Stomach cancer causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Omer Kamal, M.D.[2], Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[3]

## Overview

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Causes of stomach cancer depend on the type of cancer. Adenocarcinomas are caused by genetic modulations due to chronic inflammation mainly by H. pylori infection. Diffuse gastric carcinomas do not have a precancerous lesion. Somatic mutations in the CDH1 gene by hypermethylation, mutation, and loss of heterozygosity are identified in 40 to 83 percent of sporadic diffuse-type gastric cancers. The E-cadherin gene (CDH1) encodes a transmembrane cellular adhesion protein.

## Stomach cancer causes

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Causes of stomach cancer depend upon the type of cancer:[1][2][3][4]

#### Adenocarcinoma

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* Adenocarcinomas are caused by genetic modulations due to chronic inflammation mainly by H. pylori bacteria.[3][5]
* K-ras mutations oncogenes are found in invasive cancers and intestinal metaplasia.
* Hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-met oncogene is found in intestinal-type gastric cancers.
* Almost 50% of gastric cancers have alterations in genes TP53, TP73, APC, TFF, DCC, LOH, and FHIT.
* Inactivation of p53 in gastric epithelial cells reduce their ability to undergo apoptosis.

#### Diffuse gastric carcinoma

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* Diffuse gastric carcinomas do not have a precancerous lesion.

* Somatic mutations in the CDH1 gene by hypermethylation, mutation, and loss of heterozygosity are identified in 40 to 83 percent of sporadic diffuse-type gastric cancers. The E-cadherin gene (CDH1) encodes a transmembrane cellular adhesion protein.[6][4]
* Prostate stem cell antigen gene is also involved in regulating gastric epithelial cell proliferation. Its cytoplasmic tail interacts with catenins making the adhesion.

## References

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1. ↑ Cheng XJ, Lin JC, Tu SP (September 2016). "Etiology and Prevention of Gastric Cancer". Gastrointest Tumors. 3 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1159/000443995. PMC 5040890. PMID 27722154.
2. ↑ Correa P (June 2013). "Gastric cancer: overview". Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 42 (2): 211–7. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2013.01.002. PMC 3995345. PMID 23639637.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Corley DA, Kubo A (September 2004). "Influence of site classification on cancer incidence rates: an analysis of gastric cardia carcinomas". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96 (18): 1383–7. doi:10.1093/jnci/djh265. PMID 15367571.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ramos-de la Medina A, More H, Medina-Franco H, Humar B, Gamboa A, Ortiz LJ, Donohue JH, Guilford P (January 2006). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at CDH1 promoter region in familial gastric cancer". Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 98 (1): 36–41. PMID 16555931.
5. ↑ Ooi CH, Ivanova T, Wu J, Lee M, Tan IB, Tao J, Ward L, Koo JH, Gopalakrishnan V, Zhu Y, Cheng LL, Lee J, Rha SY, Chung HC, Ganesan K, So J, Soo KC, Lim D, Chan WH, Wong WK, Bowtell D, Yeoh KG, Grabsch H, Boussioutas A, Tan P (October 2009). "Oncogenic pathway combinations predict clinical prognosis in gastric cancer". PLoS Genet. 5 (10): e1000676. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676. PMC 2748685. PMID 19798449.
6. ↑ Graziano F, Humar B, Guilford P (December 2003). "The role of the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) in diffuse gastric cancer susceptibility: from the laboratory to clinical practice". Ann. Oncol. 14 (12): 1705–13. PMID 14630673.

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