Waterborne diseases

WikiDoc Resources for Waterborne diseases

Articles

Most recent articles on Waterborne diseases

Most cited articles on Waterborne diseases

Review articles on Waterborne diseases

Articles on Waterborne diseases in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Waterborne diseases

Images of Waterborne diseases

Photos of Waterborne diseases

Podcasts & MP3s on Waterborne diseases

Videos on Waterborne diseases

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Waterborne diseases

Bandolier on Waterborne diseases

TRIP on Waterborne diseases

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Waterborne diseases at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Waterborne diseases

Clinical Trials on Waterborne diseases at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Waterborne diseases

NICE Guidance on Waterborne diseases

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Waterborne diseases

CDC on Waterborne diseases

Books

Books on Waterborne diseases

News

Waterborne diseases in the news

Be alerted to news on Waterborne diseases

News trends on Waterborne diseases

Commentary

Blogs on Waterborne diseases

Definitions

Definitions of Waterborne diseases

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Waterborne diseases

Discussion groups on Waterborne diseases

Patient Handouts on Waterborne diseases

Directions to Hospitals Treating Waterborne diseases

Risk calculators and risk factors for Waterborne diseases

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Waterborne diseases

Causes & Risk Factors for Waterborne diseases

Diagnostic studies for Waterborne diseases

Treatment of Waterborne diseases

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Waterborne diseases

International

Waterborne diseases en Espanol

Waterborne diseases en Francais

Business

Waterborne diseases in the Marketplace

Patents on Waterborne diseases

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Waterborne diseases

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Protozoal infections
* 3 Parasitic Infections
* 4 Bacterial infections
* 5 Viral Infections
* 6 Allergic infections
* 7 References
* 8 See also
* 9 External links

## Overview

[edit | edit source]

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. Contaminated drinking water used in the preparation of food can be the source of foodborne disease through consumption of the same microorganisms. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and is mostly concentrated on children in developing countries.[1]

Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites.

## Protozoal infections

[edit | edit source]

Disease and Transmission  | Microbial Agent  | Sources of Agent in Water Supply  | General Symptoms

|
|
|

Amebiasis (hand-to-mouth)  | Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytic) (Cyst-like appearance)  | Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply  | Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains
Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea
Cryptosporidiosis (oral)  | Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum)  | Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water.  | Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach
Cyclosporiasis | Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)  | Sewage, non-treated drinking water  | cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue
Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth)  | Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite  | Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia.  | Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains
Microsporidia | Protozoan (Microsporidiosis), but closely related to fungi | The genera of Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater, swimming pool via AIDS patients and the origin of drinking water [2] |

## Parasitic Infections

[edit | edit source]

Disease and Transmission  | Microbial Agent  | Sources of Agent in Water Supply  | General Symptoms

|
|
|

Schistosomiasis (immersion)  | Schistosoma  | Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes  | Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
dracunculiasis | dracanculus medinensis  | drinking water containing infective cyclops  | allergic reaction,urticarial rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, asthmatic attack.
taeniasis solium | taenia solium  | contaminate drinking water with eggs  | intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis
fasciolosis | fasciola  | contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria  | GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice.
hymenolepiasis nana | hymenolepis nana  | contaminated drinking water with eggs  | mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation
hyatidosis | echinococcus granulosus  | contaminated drinking water with eggs  | hyatid cyst press on bile ductand blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock.
coenurosis | multiceps multiceps  | contaminated drinking water with eggs  | inreases intacranial tension
ascraiasis | ascaris lumbricoides  | contaminated drinking water with eggs  | Loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,
enterobiasis | entrobius vermicularis  | contaminated drinking water with eggs  | peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia
Disease  | Morbidity
(cases per year)  | Mortality
(deaths per year)

|
|

1,500,000,000  | 100,000
Schistosomiasis  | 200,000,000  | 200,000

## Bacterial infections

[edit | edit source]

* Botulism \- Clostridium botulinum bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food

* Campylobacteriosis

* Cholera \- Vibrio cholerae bacteria - gastro-intestinal often waterborne

* Chronic granulomatous disease \- caused by the Mycobacterium marinum infection and localized in skin, frequently occurred with aquarium keepers [3].

* Diarrhoeal diseases \- caused by the water contamination of Cryptosporidium parvum [4].

* Dysentery \- Shigella/Salmonella bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water

* Legionellosis \- cause Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease

* Leptospirosis-

* Otitis externa

* Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

* Typhoid \- Salmonella typhi bacteria - gastro-intestinal water/food borne

* Vibrio illness caused by the bacteria of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus commonly found in seafood and recreational water [5].

## Viral Infections

[edit | edit source]

* Adenovirus infection \- its serotypes are typically waterborne [6].

* Astroviruses -

* Caliciviruses -

* Circoviruses \- its human form of Transfusion Transmitted Virus found in feces, saliva, skin and hair [2]

* Coronaviruses \- cause SARS and excreted in the feces [2]

* Enteric Adenoviruses -

* Hepatitis A - Hepatitis A virus - gastro-intestinal water/food borne

* Parvoviruses \- associated with Gastroenteritis [2].

* Picobimaviruses \- associated with Gastroenteritis in AIDS patients, children and elderlies [2].

* Polio - polioviruses - gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated

* Polyomaviruses \- its human form of JC virus cause Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and detected in sewage [2]

* Small Round Structured Virus

## Allergic infections

[edit | edit source]

* Hay fever \- a part of disease rate is associated with the high frequency of swimming pool attendance in childhood [7]
* Meningitis
* Trihalomethanes \- a byproduct of chlorinated water which will cause bladder cancer through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools [8].

## References

[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nwachuku, Nena. "Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter `|accessyear=` ignored (`|access-date=` suggested) (help); Unknown parameter `|coauthors=` ignored (help); Check date values in: `|accessdate=` (help)
3. ↑ Petrini, B. "Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections <internet>". Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter `|accessyear=` ignored (`|access-date=` suggested) (help); Check date values in: `|accessdate=` (help)
4. ↑ Nichols, Gordon. "Infection risks from water in natural and man-made environments <internet>". Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter `|accessyear=` ignored (`|access-date=` suggested) (help); Check date values in: `|accessdate=` (help)
5. ↑ Dziuban, Eric J.; et al. "Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water 
 United States, 2003--2004 <internet>". Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter `|accessyear=` ignored (`|access-date=` suggested) (help); Check date values in: `|accessdate=` (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
6. ↑ Nwachuku, Nena; et al. "Comparative inactivation of Adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection <internet>" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter `|accessyear=` ignored (`|access-date=` suggested) (help); Check date values in: `|accessdate=` (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
7. ↑ Kohlhammer, Y.; et al. "Swimming pool attendance and hay fever rates later in life <internet>". Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter `|accessyear=` ignored (`|access-date=` suggested) (help); Check date values in: `|accessdate=` (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
8. ↑ Villanueva, Cristina M.; et al. "Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools <internet>". American Journal of Epidemiology. Retrieved 17 August. Unknown parameter `|accessyear=` ignored (`|access-date=` suggested) (help); Check date values in: `|accessdate=` (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)

## See also

[edit | edit source]

* Drinking water
* Free-living amebic infection
* Portable water purification
* Public health
* Swimming pool sanitation
* Water pollution
* Water quality
* Water resources

## External links

[edit | edit source]

* ICS 91.140.60 Water supply systems \- A series of the ISO standards
* World Health Organization
* Center for Diseases Control U.S.
* Safe Water for International Travelers gives a rating of water safety worldwide
* Genome information on Shigella and Salmonella is available at the NIAID Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center (ERIC)

de:Wasserbürtige Krankheiten

Template:WS