, heard voices and displayed delusions of grandeur.[25]

Psychiatrist Tim Crow has argued that schizophrenia may be the evolutionary price we pay for a left brain hemisphere specialization for language.[26] Since psychosis is associated with greater levels of right brain hemisphere activation and a reduction in the usual left brain hemisphere dominance, our language abilities may have evolved at the cost of causing schizophrenia when this system breaks down.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Goering P, Durbin J, Sheldon CT, Ochocka J, Nelson G, Krupa T. Who uses consumer-run self-help organizations? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76 (3), 367-73. PMID 16981815
2. ↑ Bola JR, Mosher LR (April 2003). "Treatment of Acute Psychosis Without Neuroleptics: Two-Year Outcomes From the Soteria Project" (PDF). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. 191: 219–229. PMID 12695732. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
3. ↑ Mosher LR (1999). "Soteria and Other Alternatives to Acute Psychiatric Hospitalization: A Personal and Professional Review." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 142–149.
4. ↑ Perris, C.M. Cognitive Therapy with Schizophrenic Patients. Guilford, New York, NY, 1989.
5. ↑ Allgemeine Psychiatrie I / Soteria
6. ↑ Toll - Haus
7. ↑ Soteria
8. ↑ Soteria Bern
9. ↑ Soteria Alapítvány
10. ↑ http://www.soteria.ch/pdf/Soteria Bern SAEZ.pdf Soteria
11. ↑ Hoffer and Walker, Orthomolecular Nutrition. Keats Publishing, 1978
12. ↑ Abram Hoffer (1999) Orthomolecular treatment for Schizophrenia, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0879839104
13. ↑ Dohan FC (1970). Coeliac disease and schizophrenia. Lancet, 1970 April 25;1(7652):897–8. PMID 4191543
*Dohan FC (1973). Coeliac disease and schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 3(5870): 51–52. PMID 4740433
* Dohan FC (1979). Celiac-type diets in schizophrenia.  Am J Psychiatry, 1979 May;136(5):732–3. PMID 434265
14. ↑ Kalaydjian AE, Eaton W, Cascella N, Fasano A (2006). The gluten connection: the association between schizophrenia and celiac disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2006 Feb;113(2):82–90. PMID 16423158
15. ↑ Peet M, Stokes C (2005). Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Drugs, 65(8), 1051–9. PMID 15907142
16. ↑ BBC NEWS, Schizophrenia trials 'promising'
17. ↑ Smoking and schizophrenia
18. ↑ Cooper D (1969) The Dialectics of Liberation. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0140210296
19. ↑ Szasz T (1984) The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Contact (revised edition. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0060911514
20. ↑ Colin, Ross (2004). Schizophrenia: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789022699.
21. ↑ R.D. Laing's and Aaron Esterson. Sanity, Madness and the Family (1964)
22. ↑ Janyes J (1976) The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395207290
23. ↑ Polimeni J, Reiss JP (2002). How shamanism and group selection may reveal the origins of schizophrenia. Medical Hypothesis, 58(3), 244–8. PMID 12018978
24. ↑ DeMause, Lloyd, "The seven stages of historical personality" in The Emotional Life of Nations (Karnac, 2002). Available at primal-page.com, Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
25. ↑ Kurtz, Paul (1986). The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal (Prometheus Books) ISBN 0-87975-645-4
26. ↑ Crow TJ (1997). Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(8), 339–343. PMID 9246721

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