Water (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on water.

## Contents

* 1 Structure and properties
* 2 Thermodynamic properties
* 3 Liquid Physical Properties
* 4 Water/steam equilibrium properties
* 5 Melting point of ice at various pressures
* 6 Table of various forms of ice
* 7 Phase diagram
* 8 Self ionization
* 9 Spectral data
* 10 Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page
* 10.1 Physical and thermodynamic tables
* 10.1.1 Standard conditions
* 10.1.2 Triple point
* 10.2 Saturated vapor pressure
* 10.2.1 Formulas
* 11 References
* 12 External links
* 13 Disclaimer

## Structure and properties

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Template:Chembox header | Structure and properties

Index of refraction, nD | 1.333 at 20 °C
Dielectric constant[1] | 88.00 ε0 at 0 °C  86.04 ε0 at 5 °C
84.11 ε0 at 10 °C  82.22 ε0 at 15 °C
80.36 ε0 at 20 °C  78.54 ε0 at 25 °C
76.75 ε0 at 30 °C  75.00 ε0 at 35 °C
73.28 ε0 at 40 °C  71.59 ε0 at 45 °C
69.94 ε0 at 50 °C  66.74 ε0 at 60 °C
63.68 ε0 at 70 °C  60.76 ε0 at 80 °C
57.98 ε0 at 90 °C  55.33 ε0 at 100 °C
Bond strength | 492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy[2]
Bond length | 95.87 pm (equilibrium) (Cook 1974)
Bond angle | 103.9° (equilibrium) (Cook 1974)
Magnetic susceptibility | –9.04 x 10–6[3] volume SI units

## Thermodynamic properties

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Template:Chembox header | Phase behavior

Triple point | 273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa
Critical point | 647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa
Std enthalpy change
of fusion, ΔfusH ~~o~~ | 6.01 kJ/mol
Std entropy change
of fusion, ΔfusS ~~o~~ | 22.0 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change
of vaporization, ΔvapH ~~o~~ | 40.68 kJ/mol
Std entropy change
of vaporization, ΔvapS ~~o~~ | 108.9 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change
of sublimation, ΔsubH ~~o~~ | 46.70 kJ/mol
Std entropy change
of sublimation, ΔsubS ~~o~~ | 130.9 J/(mol·K)
Molal freezing point constant | –1.858 °C kg/mol
Molal boiling point constant | 0.512 °C kg/mol
Template:Chembox header | Solid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfH ~~o~~ solid | −291.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
S ~~o~~ solid | 41 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp | 12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C
15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C
17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C
19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C
24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C
29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C
32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C
33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C
35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C
36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C
37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C
37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C
Template:Chembox header | Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfH ~~o~~ liquid | −285.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
S ~~o~~ liquid | 69.95 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp | 75.97 J/(mol K) at 0 °C
75.42 J/(mol K) at 10 °C
75.33 J/(mol K) at 20 °C
75.28 J/(mol K) at 25 °C
75.26 J/(mol K) at 30 °C
75.26 J/(mol K) at 40 °C
75.30 J/(mol K) at 50 °C
75.37 J/(mol K) at 60 °C
75.46 J/(mol K) at 70 °C
75.58 J/(mol K) at 80 °C
75.74 J/(mol K) at 90 °C
75.94 J/(mol K) at 100 °C
Template:Chembox header | Gas properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfH ~~o~~ gas | −241.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
S ~~o~~ gas | 188.84 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp | 36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C
36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C
36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C
37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C
41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity, cv | 27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C
27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C
27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C
29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C
33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity ratio,
γ = cp/cv | 1.324 at 100 °C
1.310 at 200 °C
1.301 at 400 °C
1.282 at 700 °C
1.252 at 1000 °C
van der Waals' constants | a = 553.6 L² kPa/mol²
b = 0.03049 liter per mole

## Liquid Physical Properties

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Template:Chembox header | Velocity of sound in water

c in distilled water at 25 °C  | 1498 m/s
c at other temperatures[4] | 1403 m/s at 0 °C
1427 m/s at 5 °C
1447 m/s at 10 °C
1481 m/s at 20 °C
1507 m/s at 30 °C
1526 m/s at 40 °C
1541 m/s at 50 °C
1552 m/s at 60 °C
1555 m/s at 70 °C
1555 m/s at 80 °C
1550 m/s at 90 °C
1543 m/s at 100 °C
Template:Chembox header | Density[5]
0.99984 g/cm³ at 0 °C  | 0.98804 g/cm³ at 50 °C
0.99997 g/cm³ at 4 °C  | 0.98570 g/cm³ at 55 °C
0.99996 g/cm³ at 5 °C  | 0.98321 g/cm³ at 60 °C
0.99970 g/cm³ at 10 °C  | 0.98056 g/cm³ at 65 °C
0.99910 g/cm³ at 15 °C  | 0.97778 g/cm³ at 70 °C
0.99820 g/cm³ at 20 °C  | 0.97486 g/cm³ at 75 °C
0.99704 g/cm³ at 25 °C  | 0.97180 g/cm³ at 80 °C
0.99564 g/cm³ at 30 °C  | 0.96862 g/cm³ at 85 °C
0.99403 g/cm³ at 35 °C  | 0.96531 g/cm³ at 90 °C
0.99221 g/cm³ at 40 °C  | 0.96189 g/cm³ at 95 °C
0.99022 g/cm³ at 45 °C  | 0.95835 g/cm³ at 100 °C
Template:Chembox header | Viscosity[6]
η = 1.7921 mPa·s (cP) at 0 °C  | η = 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C
η = 1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C  | η = 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C
η = 1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C  | η = 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C
η = 1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C  | η = 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C
η = 1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C  | η = 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C
η = 0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C  | η = 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C
η = 0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C  | η = 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C
η = 0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C  | η = 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C
η = 0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C  | η = 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C
η = 0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C  | η = 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C
| η = 0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C
Template:Chembox header | Surface tension[7]
75.64 dyn/cm at 0 °C  | 69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C
74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C  | 68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C
74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C  | 67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C
73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C  | 66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C
72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C  | 64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C
71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C  | 62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C
71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C  | 60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C
70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C  | 58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C

