Syphilis risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

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## Overview

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Common risk factors in the development of syphilis include unprotected sexual intercourse, intravenous drug abuse, men who have sex with men and healthcare occupations.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

## Risk Factors

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Risk factors include:[1][2][4][5][6][7][8]

* Multiple sexual partners
* Prostitution
* Illicit drug use
* Unprotected sex
* Men who have sex with men
* Residence in highly prevalent areas
* HIV infection
* Presence of other STIs
* Previous history of STIs
* Intravenous drug use
* Health care professionals who are predisposed to occupational risk
* Low socioeconomic status

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rolfs RT, Goldberg M, Sharrar RG (1990). "Risk factors for syphilis: cocaine use and prostitution". Am J Public Health. 80 (7): 853–7. PMC 1404975. PMID 2356911.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zhou H, Chen XS, Hong FC, Pan P, Yang F, Cai YM; et al. (2007). "Risk factors for syphilis infection among pregnant women: results of a case-control study in Shenzhen, China". Sex Transm Infect. 83 (6): 476–80. doi:10.1136/sti.2007.026187. PMC 2598725. PMID 17675391.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Newell, J., et al. "A population-based study of syphilis and sexually transmitted disease syndromes in north-western Tanzania. 2. Risk factors and health seeking behaviour." Genitourinary medicine 69.6 (1993): 421-426.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hook EW, Peeling RW (2004). "Syphilis control--a continuing challenge". N Engl J Med. 351 (2): 122–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048126. PMID 15247352.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Buchacz K, Greenberg A, Onorato I, Janssen R (2005). "Syphilis epidemics and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence among men who have sex with men in the United States: implications for HIV prevention". Sex Transm Dis. 32 (10 Suppl): S73–9. PMID 16205297.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Solomon MM, Mayer KH (2015). "Evolution of the syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men". Sex Health. 12 (2): 96–102. doi:10.1071/SH14173. PMC 4470884. PMID 25514173.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hakre S, Arteaga GB, Núñez AE, Arambu N, Aumakhan B, Liu M; et al. (2014). "Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and other sexually transmitted infections among MSM from three cities in Panama". J Urban Health. 91 (4): 793–808. doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9885-4. PMC 4134449. PMID 24927712.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ↑ Newell, J., et al. "A population-based study of syphilis and sexually transmitted disease syndromes in north-western Tanzania. 2. Risk factors and health seeking behaviour." Genitourinary medicine 69.6 (1993): 421-426.

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