Willow

Template:Alternateuses

willow trees

Weeping Willow

Scientific classification
| Kingdom:  | Plantae

|

Division:  | Magnoliophyta

Class:  | Magnoliopsida

Order:  | Malpighiales

Family:  | Salicaceae

Genus:  | Salix L.

Species

About 350, including:
Salix acutifolia \- Violet Willow
Salix alaxensis \- Alaska Willow
Salix alba \- White Willow
Salix alpina \- Alpine Willow
Salix amygdaloides \- Peachleaf Willow
Salix arbuscula \- Mountain Willow
Salix arbusculoides \- Littletree Willow
Salix arctica \- Arctic Willow
Salix atrocinerea
Salix aurita \- Eared Willow
Salix babylonica \- Peking Willow
Salix bakko
Salix barrattiana \- Barratt's Willow
Salix bebbiana \- Beaked Willow
Salix boothii \- Booth Willow
Salix bouffordii
Salix brachycarpa \- Barren-ground Willow
Salix cacuminis
Salix canariensis
Salix candida \- Sage Willow
Salix caprea \- Goat Willow
Salix caroliniana \- Coastal Plain Willow
Salix chaenomeloides
Salix chilensis
Salix cinerea \- Grey Sallow
Salix cordata
Salix daphnoides
Salix discolor \- Pussy Willow
Salix eastwoodiae \- Eastwood's Willow
Salix eleagnos
Salix eriocarpa
Salix eriocephala \- Heartleaf Willow
Salix excelsa
Salix exigua \- Sandbar Willow
Salix foetida
Salix fragilis \- Crack Willow
Salix futura
Salix geyeriana
Salix gilgiana
Salix glauca
Salix gooddingii \- Goodding Willow
Salix gracilistyla
Salix hainanica \- Hainan Willow
Salix helvetica \- Swiss Willow
Salix herbacea \- Dwarf Willow
Salix hirsuta
Salix hookeriana \- Hooker's Willow
Salix hultenii
Salix humboldtiana \- Chile Willow
Salix humilis \- Upland Willow
Salix integra
Salix interior
Salix japonica
Salix jessoensis
Salix koriyanagi
Salix kusanoi
Salix lanata \- Woolly Willow
Salix lapponum \- Downy Willow
Salix lasiandra \- Pacific Willow
Salix lasiolepis \- Arroyo Willow
Salix lucida \- Shining Willow
Salix magnifica
Salix matsudana \- Chinese Willow
Salix miyabeana
Salix mucronata
Salix myrtilloides \- Swamp Willow
Salix myrsinifolia \- Dark-leaved Willow
Salix myrsinites \- Whortle-leaved Willow
Salix nakamurana
Salix nigra \- Black Willow
Salix pedicellaris \- Bog Willow
Salix pentandra \- Bay Willow
Salix petiolaris \- Slender Willow
Salix phylicifolia \- Tea-leaved Willow
Salix planifolia\- Planeleaf Willow
Salix polaris \- Polar Willow
Salix pseudo-argentea
Salix purpurea \- Purple Willow
Salix pyrifolia \- Balsam Willow
Salix reinii
Salix repens \- Creeping Willow
Salix reticulata \- Net-leaved Willow
Salix retusa
Salix rorida
Salix rosmarinifolia \- Rosemary-leaved Willow
Salix rupifraga
Salix salicicola
Salix schwerinii
Salix scouleriana \- Scouler's Willow
Salix sericea \- Silky Willow
Salix serissaefolia
Salix serissima \- Autumn Willow
Salix shiraii
Salix sieboldiana
Salix sitchensis \- Sitka Willow
Salix subfragilis
Salix subopposita
Salix taraikensis
Salix tetrasperma
Salix thorelii
Salix triandra \- Almond Willow
Salix udensis
Salix viminalis \- Common Osier
Salix vulpina
Salix waldsteiniana
Salix wallichiana
Salix wilmsii
Salix woodii
Salix yezoalpina
Salix yoshinoi

The Willows are a family of trees and shrubs which differ greatly in size and habit of growth but are very much alike in other respects. There are about 350 species in this genus worldwide, found primarily on moist soils in cooler zones in the Northern Hemisphere. Willows are very cross-fertile and numerous hybrids are known, both naturally occurring and in cultivation.

Some smaller species may also be known by the common names osier and sallow; the latter name is derived from the same root as the Latin salix.

Some willows, particularly arctic and alpine species, are very small; the Dwarf Willow (Salix herbacea) rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though spreading widely across the ground.

The Weeping Willow, very widely planted as an ornamental tree, is a cultivar, Salix × sepulcralis 'Chrysocoma', derived from a hybrid between the Chinese Peking Willow and the European White Willow.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 1.1 Flowers
* 1.2 Fruit
* 2 Cultivation
* 3 Ecological issues
* 4 Uses
* 4.1 Medicinal uses
* 4.2 Other uses
* 5 Willow in human culture
* 6 Pictures
* 7 See also
* 8 External links
* 9 References

## Description

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The willows all have abundant watery juice, furrowed scaly bark which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, pliant, tough wood, slender branches and large fibrous often stoloniferious roots. These roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity of life.

The leaves are deciduous, often elongated but round to oval in a few species, and with a serrated margin. All the buds are lateral; no absolutely terminal bud is ever formed. These are covered by a single scale, inclosing at its base two minute opposite buds, alternate with two, small, scale-like, fugacious, opposite leaves. The leaves are alternate except the first pair which fall when about an inch long. They are simple, feather-veined, and typically linear-lanceolate. Usually they are serrate, rounded at base, acute or acuminate. In color they show a great variety of greens, ranging from yellow to blue.