## Water/steam equilibrium properties

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Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:[8]

log10(P) = A − B / (T – C)

where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins.

for T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1

for T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1

Template:Chembox header align="center" colspan="6"| Steam Table[9]

Temp.  | Pressure  | H of liquid  | ΔvapH | ΔvapW | ρ of vapor
0 °C  | 0.612 kPa  | 0.00 J/g  | 2496.5 J/g  | 126.0 J/g  | 0.004845 kg/m³
10 °C  | 1.227 kPa  | 42.0 J/g  | 2473.5 J/g  | 130.5 J/g  | 0.009398 kg/m³
20 °C  | 2.536 kPa  | 83.8 J/g  | 2450.9 J/g  | 135.1 J/g  | 0.01728 kg/m³
30 °C  | 4.242 kPa  | 125.6 J/g  | 2427.9 J/g  | 139.7 J/g  | 0.03036 kg/m³
40 °C  | 7.370 kPa  | 167.2 J/g  | 2404.9 J/g  | 144.2 J/g  | 0.05107 kg/m³
50 °C  | 12.33 kPa  | 209.0 J/g  | 2381.4 J/g  | 148.7 J/g  | 0.08285 kg/m³
60 °C  | 19.90 kPa  | 250.8 J/g  | 2357.6 J/g  | 153.0 J/g  | 0.1300 kg/m³
70 °C  | 31.15 kPa  | 292.7 J/g  | 2332.9 J/g  | 157.3 J/g  | 0.1979 kg/m³
80 °C  | 46.12 kPa  | 334.6 J/g  | 2307.7 J/g  | 161.5 J/g  | 0.2931 kg/m³
90 °C  | 70.10 kPa  | 376.6 J/g  | 2282.6 J/g  | 165.5 J/g  | 0.4232 kg/m³
100 °C  | 101.32 kPa  | 419.0 J/g  | 2256.3 J/g  | 169.4 J/g  | 0.5974 kg/m³
110 °C  | 143.27 kPa  | 460.8 J/g  | 2229.5 J/g  | 173.1 J/g  | 0.8264 kg/m³
120 °C  | 198.50 kPa  | 503.2 J/g  | 2201.4 J/g  | 176.7 J/g  | 1.121 kg/m³
130 °C  | 270.13 kPa  | 545.8 J/g  | 2172.5 J/g  | 180.2 J/g  | 1.497 kg/m³
140 °C  | 361.4 kPa  | 588.5 J/g  | 2142.8 J/g  | 183.2 J/g  | 1.967 kg/m³
150 °C  | 476.0 kPa  | 631.5 J/g  | 2111.8 J/g  | 186.1 J/g  | 2.548 kg/m³
160 °C  | 618.1 kPa  | 674.7 J/g  | 2080.0 J/g  | 188.7 J/g  | 3.263 kg/m³
170 °C  | 792.0 kPa  | 718.5 J/g  | 2047.0 J/g  | 190.6 J/g  | 4.023 kg/m³
180 °C  | 1002.7 kPa  | 762.5 J/g  | 2012.2 J/g  | 192.8 J/g  | 5.165 kg/m³
190 °C  | 1254.9 kPa  | 807.0 J/g  | 1975.8 J/g  | 194.5 J/g  | 6.402 kg/m³
200 °C  | 1554.3 kPa  | 851.9 J/g  | 1937.3 J/g  | 195.6 J/g  | 7.868 kg/m³
210 °C  | 1907.9 kPa  | 897.5 J/g  | 1897.5 J/g  | 196.3 J/g  | 9.606 kg/m³
221.1 °C  | 2369.8 kPa  | 948.5 J/g  | 1850.2 J/g  | 196.6 J/g  | 11.88 kg/m³
229.4 °C  | 2769.6 kPa  | 987.9 J/g  | 1812.5 J/g  | 196.2 J/g  | 13.87 kg/m³
240.6 °C  | 3381.1 kPa  | 1040.6 J/g  | 1759.4 J/g  | 195.1 J/g  | 16.96 kg/m³
248.9 °C  | 3904.1 kPa  | 1040.6 J/g  | 1715.8 J/g  | 193.7 J/g  | 19.66 kg/m³
260.0 °C  | 4695.9 kPa  | 1134.8 J/g  | 1653.9 J/g  | 190.8 J/g  | 23.84 kg/m³
271.1 °C  | 5603.4 kPa  | 1195.9 J/g  | 1586.5 J/g  | 186.9 J/g  | 28.83 kg/m³
279.4 °C  | 6366.5 kPa  | 1240.7 J/g  | 1532.5 J/g  | 183.3 J/g  | 33.18 kg/m³
290.6 °C  | 7506.2 kPa  | 1302.3 J/g  | 1456.3 J/g  | 177.4 J/g  | 39.95 kg/m³
298.9 °C  | 8463.9 kPa  | 1350.0 J/g  | 1394.8 J/g  | 172.2 J/g  | 45.93 kg/m³
310.0 °C  | 9878.0 kPa  | 1415.7 J/g  | 1307.7 J/g  | 164.2 J/g  | 55.25 kg/m³
321.1 °C  | 11461 kPa  | 1483.9 J/g  | 1212.7 J/g  | 154.5 J/g  | 66.58 kg/m³
329.4 °C  | 12785 kPa  | 1537.9 J/g  | 1133.2 J/g  | 145.6 J/g  | 76.92 kg/m³
340.6 °C  | 14727 kPa  | 1617.9 J/g  | 1007.6 J/g  | 130.9 J/g  | 94.25 kg/m³
348.9 °C  | 16331 kPa  | 1687.0 J/g  | 892.0 J/g  | 117.0 J/g  | 111.5 kg/m³
360.0 °C  | 18682 kPa  | 1797.0 J/g  | 694.0 J/g  | 91.0 J/g  | 145.3 kg/m³
371.1 °C  | 21349 kPa  | 1968.3 J/g  | 365.0 J/g  | 47.0 J/g  | 214.5 kg/m³
374.4 °C  | 22242 kPa  | 2151.2 J/g  | 0 J/g  | 0 J/g  | 306.8 kg/m³
Temp.  | Pressure  | H of liquid  | ΔvapH | ΔvapW | ρ of vapor

