Sporotrichosis pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Alison Leibowitz [2]

## Overview[edit | edit source]

S. schenckii is usually transmitted via posttraumatic inoculation to the human host, however, infrequently sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation. The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.[1] S. schenckii is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.[2]

## Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

### Transmission[edit | edit source]

* S. schenckii is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic inoculation. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent.
* Modes of transmission either lead to direct inoculation or enable the entry of the fungus.

* Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable S. schenckii entry.

### Pathogenesis[edit | edit source]

* The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.[1]
* S. schenckii is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.[2]

#### Cutaneous forms[edit | edit source]

* S. schecknii accesses the subcutaneous tissue following minor epidermal trauma.
* S. schecknii, a thermo-dependent fungus, converts into its yeast form upon entering the tissue.

* Fixed form
* The yeast form of S. schenckii remains localized in subcutaneous tissue
* Lymphocutaneous form
* The yeast form of S. schenckii extends through the nearby lymphatic vessels
* Disseminated cutaneous form
* Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of S. schenckii

#### Extracutaneous/Systematic Forms[edit | edit source]

* Osteoarticular form
* May manifest upon contiguity or hematogenous spread
* Pulmonary form
* Manifests following inhalation of S. schenckii spores
* Disseminated form
* Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of S. schenckii[3]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC (July 2009). "Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis". Mycopathologia. 168 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z. PMID 19241140.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO (2011). "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 24 (4): 633–54. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11. PMC 3194828. PMID 21976602.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: PMC format (link)