-monas

Suffix in microbiology

The suffix -monas is used in microbiology for many genera and is intended to mean "unicellular organism".

## Meaning

[edit]

The suffix -monas found in many genera in microbiology is similar in usage to -bacter, -bacillus, -coccus or -spirillum. The genera with the suffix are not a monophyletic group and the suffix is chosen over -bacter, often simply out of stylistic preferences to match with Greek words.

The first genus to be given the suffix -monas was Pseudomonas, a genus of gammaproteobacteria. The generic epithet Pseudomonas was coined by Walter Migula in 1894, who did not give an etymology.[1][2] Since the 7th edition of Bergey's manual (=top authority in bacterial nomenclature), other authors have given the etymology to be: Greek pseudēs (ψευδής, false) and monas (μονάς, single unit or monad), which can mean "false unit".[3] However, "false unit" conceptually does not make much sense, namely, it does not mean "an organism which may falsely appear as a single unit but it is not" as it is not found in multicellular chains nor was it ever described as such. One speculation is that the name was chosen simply out of aesthetics,[4] while the most plausible theory states that Migula intended it as false Monas,[4] a nanoflagellate protist (Chrysophyceae: Ochromonadales: Ochromonadaceae: Chrysomonadida: Ochromonadidae). Subsequently, the term "monas" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms.[4]

## Grammar

[edit]

Main article: Bacterial taxonomy

In English to make a vernacular name for members of a genus, i.e. trivialising the scientific name, the scientific name is taken and written with sentence case and in roman type (i.e. "standard") as opposed to uppercase italic, the plurals are generally constructed by adding an "s", regardless of Greco-Roman grammar. In the case of genera ending in monas the ending is changed to monad with plural -monads.[5] Example: a member of the genus Pseudomonas is a pseudomonad, while two are pseudomonads. The use of the stem for non-nominative cases is seen more often in botany, where trivialisation is more common, e.g. a bromeliad is a member of the genus Bromelia.

## Archaeal genera

[edit]

Genus  | Phylum  | Class  | Order  | Family

|
|
|
|

Natronomonas | Euryarchaeota | Halobacteria | Halobacteriales | Halobacteriaceae
Thermogymnomonas | Euryarchaeota | Thermoplasmata | Thermoplasmatales |

## Bacterial genera

[edit]