Data in the table above is given for water-steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the PV work done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.

## Melting point of ice at various pressures

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Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p2390

Pressure kPa | Temp. °C

|

101.325 | 0.0
32950 | –2.5
60311 | –5.0
87279 | –7.5
113267 | –10.0
138274 | –12.5
159358 | –15.0
179952 | –17.5
200251 | –20.0
215746 | –22.1

## Table of various forms of ice

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Properties of various forms of ice[10]

Ice
form | Density
gr/cm3 | Crystal
structure | Triple
points | TP Temp °C | TP Pressure
MPa
Ih | 0.92  | hexagonal  | Lq, Vap, Ih | 0.01 | 0.000612
Lq, Ih , III | −22.0 | 207.5
Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9
Ic | 0.92  | cubic  |  |  |
II  | 1.17  | rhombohedral  | Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620
III  | 1.14  | tetragonal  | Lq, Ih , III | −22.0 | 207.5
Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3
Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3
IV  | 1.27  | rhombohedral  |  |  |
V  | 1.23  | monoclinic  | Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3
Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620
VI  | 1.31  | tetragonal  | Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9
Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100
VII  | 1.50  | cubic  | Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000
VIII  | 1.46  | tetragonal  | VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000
IX  | 1.16  | tetragonal  |  |  |
X  | 2.46  | cubic  | VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000
XI‡ | 0.92  | orthorhombic  | Vap, Ih, XI | −201.5 | 0 (expected)
XII  | 1.29  | tetragonal  |  |  |
XIII  | 1.23  | monoclinic  |  |  |
XIV  | 1.29  | orthorhombic  |  |  |

‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained

## Phase diagram

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File:WaterPhaseDiagram.png

## Self ionization

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File:Temperature dependence water ionization pKw on T.svg

Template:Chembox header | °C  |  −35 |  0 |  25 |  60 |  300 (~50 MPa)

|
|
|
|
|

Template:Chembox header | pKw[11] |  17 |  14.9 |  14.0 |  13.0 |  12

<math>pK_w = -\log [\mathrm{H}^+][\mathrm{OH}^-]</math>

## Spectral data

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Template:Chembox header | UV-Vis

λmax | ? nm
Extinction coefficient, ε  | ?
Template:Chembox header | IR
Major absorption bands[12] |  | vapor: | ν1 = 3657.05, | ν2 = 1594.75, | ν3 = 3755.93 | cm−1

|
|
|
|

liquid: | ν1 = 3280, | ν2 = 1644, | ν3 = 3490 | cm−1
hexagonal ice: | ν1 = 3085, | ν2 = 1650, | ν3 = 3220 | cm−1
Template:Chembox header | NMR
Proton NMR |
Carbon-13 NMR |  N/A
Other NMR data  |
Template:Chembox header | MS
Masses of
main fragments  |

* * *

## Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page

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The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved to here). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.

