The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Metabolic Disorders

##  Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders In Alphabetical Order

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## Physiology

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Template:Metabolic pathway

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Physiology of the gastrointestinal system

GI tract|

| Upper|

| Exocrine|

* Chief cells
* Pepsinogen
* Parietal cells
* Gastric acid
* Intrinsic factor
* Foveolar cells
* HCO3−
* Mucus
* Goblet cells
* Mucus

|

Processes|

* Swallowing
* Vomiting

Fluids|

* Saliva
* Gastric acid

Gastric acid secretion:|

* Gastrin
* G cells
* Histamine
* ECL cells
* Somatostatin
* D cells

Lower|

| Endocrine/paracrine|

| Bile and pancreatic secretion:|

* Enterogastrone
* Cholecystokinin
* I cells
* Secretin
* S cells

|

Glucose homeostasis (incretins):|

* GIP
* K cells
* GLP-1
* L cells

Endocrine cell types:|

* Enteroendocrine cells
* Enterochromaffin cell
* APUD cell

Fluids|

* Intestinal juice

Processes|

* Segmentation contractions
* Migrating motor complex
* Borborygmus
* Defecation

Enteric nervous system|

* Submucous plexus
* Myenteric plexus

Either/both|

| Processes|

* Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal
* Basal electrical rhythm)
* Gastrocolic reflex
* Digestion
* Enterocyte

|

Accessory|

| Fluids|

* Bile
* Pancreatic juice

|

Processes|

* Enterohepatic circulation

Abdominopelvic|

* Peritoneal fluid

## Disease States

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Template:Nutritional pathology Template:Metabolic pathology

## Pharmacotherapy

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Dietary supplements

Types|

Amino acids • Fatty acids • Herbal Supplements • Minerals • Probiotics • Vitamins • Whole food supplements

Vitamins and minerals|

Retinol (Vitamin A) • B vitamins: Thiamine (B1) • Riboflavin (B2)• Niacin (B3)• Pantothenic acid (B5)• Pyridoxine (B6)• Biotin (B7)• Folic acid (B9) • Cyanocobalamin (B12) • Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) • Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) • Tocopherol (Vitamin E) • Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) • Calcium • Choline • Chlorine • Chromium • Cobalt • Copper • Fluorine • Iodine • Iron • Magnesium • Manganese • Molybdenum • Phosphorus • Potassium • Selenium • Sodium • Sulfur • Zinc

Other common ingredients|

Carnitine • Chondroitin sulfate • Cod liver oil • Copper gluconate • Creatine • Dietary fiber • Elemental calcium • Ephedra • Fish oil • Folic acid • Ginseng • Glucosamine • Glutamine • Iron supplements • Japanese Honeysuckle • Krill oil • Lactobacillus • Lingzhi • Linseed oil • Melatonin • Red yeast rice • Royal jelly • Saw palmetto • Spirulina • Taurine • Wheatgrass • Wolfberry • Yohimbine • Zinc gluconate

Related articles|

Codex Alimentarius • Enzyte • Metabolife • Hadacol • Nutraceutical • Multivitamin

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Vitamins (A11)

Fat soluble|

A: Retinol \- Beta-carotene \- Tretinoin \- Alpha-carotene

D: 7-Dehydrocholesterol → Previtamin D3 → Cholecalciferol (D3) → Calcidiol → Calcitriol (active form) → Calcitroic acid; Ergosterol → Ergocalciferol (D2); (analogues: Dihydrotachysterol, Calcipotriol, Tacalcitol)

E: Tocopherol \- Tocotrienol

K: Naphthoquinone \- Phylloquinone/K1 \- Menatetrenone/K2

Water soluble: B vitamins|

B1 (Thiamine, Sulbutiamine, Benfotiamine) - B2 (Riboflavin) - B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide) - B5 (Pantothenic acid, Dexpanthenol, Pantethine) - B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal phosphate) - B7 (Biotin) - B9 (Folic acid) - B12 (Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, Cobamamide)

Water soluble: other|

C (Ascorbic acid) - Choline

see also enzyme cofactors
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