Genus  | Phylum  | Class  | Order  | Family

|
|
|
|

Acidomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodospirillales | Acetobacteraceae
Aeromonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Aeromonadaceae
Agromonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Nitrobacteraceae
Aidingimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Halomonadaceae
Albimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae
Alkalimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria |  |
Allomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Vibrionales | Vibrionaceae
Alteromonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Alteromonadaceae
Aminomonas | Synergistota | Synergistia | Synergistales | Synergistaceae
Aquimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Aquisalimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Chromatiales | Ectothiorhodospiraceae
Arenimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Arhodomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Chromatiales | Ectothiorhodospiraceae
Aspromonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Aurantimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Aurantimonadaceae
Azohydromonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Alcaligenaceae
Azomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae
Balneimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Nitrobacteraceae
Blastomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae
Brachymonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae
Brevundimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Caulobacterales | Caulobacteraceae
Butyricimonas | Bacteroidota | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae
Caenimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae
Caldimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae
Camelimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Beijerinckiaceae
Carnimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Halomonadaceae
Celerinatantimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Celerinatantimonadaceae
Cellulomonas | Actinomycetota | Actinomycetia | Actinomycetales | Cellulomonadaceae
Chitinimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Burkholderiaceae
Chryseomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae
Citreimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae
Cocleimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria |  |
Collimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Oxalobacteraceae
Comamonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae
Conglomeromonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodospirillales | Rhodospirillaceae
Dechloromonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Rhodocyclales | Rhodocyclaceae
Dehalogenimonas | Chloroflexota | Dehalococcoidetes |  |
Desulfomonas | Thermodesulfobacteriota | Desulfovibrionia | Desulfovibrionales | Desulfovibrionaceae
Desulfosalsimonas | Thermodesulfobacteriota | Desulfovibrionia | Desulfobacterales | Desulfobacteraceae
Desulfuromonas | Thermodesulfobacteriota | Desulfuromonadia | Desulfuromonadales | Desulfuromonadaceae
Dysgonomonas | Bacteroidota | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae
Endozoicomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Hahellaceae
Epilithonimonas | Bacteroidota | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae
Erythromonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae
Ferrimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Ferrimonadaceae
Filimonas | Bacteroidota | Sphingobacteria | Sphingobacteriales | Chitinophagaceae
Flagellimonas | Bacteroidota | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae
Flavimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae
Fulvimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Gallaecimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria |  |
Gemmatimonas | Gemmatimonadota | Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadales | Gemmatimonadaceae
Gracilimonas | Bacteroidota | Sphingobacteria | Sphingobacteriales | Chitinophagaceae
Halomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Halomonadaceae
Herminiimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Oxalobacteraceae
Hydrogenimonas | Campylobacterota | Campylobacteria | Campylobacterales | Hydrogenimonaceae
Hyphomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Caulobacterales | Hyphomonadaceae
Kistimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Hahellaceae
Kordiimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Kordiimonadales | Kordiimonadaceae
Lebetimonas | Campylobacterota | Nautiliia | Nautiliales | Nautiliaceae
Luteimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Lutimonas | Bacteroidota | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae
Macromonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae
Malonomonas | Thermodesulfobacteriota | Desulfuromonadia | Desulfuromonadales | Desulfuromonadaceae
Marinomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Oceanospirillaceae
Maritimimonas | Bacteroidota | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae
Marixanthomonas | Bacteroidota | Flavobacteria | Flavobacteriales | Flavobacteriaceae
Megamonas | Bacillota | Negativicutes | Selenomonadales | Veillonellaceae
Methylohalomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria |  |
Methylomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Methylococcales | Methylococcaceae
Miniimonas | Actinomycetota | Actinomycetia | Actinomycetales | Beutenbergiaceae
Neptunomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Oceanospirillaceae
Nitrosomonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Nitrosomonadales | Nitrosomonadaceae
Oceanimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Aeromonadaceae
Paraferrimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Ferrimonadaceae
Parapusillimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Alcaligenaceae
Parvimonas | Bacillota | Clostridia | Clostridiales |
Paucimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Burkholderiaceae
Pelomonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae
Petrimonas | Bacteroidota | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae
Pleomorphomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Methylocystaceae
Plesiomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Enterobacteriales | Enterobacteriaceae
Polaromonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Comamonadaceae
Porphyromonas | Bacteroidota | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Porphyromonadaceae
Propionicimonas | Actinomycetota | Actinomycetia | Actinomycetales | Propionibacteriaceae
Protomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Methylobacteriaceae
Pseudoalteromonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Pseudoalteromonadaceae
Pseudofulvimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Pseudomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae
Pseudoxanthomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Psychromonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Psychromonadaceae
Pusillimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Alcaligenaceae
Rhizomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae
Rhodopseudomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Nitrobacteraceae
Roseomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodospirillales | Acetobacteraceae
Rubrimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae
Rugamonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae
Salinarimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Nitrobacteraceae
Salinimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Alteromonadaceae
Sediminimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae
Selenomonas | Bacillota | Negativicutes | Selenomonadales | Veillonellaceae
Silanimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Silvimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Neisseriales | Neisseriaceae
Singularimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Sinobacteraceae
Sinomonas | Actinomycetota | Actinomycetia | Actinomycetales | Micrococcaceae
Solimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria |  |
Sphingomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae
Stenotrophomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Succinatimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Succinivibrionaceae
Succinimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Succinivibrionaceae
Sulfurimonas | Campylobacterota | Campylobacteria | Campylobacterales | Helicobacteraceae
Syntrophomonas | Bacillota | Clostridia | Clostridiales | Syntrophomonadaceae
Tepidimonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales |
Terrimonas | Bacteroidota | Sphingobacteria | Sphingobacteriales | Chitinophagaceae
Thalassomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Alteromonadales | Colwelliaceae
Thermanaeromonas | Bacillota | Clostridia | Thermoanaerobacterales | Thermoanaerobacteraceae
Thermomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Thiohalomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria |  |
Thiomonas | Pseudomonadota | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales |
Tolumonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Aeromonadales | Aeromonadaceae
Tranquillimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae
Tropicimonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhodobacterales | Rhodobacteraceae
Wohlfahrtiimonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Xanthomonas | Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Xanthomonadales | Xanthomonadaceae
Xylanimonas | Actinomycetota | Actinomycetia | Actinomycetales | Promicromonosporaceae
Zymomonas | Pseudomonadota | Alphaproteobacteria | Sphingomonadales | Sphingomonadaceae

## See also

[edit]

* -bacter

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Migula, W. (1894) Über ein neues System der Bakterien. Arb Bakteriol Inst Karlsruhe 1: 235–328.
2. ^ Migula, W. (1900) System der Bakterien, Vol. 2. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
3. ^ Pseudomonas in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612\. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
4. ^ a b c Palleroni, N. J. (2010). "The Pseudomonas Story". Environmental Microbiology. 12 (6): 1377–1383\. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02041.x. PMID 20553550.
5. ^ Buchanan, R. E. (1955). "Taxonomy". Annual Review of Microbiology. 9: 1–20\. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.09.100155.000245. PMID 13259458.