### Physical and thermodynamic tables

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In the following tables, values are temperature dependent and to a lesser degree pressure dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s=solid, lq=liquid, g=gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (1984). This applies to:

* T \- temperature in degrees Celsius
* V \- specific volume in decimeter3 per kilogram (1 dm³ is equivalent to 1 liter)
* H \- specific enthalpy in kJ per kilogram
* U \- internal energy in kJ per kilogram
* S \- specific entropy in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
* cp \- specific (constant pressure) heat capacity in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
* γ \- Thermal expansion coefficient as 10–3 per kelvin
* λ \- Heat conductivity in milliwatt per meter-kelvin
* η \- Viscosity in micropascal-seconds (1 cP = 1000 µPa·s)
* σ \- surface tension in millinewtons per meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)

#### Standard conditions

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In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.

Template:Chembox header colspan=11 | Water/Steam Data Table at Standard Pressure (0.1 MPa)

T °C  | V
dm³/kg  | H
kJ/kg  | U
kJ/kg  | S
kJ/(kg·K)  | cp
kJ/(kg·K)  | γ
10–3/K  | λ
mW / (m·K)  | η
µPa·s  | σ ‡
mN/m
0  | lq | 1.0002 | 0.06 | –0.04 | –0.0001 | 4.228 | –0.080 | 561.0 | 1792 | 75.65
5 | 1.0000 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 0.076 | 4.200 | 0.011 | 570.6 | 1518 | 74.95
10 | 1.0003 | 42.1 | 42.0 | 0.151 | 4.188 | 0.087 | 580.0 | 1306 | 74.22
15 | 1.0009 | 63.0 | 62.9 | 0.224 | 4.184 | 0.152 | 589.4 | 1137 | 73.49
20 | 1.0018 | 83.9 | 83.8 | 0.296 | 4.183 | 0.209 | 598.4 | 1001 | 72.74
25 | 1.0029 | 104.8 | 104.7 | 0.367 | 4.183 | 0.259 | 607.2 | 890.4 | 71.98
30 | 1.0044 | 125.8 | 125.7 | 0.437 | 4.183 | 0.305 | 615.5 | 797.7 | 71.20
35 | 1.0060 | 146.7 | 146.6 | 0.505 | 4.183 | 0.347 | 623.3 | 719.6 | 70.41
40 | 1.0079 | 167.6 | 167.5 | 0.572 | 4.182 | 0.386 | 630.6 | 653.3 | 69.60
45 | 1.0099 | 188.5 | 188.4 | 0.638 | 4.182 | 0.423 | 637.3 | 596.3 | 68.78
50 | 1.0121 | 209.4 | 209.3 | 0.704 | 4.181 | 0.457 | 643.6 | 547.1 | 67.95
60 | 1.0171 | 251.2 | 251.1 | 0.831 | 4.183 | 0.522 | 654.4 | 466.6 | 66.24
70 | 1.0227 | 293.1 | 293.0 | 0.955 | 4.187 | 0.583 | 663.1 | 404.1 | 64.49
80 | 1.0290 | 335.0 | 334.9 | 1.075 | 4.194 | 0.640 | 670.0 | 354.5 | 62.68
90 | 1.0359 | 377.0 | 376.9 | 1.193 | 4.204 | 0.696 | 675.3 | 314.6 | 60.82
99.63 | lq | 1.0431 | 417.5 | 417.4 | 1.303 | 4.217 | 0.748 | 679.0 | 283.0 | 58.99
g | 1694.3 | 2675 | 2505 | 7.359 | 2.043 | 2.885 | 25.05 | 12.26 | –
100  | g | 1696.1 | 2675 | 2506 | 7.361 | 2.042 | 2.881 | 25.08 | 12.27 | 58.92
200 | 2172.3 | 2874 | 2657 | 7.833 | 1.975 | 2.100 | 33.28 | 16.18 | 37.68
300 | 2638.8 | 3073 | 2810 | 8.215 | 2.013 | 1.761 | 43.42 | 20.29 | 14.37
500 | 3565.5 | 3488 | 3131 | 8.834 | 2.135 | 1.297 | 66.970 | 28.57 | –
750 | 4721.0 | 4043 | 3571 | 9.455 | 2.308 | 0.978 | 100.30 | 38.48 | –
1000 | 5875.5 | 4642 | 4054 | 9.978 | 2.478 | 0.786 | 136.3 | 47.66 | –
‡ The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface.

#### Triple point

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In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data is for water vapor only.

