Triglyceride physiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

## Overview

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## Physiology

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### Metabolism

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See also fatty acid metabolism

Triglyceride metabolism  | Function  | Cardiac risk increase?  | Apolipoprotein B on the surface[1]?

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Chylomicron | Transport dietary fatty acids and cholesterol from the intestine to liver  | No, chylomicrons,are too large to enter the arterial wall  | Yes
Very low density lipoprotein | Transport triglycerides from the liver  | Yes  | Yes

Notes: Apolipoprotein B may best relate to cardiac risk reduction[1]

Triglycerides, as major components of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat. They contain more than twice as much energy (9 kcal/g) as carbohydrates and proteins. In the intestine, triglycerides are split into glycerol and fatty acids (this process is called lipolysis) (with the help of lipases and bile secretions), which are then moved into the cells lining the intestines (absorptive enterocytes). The triglycerides are rebuilt in the enterocytes from their fragments and packaged together with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons. These are excreted from the cells and collected by the lymph system and transported to the large vessels near the heart before being mixed into the blood. Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy. Fat and liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids. As the brain can not utilize fatty acids as an energy source, the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose, via gluconeogenesis, for brain fuel when it is broken down. Fat cells may also be broken down for that reason, if the brain's needs ever outweigh the body's.

Triglycerides cannot pass through cell membranes freely. Special enzymes on the walls of blood vessels called lipoprotein lipases must breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can then be taken up by cells via the fatty acid transporter (FAT).

* General structure of a triglyceride

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thanassoulis G, Williams K, Ye K, Brook R, Couture P, Lawler PR; et al. (2014). "Relations of change in plasma levels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C and apoB with risk reduction from statin therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials". J Am Heart Assoc. 3 (2): e000759. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000759. PMC 4187506. PMID 24732920.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

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Lipopedia

Basic Science|

Cholesterol • Triglyceride

Lipoprotein metabolism and transport

Lipoprotein: Chylomicron • Chylomicron remnant • HDL • IDL • LDL • Lipoprotein(a) • VLDL • Lipoprotein-X

Apolipoprotein: APOA (1, 2, 4,  5) • APOB ( Apolipoprotein B-48, Apolipoprotein B-100) • APOC (1, 2, 3, 4) • APOD • APOE • APOH • APOJ • APOL • APOM • Apo(a)

Lipoprotein receptor: LDL receptor • Soluble low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (sLRP) • Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 • Scavenger receptor • Scavenger receptor A • Scavenger receptor B • VLDL receptor

Lipoprotein enzymes: Lipoprotein lipase • Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) • Cholesterylester transfer protein ( Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase, Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1

Genes: Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1

Lipoprotein Disorders|

Lipoprotein disorders

Primary lipoprotein disorders: Familial hyperchylomicronemia (Type I) • Familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIA) • Familial combined hyperlipidemia (Type IIB) • Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III) • Primary hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV) • Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia (Type V)

Secondary lipoprotein disorders

Abnormal Laboratory Lipid Profile|

Low chylomicron • Low chylomicron remnant • Low HDL • Low IDL • Low LDL • Low lipoprotein(a) • Low VLDL

High chylomicron • High chylomicron remnant • High HDL • High IDL • High LDL • High Lipoprotein(a) • High VLDL

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