Thrombosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

## Overview

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Thrombosis is caused by abnormalities in one or more of the following (Virchow's triad): the composition of the blood (hypercoagulability or thrombophilia), quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury), and/or nature of the blood flow (stasis, turbulence).

## Causes

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### Life Threatening Causes

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Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

* Abruptio placentae
* Aortic dissection
* Disseminated intravascular coagulation
* Eclampsia

### Common Causes

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* Atherosclerosis

### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | Antithrombin III deficiency, aortic dissection, arteritis, atheroma, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular septal defect, cholesterol embolization, congestive heart failure, coronary artery thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, defibrination syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, Eisenmenger syndrome, elevated lipoprotein a, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, Kawasaki disease, left ventricular failure, mesenteric venous thrombosis, obesity, Paget-Schroetter disease, pelvic vein thrombosis, peripheral vascular disease, plasminogen deficiency type I, plasminogen deficiency type II, postphlebitic syndrome, presence of a central venous catheter, stent, stroke, subclavian vein thrombosis, superficial thrombophlebitis, superior vena cava syndrome, vasculitis

|

Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes
Dental | No underlying causes
Dermatologic | Behcet's disease, Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect | Aflibercept, Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi, asparaginase, chemotherapy, coagulation factor IX, coagulation factor XIII A-subunit, conestat alfa, desmopressin, elspar, eltrombopag, estramustine, estrogen replacement therapy, ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, femara, glucocorticoids, hormone replacement therapy, iodixanol, lenalidomide, letrozole, leunase, meclofenamate, oral contraceptives, pegaspargase, rapamune, romiplostim,sirolimus, tamoxifen, thalidomide, tromethamine
Ear Nose Throat | Mastoiditis, superior vena cava syndrome
Endocrine | Diabetes mellitus, obesity
Environmental | No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic | Budd-Chiari syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, hemorrhoids, hepatic vein thrombosis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver cirrhosis, liver disease, mucormycosis, obesity, pancreatic cancer, zygomycosis
Genetic | Ales dysfibrinogenemia, elevated plasma fibronectin levels, factor V Leiden mutation, Marchiafava-Micheli disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hematologic | Ales dysfibrinogenemia, antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, cavernous sinus thrombosis, decreased heparin cofactor II, decreased thrombomodulin, decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), decreased tissue plasminogen activator deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, defibrination syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, dysfibrinogenemia, elevated fibrinogen, elevated plasma fibronectin levels, elevated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), essential thrombocythemia, factor XII deficiency, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hypercoagulability syndrome, hyperviscosity syndrome, increased factor IX, increased factor VII, increased factor VIII, increased factor XI, increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, leukostasis syndrome, Marchiafava-Micheli disease, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, Osler-Vaquez disease, Paget-Schroetter disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency type I, plasminogen deficiency type II, polycythemia vera, polycythemia, postphlebitic syndrome, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, prothrombin gene mutation, sickle cell disease, sticky platelet syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, thrombophilia, thrombotic microangiopathy, Von Willebrand factor, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, Wiesbaden dysfibrinogenemia
Iatrogenic | No underlying causes
Infectious Disease | Mastoiditis, meningococcal meningitis, mucormycosis, nipah virus encephalitis, sepsis, zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Arthroscopy, fracture, hip surgery, immobility, knee surgery, Maffucci syndrome, orthopedic surgery
Neurologic | Antiphospholipid syndrome, cavernous sinus thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, meningococcal meningitis, nipah virus encephalitis, stroke, thoracic inlet syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic | Elevated lipoprotein a, glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency, homocystinemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity
Obstetric/Gynecologic | Abruptio placentae, antiphospholipid syndrome, eclampsia, leiomyoma, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy
Oncologic | Cancer, leukemia, Maffucci syndrome, malignancy, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, Osler-Vaquez disease, pancreatic cancer, paraneoplastic syndrome, polycythemia vera, superior vena cava syndrome, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Ophthalmologic | Retinal artery thrombosis, retinal vein thrombosis
Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes
Psychiatric | No underlying causes
Pulmonary | No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte | Acute kidney injury, chronic renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal vein thrombosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's disease, elevated interleukin 8, Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, vasculitis
Sexual | No underlying causes
Trauma | Trauma
Urologic | Fournier gangrene
Miscellaneous | General surgery, high altitude, radiation, smoking, varicose veins