Template:Chembox header colspan=10 | Water/Steam Data Table at Triple Point Pressure (0.0006117 MPa)

T °C  | V
dm³/kg  | H
kJ/kg  | U
kJ/kg  | S
kJ/(kg·K)  | cp
kJ/(kg·K)  | γ
10–3/K  | λ
mW / (m·K)  | η
µPa·s
0  | lq | 1.0002 | –0.04 | –0.04 | –0.0002 | 4.339 | –0.081 | 561.0 | 1792
0.01 | s | 1.0908 | –333.4 | –333.4 | –1.221 | 1.93 | 0.1 | 2.2 | –
lq | 1.0002 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 4.229 | –0.080 | 561.0 | 1791
g | 205986 | 2500 | 2374 | 9.154 | 1.868 | 3.672 | 17.07 | 9.22
5  | g | 209913 | 2509 | 2381 | 9.188 | 1.867 | 3.605 | 17.33 | 9.34
10 | 213695 | 2519 | 2388 | 9.222 | 1.867 | 3.540 | 17.60 | 9.46
15 | 217477 | 2528 | 2395 | 9.254 | 1.868 | 3.478 | 17.88 | 9.59
20 | 221258 | 2537 | 2402 | 9.286 | 1.868 | 3.417 | 18.17 | 9.73
25 | 225039 | 2547 | 2409 | 9.318 | 1.869 | 3.359 | 18.47 | 9.87
30 | 228819 | 2556 | 2416 | 9.349 | 1.869 | 3.304 | 18.78 | 10.02
35 | 232598 | 2565 | 2423 | 9.380 | 1.870 | 3.249 | 19.10 | 10.17
40 | 236377 | 2575 | 2430 | 9.410 | 1.871 | 3.197 | 19.43 | 10.32
45 | 240155 | 2584 | 2437 | 9.439 | 1.872 | 3.147 | 19.77 | 10.47
50 | 243933 | 2593 | 2444 | 9.469 | 1.874 | 3.098 | 20.11 | 10.63
60 | 251489 | 2612 | 2459 | 9.526 | 1.876 | 3.004 | 20.82 | 10.96
70 | 259043 | 2631 | 2473 | 9.581 | 1.880 | 2.916 | 21.56 | 11.29
80 | 266597 | 2650 | 2487 | 9.635 | 1.883 | 2.833 | 22.31 | 11.64
90 | 274150 | 2669 | 2501 | 9.688 | 1.887 | 2.755 | 23.10 | 11.99
100 | 281703 | 2688 | 2515 | 9.739 | 1.891 | 2.681 | 23.90 | 12.53
200 | 357216 | 2879 | 2661 | 10.194 | 1.940 | 2.114 | 32.89 | 16.21
300 | 432721 | 3076 | 2811 | 10.571 | 2.000 | 1.745 | 43.26 | 20.30
500 | 583725 | 3489 | 3132 | 11.188 | 2.131 | 1.293 | 66.90 | 28.57
750 | 772477 | 4043 | 3571 | 11.808 | 2.307 | 0.977 | 100.20 | 38.47
1000 | 961227 | 4642 | 4054 | 12.331 | 2.478 | 0.785 | 136.30 | 47.66

### Saturated vapor pressure

[edit | edit source]

The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of –100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of the water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C), are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate, hence they should be understood and used also only as approximate values.[13][14][15][16]

To use the values correctly, consider the following points:

* The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
* The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
* The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of –100 °C to –50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below –42 °C].
* The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.

#### Formulas

[edit | edit source]

The table values for –100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, Pw and Pi, are in pascals.

Over liquid water

loge(Pw)  = –6094.4642 T–1 \+ 21.1249952 – 2.724552×10–2 T \+ 1.6853396×10–5 T2 \+ 2.4575506 loge(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently –100 °C to 100 °C

Over ice

loge(Pi)  = –5504.4088 T–1 – 3.5704628 – 1.7337458×10–2 T \+ 6.5204209×10–6 T2 \+ 6.1295027 loge(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently –100 °C to 0 °C

At triple point

An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:

Pw(ttp = 0.01 °C)  = 611.657 Pa ± 0.010 Pa at (1-α)  = 99%

Template:Chembox header colspan="15" | Values of Saturated Vapor Pressure of Water

