Testicular cancer ultrasound

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Shanshan Cen, M.D. [3]

## Overview[edit | edit source]

Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of testicular cancer mass include well defined well circumscribed hypoechoic lesion for seminoma; calcification, cystic spaces, and heterogeneous for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.

## Ultrasound[edit | edit source]

* Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of testicular cancer mass include:[1][2][3][4]

### Germ cell testicular tumor[edit | edit source]

* Seminoma:
* Well defined hypoechoic lesion
* Homogeneous
* Lack of cystic lesion
* Embryonal carcinoma:[5]
* Irregular calcification
* Cystic areas
* Heterogeneous
* Hypoechoic mass
* Yolk sac tumor:[6][7]
* Hypervascular testicular mass
* Isoechoid
* Well-circumscribed
* Homogenous and ovoid
* Choriocarcinoma:[8]
* Hemorraghic and necrotic
* Calcified and cystic
* It is used to confirm that there is a tumor in the testicle and check its size, shape, location, and density.
* Ultrasound can help to distinguish benign tumors from malignant ones.

### Sex cord stromal testicular tumor[edit | edit source]

* Leydig cell tumor:[9][10]
* Well defined
* hypoechoid and cystic mass
* Homogeneous and calcified
* Hypervascular peripheral blood flow
* Sertoli cell tumor:[11][12]
* Hyperechogenic mass on calcified subtype
* Hypervascular around the calcified areas
* Lack of cystic tissues
* Granulosa cell tumor:[13]
* Solid and hypoechoid mass

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Voyvoda, Nuray; Voyvoda, Bekir; Çamurdan, Özden (2017). "The Role of Imaging in Testicular Cancer Diagnosis, Staging and Follow-up". Üroonkoloji Bülteni. 16 (2): 51–56. doi:10.4274/uob.694. ISSN 2147-2270.
2. ↑ Marth D, Scheidegger J, Studer UE (1990). "Ultrasonography of testicular tumors". Urol. Int. 45 (4): 237–40. doi:10.1159/000281715. PMID 2163557.
3. ↑ Benson CB (August 1988). "The role of ultrasound in diagnosis and staging of testicular cancer". Semin Urol. 6 (3): 189–202. PMID 3072643.
4. ↑ Kreydin EI, Barrisford GW, Feldman AS, Preston MA (June 2013). "Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200 (6): 1215–25. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.10319. PMID 23701056.
5. ↑ Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y (February 2009). "Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report". Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 39 (2): 124–6. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyn141. PMID 19066212.
6. ↑ Xu HX, Yi XP (January 2007). "Sonographic appearance of a testicular yolk sac tumor in a 2-year-old boy". J Clin Ultrasound. 35 (1): 55–7. doi:10.1002/jcu.20249. PMID 16960883.
7. ↑ Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH, Ulbright TM (October 2014). ""Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 38 (10): 1396–409. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262. PMID 24921638.
8. ↑ Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V (2015). "Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male". J Cancer Res Ther. 11 (4): 1035. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.154010. PMID 26881635.
9. ↑ Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM (November 1998). "Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 22 (11): 1361–7. PMID 9808128.
10. ↑ Al-Agha OM, Axiotis CA (February 2007). "An in-depth look at Leydig cell tumor of the testis". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131 (2): 311–7. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[311:AILALC]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17284120.
11. ↑ Ulbright TM, Amin MB, Young RH (June 2007). "Intratubular large cell hyalinizing sertoli cell neoplasia of the testis: a report of 8 cases of a distinctive lesion of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31 (6): 827–35. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3180309e33. PMID 17527069.
12. ↑ Giglio M, Medica M, De Rose AF, Germinale F, Ravetti JL, Carmignani G (2003). "Testicular sertoli cell tumours and relative sub-types. Analysis of clinical and prognostic features". Urol. Int. 70 (3): 205–10. doi:10.1159/000068770. PMID 12660458.
13. ↑ Song Z, Vaughn DJ, Bing Z (October 2011). "Adult type granulosa cell tumor in adult testis: report of a case and review of the literature". Rare Tumors. 3 (4): e37. doi:10.4081/rt.2011.e37. PMC 3282442. PMID 22355492.

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