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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* Abruptio placentae
* Acute kidney injury
* Aflibercept
* Ales dysfibrinogenemia
* Antiphospholipid syndrome
* Antithrombin III deficiency
* Aortic dissection
* Arteritis
* Arthroscopy
* Asparaginase
* Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi
* Atheroma
* Atherosclerosis
* Atrial fibrillation
* Atrioventricular septal defect
* Behcet's disease
* Budd-Chiari syndrome
* Cancer
* Cavernous sinus thrombosis
* Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
* Chemotherapy
* Cholesterol embolization
* Chronic pancreatitis
* Chronic renal disease
* Coagulation factor IX
* Coagulation factor XIII A-subunit
* Conestat alfa
* Congestive heart failure
* Coronary artery thrombosis
* Decreased heparin cofactor II
* Decreased thrombomodulin
* Decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
* Decreased tissue plasminogen activator deficiency
* Deep vein thrombosis
* Defibrination syndrome
* Desmopressin
* Diabetes mellitus
* Disseminated intravascular coagulation
* Dysfibrinogenemia
* Eclampsia
* Eisenmenger syndrome
* Elevated fibrinogen
* Elevated interleukin 8
* Elevated lipoprotein A
* Elevated plasma fibronectin levels
* Elevated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)
* Elspar
* Eltrombopag
* Essential thrombocythemia
* Estramustine
* Estrogen replacement therapy
* Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol
* Factor V Leiden mutation
* Factor XII deficiency
* Femara
* Fournier gangrene
* Fracture
* General surgery
* Glucocorticoids
* Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency
* Hemorrhoids
* Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
* Hepatic vein thrombosis
* High altitude
* High altitude [1]
* Hip surgery
* Homocystinemia
* Hormone replacement therapy
* Hypercholesterolemia
* Hypercoagulability syndrome
* Hyperhomocysteinemia
* Hyperlipidemia
* Hypertension
* Hypertriglyceridemia
* Hyperviscosity syndrome
* Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
* Immobility
* Increased factor IX
* Increased factor VII
* Increased factor VIII
* Increased factor XI
* Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* Iodixanol
* Kawasaki disease
* Klippel Trenaunay syndrome
* Knee surgery
* Left ventricular failure
* Leiomyoma
* Lenalidomide
* Letrozole
* Leukemia
* Leukostasis syndrome
* Leunase
* Liver cirrhosis
* Liver disease
* Maffucci syndrome
* Malignancy
* Marchiafava-Micheli disease
* Mastoiditis
* Meclofenamate
* Meningococcal meningitis
* Mesenteric venous thrombosis
* Mucormycosis
* Multiple myeloma
* Myeloproliferative disorders
* Nephrotic syndrome
* Nipah virus encephalitis
* Obesity
* Oral contraceptives
* Orthopedic surgery
* Osler-Vaquez disease
* Paget-Schroetter disease
* Pancreatic cancer
* Paraneoplastic syndrome
* Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
* Pegaspargase
* Pelvic vein thrombosis
* Peripheral vascular disease
* Plasminogen deficiency type I
* Plasminogen deficiency type II
* Polyarteritis nodosa
* Polycythemia
* Polycythemia vera
* Postphlebitic syndrome
* Pre-eclampsia
* Pregnancy
* Presence of a central venous catheter
* Protein C deficiency
* Protein S deficiency
* Prothrombin gene mutation
* Radiation
* Rapamune
* Renal vein thrombosis
* Retinal artery thrombosis
* Retinal vein thrombosis
* Romiplostim
* Sepsis
* Sickle cell disease
* Sirolimus
* Smoking
* Stent
* Sticky platelet syndrome [2]
* Stroke
* Subclavian vein thrombosis
* Superficial thrombophlebitis
* Superior vena cava syndrome
* Tamoxifen
* Thalidomide
* Thoracic inlet syndrome
* Thoracic outlet syndrome
* Thrombophilia
* Thrombotic microangiopathy
* Trauma
* Tromethamine
* Varicose veins
* Vasculitis
* Von Willebrand factor
* Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
* Wiesbaden dysfibrinogenemia
* Zygomycosis

## References

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1. ↑ Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR (2007). "The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations". PLoS Med. 4 (9): e290. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290. PMC 1989755. PMID 17896862.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
2. ↑ Mammen EF (1999). "Sticky platelet syndrome". Semin Thromb Hemost. 25 (4): 361–5. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994939. PMID 10548069.