Temp.
t in °C  | Pi(t) over ice
in Pa | Pw(t) over water
in Pa |  | Temp.
t in °C  | Pw(t) over water
in hPa |  | Temp.
t in °C  | P(t)
in bar |  | Temp.
t in °C  | P(t)
in bar |  | Temp.
t in °C  | P(t)
in bar
-100  | 0.0013957  | 0.0036309  | 0  | 6.11213  | 100  | 1.01  | 200  | 15.55  | 300  | 85.88
-99  | 0.0017094  | 0.0044121  | 1  | 6.57069  | 101  | 1.05  | 201  | 15.88  | 301  | 87.09
-98  | 0.0020889  | 0.0053487  | 2  | 7.05949  | 102  | 1.09  | 202  | 16.21  | 302  | 88.32
-97  | 0.0025470  | 0.0064692  | 3  | 7.58023  | 103  | 1.13  | 203  | 16.55  | 303  | 89.57
-96  | 0.0030987  | 0.0078067  | 4  | 8.13467  | 104  | 1.17  | 204  | 16.89  | 304  | 90.82
-95  | 0.0037617  | 0.0093996  | 5  | 8.72469  | 105  | 1.21  | 205  | 17.24  | 305  | 92.09
-94  | 0.0045569  | 0.011293  | 6  | 9.35222  | 106  | 1.25  | 206  | 17.60  | 306  | 93.38
-93  | 0.0055087  | 0.013538  | 7  | 10.0193  | 107  | 1.30  | 207  | 17.96  | 307  | 94.67
-92  | 0.0066455  | 0.016195  | 8  | 10.7280  | 108  | 1.34  | 208  | 18.32  | 308  | 95.98
-91  | 0.0080008  | 0.019333  | 9  | 11.4806  | 109  | 1.39  | 209  | 18.70  | 309  | 97.31
-90  | 0.0096132  | 0.023031  | 10  | 12.2794  | 110  | 1.43  | 210  | 19.07  | 310  | 98.65
-89  | 0.011528  | 0.027381  | 11  | 13.1267  | 111  | 1.48  | 211  | 19.46  | 311  | 100.00
-88  | 0.013797  | 0.032489  | 12  | 14.0251  | 112  | 1.53  | 212  | 19.85  | 312  | 101.37
-87  | 0.016482  | 0.038474  | 13  | 14.9772  | 113  | 1.58  | 213  | 20.25  | 313  | 102.75
-86  | 0.019653  | 0.045473  | 14  | 15.9856  | 114  | 1.64  | 214  | 20.65  | 314  | 104.15
-85  | 0.02339  | 0.053645  | 15  | 17.0532  | 115  | 1.69  | 215  | 21.06  | 315  | 105.56
-84  | 0.027788  | 0.063166  | 16  | 18.1829  | 116  | 1.75  | 216  | 21.47  | 316  | 106.98
-83  | 0.032954  | 0.074241  | 17  | 19.3778  | 117  | 1.81  | 217  | 21.89  | 317  | 108.43
-82  | 0.039011  | 0.087101  | 18  | 20.6409  | 118  | 1.86  | 218  | 22.32  | 318  | 109.88
-81  | 0.046102  | 0.10201  | 19  | 21.9757  | 119  | 1.93  | 219  | 22.75  | 319  | 111.35
-80  | 0.054388  | 0.11925  | 20  | 23.3854  | 120  | 1.99  | 220  | 23.19  | 320  | 112.84
-79  | 0.064057  | 0.13918  | 21  | 24.8737  | 121  | 2.05  | 221  | 23.64  | 321  | 114.34
-78  | 0.075320  | 0.16215  | 22  | 26.4442  | 122  | 2.12  | 222  | 24.09  | 322  | 115.86
-77  | 0.088419  | 0.18860  | 23  | 28.1006  | 123  | 2.18  | 223  | 24.55  | 323  | 117.39
-76  | 0.10363  | 0.21901  | 24  | 29.8470  | 124  | 2.25  | 224  | 25.02  | 324  | 118.94
-75  | 0.12127  | 0.25391  | 25  | 31.6874  | 125  | 2.32  | 225  | 25.49  | 325  | 120.51
-74  | 0.14168  | 0.29390  | 26  | 33.6260  | 126  | 2.40  | 226  | 25.98  | 326  | 122.09
-73  | 0.16528  | 0.33966  | 27  | 35.6671  | 127  | 2.47  | 227  | 26.46  | 327  | 123.68
-72  | 0.19252  | 0.39193  | 28  | 37.8154  | 128  | 2.55  | 228  | 26.96  | 328  | 125.30
-71  | 0.22391  | 0.45156  | 29  | 40.0754  | 129  | 2.62  | 229  | 27.46  | 329  | 126.93
-70  | 0.26004  | 0.51948  | 30  | 42.4520  | 130  | 2.70  | 230  | 27.97  | 330  | 128.58
-69  | 0.30156  | 0.59672  | 31  | 44.9502  | 131  | 2.78  | 231  | 28.48  | 331  | 130.24
-68  | 0.34921  | 0.68446  | 32  | 47.5752  | 132  | 2.87  | 232  | 29.01  | 332  | 131.92
-67  | 0.40383  | 0.78397  | 33  | 50.3322  | 133  | 2.95  | 233  | 29.54  | 333  | 133.62
-66  | 0.46633  | 0.89668  | 34  | 53.2267  | 134  | 3.04  | 234  | 30.08  | 334  | 135.33
-65  | 0.53778  | 1.0242  | 35  | 56.2645  | 135  | 3.13  | 235  | 30.62  | 335  | 137.07
-64  | 0.61933  | 1.1682  | 36  | 59.4513  | 136  | 3.22  | 236  | 31.18  | 336  | 138.82
-63  | 0.71231  | 1.3306  | 37  | 62.7933  | 137  | 3.32  | 237  | 31.74  | 337  | 140.59
-62  | 0.81817  | 1.5136  | 38  | 66.2956  | 138  | 3.42  | 238  | 32.31  | 338  | 142.37
-61  | 0.93854  | 1.7195  | 39  | 69.9675  | 139  | 3.51  | 239  | 32.88  | 339  | 144.18
-60  | 1.0753  | 1.9509  | 40  | 73.8127  | 140  | 3.62  | 240  | 33.47  | 340  | 146.00
-59  | 1.2303  | 2.2106  | 41  | 77.8319  | 141  | 3.72  | 241  | 34.06  | 341  | 147.84
-58  | 1.4060  | 2.5018  | 42  | 82.0536  | 142  | 3.82  | 242  | 34.66  | 342  | 149.71
-57  | 1.6049  | 2.8277  | 43  | 86.4633  | 143  | 3.93  | 243  | 35.27  | 343  | 151.58
-56  | 1.8296  | 3.1922  | 44  | 91.0757  | 144  | 4.04  | 244  | 35.88  | 344  | 153.48
-55  | 2.0833  | 3.5993  | 45  | 95.8984  | 145  | 4.16  | 245  | 36.51  | 345  | 155.40
-54  | 2.3694  | 4.0535  | 46  | 100.939  | 146  | 4.27  | 246  | 37.14  | 346  | 157.34
-53  | 2.6917  | 4.5597  | 47  | 106.206  | 147  | 4.39  | 247  | 37.78  | 347  | 159.30
-52  | 3.0542  | 5.1231  | 48  | 111.708  | 148  | 4.51  | 248  | 38.43  | 348  | 161.28
