Sepsis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]

## Overview

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The process of infection by bacteria or fungi can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are bacteremia or fungemia; septicemia; sepsis, severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. The condition develops as a response to certain microbial molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as tumor necrosis factors (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.[1]

## Causes

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### Life Threatening Causes

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Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, if left untreated it results in death.

### Common Causes

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Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an infection might start include:

* The bowel (usually seen with peritonitis)
* The kidneys (upper urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis)
* The lining of the brain (meningitis)
* The liver or the gall bladder (cholecystitis)
* The lungs (bacterial pneumonia)
* The skin (cellulitis)
* In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the bone (osteomyelitis).
* In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, surgical wounds, surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown known as bedsores (decubitus ulcers).

## Microorganisms

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Common organisms responsible for sepsis includes:[2][3]

Aerobic bacteria | Anaerobes bacteria | Fungal | Parasite

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* Enterococcus
* Escherichia coli
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Staphylococcus aureus
* Proteus

* Bacteroides fragilis
* Clostridium perfringens

* Candida albicans
* Candida tropicalis

* Entamoeba histolytica

### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | Acute bacterial endocarditis, myocardial ring abscess, subacute bacterial endocarditis

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Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes
Dermatologic | No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect | Aldesleukin,Aprotinin, Boceprevir, Caspofungin acetate, Ceritinib, Crizotinib, Cytarabine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Felbamate, Ixabepilone, Meropenem, Mitomycin, Oxaprozin, Pergolide, Pralatrexate, , Pramipexole, Sargramostim, Sipuleucel-T, Sirolimus, Strontium chloride, Tiagabine, Tocilizumab, Vedolizumab
Ear Nose Throat | Bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis
Endocrine | No underlying causes
Environmental | No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic | Abscess, Bicalutamide, esophagitis, gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, instrumentation, intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, small intestine disorder
Genetic | No underlying causes
Hematologic | No underlying causes
Iatrogenic | No underlying causes
Infectious Disease | Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus,

Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Entamoeba histolytica

Musculoskeletal / Ortho | Osteomyelitis, wound infections
Neurologic | Acute bacterial meningitis
Nutritional / Metabolic | No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes
Oncologic | No underlying causes
Opthalmologic | No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity | No underlying causes
Psychiatric | No underlying causes
Pulmonary | Community-acquired pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess
Renal / Electrolyte | Acute prostatitis/abscess, catheter-associated bacteriuria, cervicitis, chronic kidney disease, cystitis, instrumentation, intranephric abscess or perinephric abscess, pyelonephritis, renal calculi, urethritis, urinary tract obstruction, vaginitis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy | No underlying causes
Sexual | No underlying causes
Trauma | No underlying causes
Urologic | No underlying causes
Miscellaneous | No underlying causes

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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## References

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1. ↑ Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC (2014). "Epidemiology of severe sepsis". Virulence. 5 (1): 4–11. doi:10.4161/viru.27372. PMC 3916382. PMID 24335434.
2. ↑ Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B (2003). "Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2): 165–72. doi:10.1164/rccm.2201087. PMID 12851245.
3. ↑ Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C (2006). "An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (26): 2725–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061115. PMID 17192537.

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