* v
* t
* e

Cardiovascular disease (heart)

Ischaemic|

| Coronary disease|

* Coronary artery disease (CAD)
* Coronary artery aneurysm
* Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
* Coronary thrombosis
* Coronary vasospasm
* Myocardial bridge

|

Active ischemia|

* Angina pectoris
* Prinzmetal's angina
* Stable angina
* Acute coronary syndrome
* Myocardial infarction
* Unstable angina

Sequelae|

* hours
* Hibernating myocardium
* Myocardial stunning
* days
* Myocardial rupture
* weeks
* Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm
* Dressler syndrome

Layers|

| Pericardium|

* Pericarditis
* Acute
* Chronic / Constrictive
* Pericardial effusion
* Cardiac tamponade
* Hemopericardium

|

Myocardium|

* Myocarditis
* Chagas disease
* Cardiomyopathy
* Dilated
* Alcoholic
* Hypertrophic
* Tachycardia-induced
* Restrictive
* Loeffler endocarditis
* Cardiac amyloidosis
* Endocardial fibroelastosis
* Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

Endocardium /
valves|

| Endocarditis|

* infective endocarditis
* Subacute bacterial endocarditis
* non-infective endocarditis
* Libman–Sacks endocarditis
* Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

|

Valves|

* mitral
* regurgitation
* prolapse
* stenosis
* aortic
* stenosis
* insufficiency
* tricuspid
* stenosis
* insufficiency
* pulmonary
* stenosis
* insufficiency

Conduction /
arrhythmia|

| Bradycardia|

* Sinus bradycardia
* Sick sinus syndrome
* Heart block: Sinoatrial
* AV
* 1°
* 2°
* 3°
* Intraventricular
* Bundle branch block
* Right
* Left
* Left anterior fascicle
* Left posterior fascicle
* Bifascicular
* Trifascicular
* Adams–Stokes syndrome

|

Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus)|

| Supraventricular|

* Atrial
* Multifocal
* Junctional
* AV nodal reentrant
* Junctional ectopic

|

Ventricular|

* Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
* Catecholaminergic polymorphic
* Torsades de pointes

Premature contraction|

* Atrial
* Junctional
* Ventricular

Pre-excitation syndrome|

* Lown–Ganong–Levine
* Wolff–Parkinson–White

Flutter / fibrillation|

* Atrial flutter
* Ventricular flutter
* Atrial fibrillation
* Familial
* Ventricular fibrillation

Pacemaker|

* Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
* Multifocal atrial tachycardia
* Pacemaker syndrome
* Parasystole
* Wandering atrial pacemaker

Long QT syndrome|

* Andersen–Tawil
* Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
* Romano–Ward

Cardiac arrest|

* Sudden cardiac death
* Asystole
* Pulseless electrical activity
* Sinoatrial arrest

Other / ungrouped|

* hexaxial reference system
* Right axis deviation
* Left axis deviation
* QT
* Short QT syndrome
* T
* T wave alternans
* ST
* Osborn wave
* ST elevation
* ST depression
* Strain pattern

Cardiomegaly|

* Ventricular hypertrophy
* Left
* Right / Cor pulmonale
* Atrial enlargement
* Left
* Right
* Athletic heart syndrome

Other|

* Cardiac fibrosis
* Heart failure
* Diastolic heart failure
* Cardiac asthma
* Rheumatic fever

cs:Trombóza de:Thrombose eo:Trombozo it:Trombosi he:תרומבוס ms:Trombotik nl:Trombose fi:Verihiutale

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