-51  | 3.4618  | 5.7496  | 49  | 117.452  | 149  | 4.64  | 249  | 39.09  | 349  | 163.27
-50  | 3.9193  | 6.4454  | 50  | 123.4478  | 150  | 4.76  | 250  | 39.76  | 350  | 165.29
-49  | 4.4324  | 7.2174  | 51  | 129.7042  | 151  | 4.89  | 251  | 40.44  | 351  | 167.33
-48  | 5.0073  | 8.0729  | 52  | 136.2304  | 152  | 5.02  | 252  | 41.12  | 352  | 169.39
-47  | 5.6506  | 9.0201  | 53  | 143.0357  | 153  | 5.16  | 253  | 41.81  | 353  | 171.47
-46  | 6.3699  | 10.068  | 54  | 150.1298  | 154  | 5.29  | 254  | 42.52  | 354  | 173.58
-45  | 7.1732  | 11.225  | 55  | 157.5226  | 155  | 5.43  | 255  | 43.23  | 355  | 175.70
-44  | 8.0695  | 12.503  | 56  | 165.2243  | 156  | 5.58  | 256  | 43.95  | 356  | 177.85
-43  | 9.0685  | 13.911  | 57  | 173.2451  | 157  | 5.72  | 257  | 44.68  | 357  | 180.02
-42  | 10.181  | 15.463  | 58  | 181.5959  | 158  | 5.87  | 258  | 45.42  | 358  | 182.21
-41  | 11.419  | 17.170  | 59  | 190.2874  | 159  | 6.03  | 259  | 46.16  | 359  | 184.43
-40  | 12.794  | 19.048  | 60  | 199.3309  | 160  | 6.18  | 260  | 46.92  | 360  | 186.66
-39  | 14.321  | 21.110  | 61  | 208.7378  | 161  | 6.34  | 261  | 47.69  | 361  | 188.93
-38  | 16.016  | 23.372  | 62  | 218.5198  | 162  | 6.50  | 262  | 48.46  | 362  | 191.21
-37  | 17.893  | 25.853  | 63  | 228.6888  | 163  | 6.67  | 263  | 49.25  | 363  | 193.52
-36  | 19.973  | 28.570  | 64  | 239.2572  | 164  | 6.84  | 264  | 50.05  | 364  | 195.86
-35  | 22.273  | 31.544  | 65  | 250.2373  | 165  | 7.01  | 265  | 50.85  | 365  | 198.22
-34  | 24.816  | 34.795  | 66  | 261.6421  | 166  | 7.18  | 266  | 51.67  | 366  | 200.61
-33  | 27.624  | 38.347  | 67  | 273.4845  | 167  | 7.36  | 267  | 52.49  | 367  | 203.02
-32  | 30.723  | 42.225  | 68  | 285.7781  | 168  | 7.55  | 268  | 53.33  | 368  | 205.47
-31  | 34.140  | 46.453  | 69  | 298.5363  | 169  | 7.73  | 269  | 54.17  | 369  | 207.93
-30  | 37.903  | 51.060  | 70  | 311.7731  | 170  | 7.92  | 270  | 55.03  | 370  | 210.43
-29  | 42.046  | 56.077  | 71  | 325.5029  | 171  | 8.11  | 271  | 55.89  | 371  | 212.96
-28  | 46.601  | 61.534  | 72  | 339.7401  | 172  | 8.31  | 272  | 56.77  | 372  | 215.53
-27  | 51.607  | 67.466  | 73  | 354.4995  | 173  | 8.51  | 273  | 57.66  | 373  | 218.13
-26  | 57.104  | 73.909  | 74  | 369.7963  | 174  | 8.72  | 274  | 58.56  | 374  | 220.64
-25  | 63.134  | 80.902  | 75  | 385.6459  | 175  | 8.92  | 275  | 59.46  | 374.15  | 221.20
-24  | 69.745  | 88.485  | 76  | 402.0641  | 176  | 9.14  | 276  | 60.38  |  |
-23  | 76.987  | 96.701  | 77  | 419.0669  | 177  | 9.35  | 277  | 61.31  |  |
-22  | 84.914  | 105.60  | 78  | 436.6708  | 178  | 9.57  | 278  | 62.25  |  |
-21  | 93.584  | 115.22  | 79  | 454.8923  | 179  | 9.80  | 279  | 63.20  |  |
-20  | 103.06  | 125.63  | 80  | 473.7485  | 180  | 10.03  | 280  | 64.17  |  |
-19  | 113.41  | 136.88  | 81  | 493.2567  | 181  | 10.26  | 281  | 65.14  |  |
-18  | 124.70  | 149.01  | 82  | 513.4345  | 182  | 10.50  | 282  | 66.12  |  |
-17  | 137.02  | 162.11  | 83  | 534.3000  | 183  | 10.74  | 283  | 67.12  |  |
-16  | 150.44  | 176.23  | 84  | 555.8714  | 184  | 10.98  | 284  | 68.13  |  |
-15  | 165.06  | 191.44  | 85  | 578.1673  | 185  | 11.23  | 285  | 69.15  |  |
-14  | 180.97  | 207.81  | 86  | 601.2068  | 186  | 11.49  | 286  | 70.18  |  |
-13  | 198.27  | 225.43  | 87  | 625.0090  | 187  | 11.75  | 287  | 71.22  |  |
-12  | 217.07  | 244.37  | 88  | 649.5936  | 188  | 12.01  | 288  | 72.27  |  |
-11  | 237.49  | 264.72  | 89  | 674.9806  | 189  | 12.28  | 289  | 73.34  |  |
-10  | 259.66  | 286.57  | 90  | 701.1904  | 190  | 12.55  | 290  | 74.42  |  |
-9  | 283.69  | 310.02  | 91  | 728.2434  | 191  | 12.83  | 291  | 75.51  |  |
-8  | 309.75  | 335.16  | 92  | 756.1608  | 192  | 13.11  | 292  | 76.61  |  |
-7  | 337.97  | 362.10  | 93  | 784.9639  | 193  | 13.40  | 293  | 77.72  |  |
-6  | 368.52  | 390.95  | 94  | 814.6743  | 194  | 13.69  | 294  | 78.85  |  |
-5  | 401.58  | 421.84  | 95  | 845.3141  | 195  | 13.99  | 295  | 79.99  |  |
-4  | 437.31  | 454.88  | 96  | 876.9057  | 196  | 14.29  | 296  | 81.14  |  |
-3  | 475.92  | 490.19  | 97  | 909.4718  | 197  | 14.60  | 297  | 82.31  |  |
-2  | 517.62  | 527.93  | 98  | 943.0355  | 198  | 14.91  | 298  | 83.48  |  |
-1  | 562.62  | 568.22  | 99  | 977.6203  | 199  | 15.22  | 299  | 84.67  |  |
0  | 611.153  | 611.213  | 100  | 1013.25  | 200  | 15.55  | 300  | 85.88  |  |
Temp.
t in °C  | Pi(t) over ice
in Pa | Pw(t) over water
in Pa | Temp.
t in °C  | Pw(t) over water
in hPa | Temp.
t in °C  | P(t)
in bar | Temp.
t in °C  | P(t)
in bar | Temp.
t in °C  | P(t)
in bar