### Flowers

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Willows are dioecious with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on different plants; the catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves or as the new leaves open. The petioles are short, the stipules often very conspicuous, looking like tiny round leaves and sometimes remaining for half the summer. On some species, however, they are small, inconspicuous, and fugacious.

The staminate flowers are without either calyx or corolla; they consist simply of stamens, in number varying from two to ten, accompanied by a nectariferous gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is itself borne on the rachis of a drooping raceme called a catkin, or ament. This scale is oval and entire and very hairy. The anthers are rose colored in the bud but orange or purple after the flower opens, they are two-celled and the cells open longitudinally. The filaments are threadlike, usually pale yellow, often hairy.

The pistillate flowers are also without calyx or corolla; and consist of a single ovary accompanied by a small flat gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is likewise borne on the rachis of a catkin. The ovary is one-celled, the style two-lobed, and the ovules numerous.

### Fruit

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The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous tiny (0.1 mm) seeds embedded in white down, which assists wind dispersal of the seeds. The fruit is a one-celled, two-valved, cylindrical, beaked capsule, containing many minute seeds which are furnished with long, silky, white hairs. The catkins appear before or with the leaves.

## Cultivation

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Almost all willows take root very readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground. There are a few exceptions, including the Goat Willow and Peachleaf Willow. One famous example of such growth from cuttings involves the poet Alexander Pope, who begged a twig from a parcel tied with twigs sent from Spain to Lady Suffolk. This twig was planted and thrived, and legend has it that all of England's Weeping Willows are descended from this first one [1].

Willows are often planted on the borders of streams in order that their interlacing roots may protect the bank against the action of the water. Frequently the roots are much larger than the stem which grows from them

## Ecological issues

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Willows are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species - see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Willows.

A number of willow species were widely planted in Australia in the distant, far-off past, notably as erosion control measures along watercourses. They are now regarded as an invasive weed and many catchment management authorities are removing them to be replaced with native trees [2].. [3].

## Uses

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### Medicinal uses

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The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt[1] as a remedy for aches and fever,[2] and the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about its medicinal properties in the 5th century BC. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments.

In 1763 its medicinal properties were observed by the Reverend Edward Stone in England. He notified the Royal Society who published his findings. The active extract of the bark, called salicin, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is acidic when in a saturated solution in water (pH = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason.

In 1897 Felix Hoffmann created a synthetically altered version of salicin (in his case derived from the Spiraea plant), which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The new drug, formally Acetylsalicylic acid, was named aspirin by Hoffmann's employer Bayer AG. This gave rise to the hugely important class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

### Other uses

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Uses as a plant
Agroforestry, Biofiltration, Constructed wetlands, Ecological wastewater treatment systems, Hedges, Land reclamation, Landscaping, Phytoremediation, Streambank stabilisation (bioengineering), Slope stabilisation, Soil erosion control, Shelterbelt & windbreak, Soil building, Soil reclamation, Wildlife habitat
Uses as energy source
Charcoal, Energy forestry such as the Willow Biomass Project
Uses of wood
Basket weaving, Box, Brooms, Cricket bats, Cradle boards, Chairs & furniture, Dolls, Fish traps, Flutes, Poles, Sweat lodges, toys, turnery, tool handles, Veneer, Wands, Wattle fences, Wattle and daub, whistles
Uses of wood-derived products
Fibre plants, Paper, Rope and string, Tannin

* As part of the four species used on the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.
* Living Willow Sculpture

## Willow in human culture

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Willow was famous subject in many East Asian nations' cultures. It captured in many poems of Koreans. Gisaeng Hongrang lived in the middle of the Joseon period wrote: like willow I will be the willow on your bedside. Hongrang wrote this poem by the willow in the rain in the evening which gave to her parting lover. [3]

## Pictures

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* Weeping Willow in Auckland, New Zealand

Weeping Willow in Auckland, New Zealand

* Salix herbacea, Dwarf Willow, Sweden

Salix herbacea, Dwarf Willow, Sweden

* Willow catkin (Salix discolor)

Willow catkin
(Salix discolor)

* Willow catkin (Salix caprea)

Willow catkin
(Salix caprea)

* Willow Leaves

Willow Leaves

## See also

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* Willow-herb is the common name of several species of Epilobium
* Seep willow is the common name of Baccharis salicifolia
* Aravah, the Hebrew name of the willow, for its use as a ritual during the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles
* Pyongyang, city of willow, North Korea's capital

## External links

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* Salix alba at plants for a future
* Salix purpurea at plants for a future
* 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica (but see this)
* Salix caroliniana images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
* Salix nigra images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu

## References

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* Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 393–395.
* Newsholme, C. (1992). Willows: The Genus Salix. ISBN 0-88192-565-9
* Warren-Wren, S.C. (1992). The Complete Book of Willows. ISBN 0-498-01262-X
* Reference for the story concerning Alexander Pope Extract from the Every day book by William Hone, (1826) quoting "Martyn" and the Saint James's Chronicle (1801).

* ↑ James Breasted (English translation). "The Edwin Smith Papyrus". Retrieved 2007-06-09.
* ↑ "An aspirin a day keeps the doctor at bay: The world's first blockbuster drug is a hundred years old this week". Retrieved 2007-06-09.
* ↑ "The Forest of Willows in Our Minds". Arirang TV. August 20th, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-September 10th. Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salix.

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