## References

[edit | edit source]

* Template:Nist
* Cook, R.L, Lucia, F.C.D, & Helminger, P. 1974, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 53, 62.

1. ↑ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. p 2623
2. ↑ P. Maksyutenko, T. R. Rizzo, and O. V. Boyarkin, Journal of Chemical Physics 125, 181101 (2006)
3. ↑ Griffiths, D. J. "Introduction to Electrodynamics," 3rd Ed. page 275. Prentice Hall, 1999
4. ↑ "Water and the Speed of Sound". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
5. ↑ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1199. Due to the old definition of liter used at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to g/cm³, by multiplying by 0.999973
6. ↑ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. page 2257
7. ↑ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1663
8. ↑ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1436
9. ↑ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1476
10. ↑ Martin Chaplin. "Water Phase Diagram". London South Bank University. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
11. ↑ Martin Chaplin. "Ionization of water". London South Bank University. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
12. ↑ Martin Chaplin. "Water Absorption Spectrum". London South Bank University. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
13. ↑ L.A. Guildner, D.P. Johnson und F.E. Jones (1976): Vapor pressure of Water at Its Triple Point. J. Res. NBS - A, Vol. 80A, No. 3, p. 505 - 521
14. ↑ Klaus Scheffler (1981): Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar (Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.] ISBN 3-540-10930-7
15. ↑ D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982): Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für Wasser und Eis. (Saturated Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
16. ↑ Ulrich Grigull, Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990): Steam Tables in SI-Units - Wasserdampftafeln. Springer-Verlagdima gmbh

## External links

[edit | edit source]

* Microwave Spectrum (by NIST)
* Compilation of proprties, with citations by Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University.

## Disclaimer

[edit | edit source]

Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure.

Disclaimer applies. hu:Víz (adattáblázat)