14 July Revolution

Iraqi military coup in 1958

For other uses, see July Revolution (disambiguation).

This article is about 1958 overthrow of the monarchy in Iraq. For the French Revolution event, see Storming of the Bastille.

Iraqi revolution

Part of the Arab Cold War

Abdul Salam Arif and Abd al-Karim Qasim, the leaders of the revolution
| Date| 14 July 1958

|

Location|

Iraq

Result|

Free Officers Victory

* Overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy
* Death of King Faisal II and his family
* Execution of Prince Abd al-Ilah
* Execution of Prime Minister Nuri al-Said
* End of the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq
* End of the Arab Federation
* Establishment of the Iraqi Republic

Belligerents

Arab Federation

* Kingdom of Iraq
* Royal Guard

Supported by:
Kingdom of Jordan|

Free Officers

* 19th Brigade
* 20th Brigade

Commanders and leaders
King Faisal II
Prince Abd al-Ilah
Nuri al-Said
Ibrahim Hashem X|  Abd al-Karim Qasim
Abdul Salam Arif
Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i
Rifaat-Mustafa Al-Haj Sirri
Nadhim Al-Tabakjali
Strength
15,000 troops
Casualties and losses

3 US citizens killed[1]
Number of Jordanian officials killed

Total: ~100 killed[citation needed]
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The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi military coup, was a coup d'état that took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, resulting in the toppling of King Faisal II and the overthrow of the Hashemite-led Kingdom of Iraq. The Iraqi Republic established in its wake ended the Hashemite Arab Federation between Iraq and Jordan that had been established just six months earlier.

The Kingdom of Iraq had been a hotbed of Arab nationalism since the Second World War. Unrest mounted amid economic malaise and widespread disapproval of Western influence, which was exacerbated by the formation of the Baghdad Pact in 1955, as well as Faisal's support of the British-led invasion of Egypt during the Suez Crisis. Prime Minister Nuri al-Said's policies were unpopular, particularly within the military ranks. Opposition groups began to organize in secret, modelling themselves after the Egyptian Free Officers Movement that overthrew the Egyptian monarchy in 1952. Pan-Arabic sentiment in Iraq was further bolstered by the creation of the United Arab Republic in February 1958 under the leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser, a staunch proponent of anti-imperialist causes.

In July 1958, units of the Royal Iraqi Army were dispatched to Jordan in support of King Hussein. A group of Iraqi Free Officers, led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim and Colonel Abdul Salam Arif, took advantage of the opportunity and instead marched on Baghdad. On 14 July, revolutionary forces seized control of the capital and proclaimed a new republic, headed by a Revolutionary Council. King Faisal and Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah were executed at the royal Al-Rehab Palace, bringing an end to the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq. Prime Minister al-Said attempted to flee but was captured and shot a day later. After the coup, Qasim assumed the position of Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, while Arif was named Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior. A provisional constitution was adopted in late July. By March 1959, the new Iraqi government had withdrawn from the Baghdad Pact and aligned itself with the Soviet Union.

## Pre-coup grievances

[edit]

### Regional disturbances

[edit]

During the Second World War, Iraq was home to a growing number of Arab nationalists. They aimed, in part, to remove British imperial influence in Iraq.[2] This sentiment grew from a politicised educational system in Iraq and an increasingly assertive and educated middle class.[3] Schools served as instruments to internalise Pan-Arab nationalist identity as the leaders and the designers of the Iraqi educational system in the 1920s and 1930s were Pan-Arab nationalists who made a significant contribution to the expansion of that ideology in Iraq as well as the rest of the Arab world.[3] The two directors of the educational system in Iraq, Sami Shawkat and Fadhil al-Jamal, employed teachers who were political refugees from Palestine and Syria.[3] These exiles fled to Iraq because of their roles in anti-British and anti-French protests, and subsequently fostered Arab nationalist consciousness in their Iraqi students.[3] The growing general awareness of Arab identity led to anti-imperialism.

Similarly, Pan-Arab sentiment grew across the Arab world and was promoted by Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, a rising politician and staunch opponent of imperialism. Hashemite Iraq faced and confronted these sentiments as well. Nuri al-Said, the Iraqi Prime Minister during most of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, was interested in pursuing the idea of a federation of Arab States of the Fertile Crescent, but was less enthusiastic about a Pan-Arab state. Al-Said brought Iraq into the Arab League in 1944, seeing it as a forum for bringing together the Arab states while leaving the door open for a possible future federation.[4] The League's charter enshrined the principle of autonomy for each Arab state and referenced pan-Arabism only rhetorically.

### Economic climate

[edit]

The Iraqi economy fell into a recession and then a depression following the Second World War; inflation was uncontrolled and the Iraqi standard of living fell.[5] Al-Said and the Arab Nationalist regent, Abd al-Ilah, were continually in opposition to each other, failing to agree on a cohesive economic policy, infrastructure improvements, or other internal reforms.[5]

In 1950, al-Said persuaded the Iraqi Petroleum Company to increase the royalties paid to the Iraqi government. Al-Said looked to the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq's growing oil revenues to fund and propel development.[6] He determined that 70 percent of Iraq's revenue from oil was to be set aside for infrastructure development by a Development Board with three foreign advisors out of six total members. This foreign presence provoked popular disapproval of al-Said's policy.[7] Despite anti-Western sentiments toward oil and development, al-Said hired Lord Salter, a British economist and former politician, to investigate the prospects for development in Iraq because al-Said's oil revenue reallocation seemed to be ineffective.[8] Lord Salter continued to make suggestions[9] as to how to implement development projects despite massive Iraqi dislike of his presence.

### Political grievances

[edit]

During the Second World War, the British reoccupied Iraq. In 1947 prime minister Salih Jabr negotiated British withdrawal, formalised on 15 January 1948 by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (also known as the Portsmouth Treaty). This agreement included a British and Iraqi joint defence board to oversee Iraqi military planning, and the British continued to control Iraqi foreign affairs.[10] Iraq was still tied to Great Britain for military supplies and training. This 25-year treaty was to last until 1973—a duration that Arab nationalists in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq could not accept.[11] As a strong reaction to the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1948, Arab nationalists led the Wathbah Rebellion a year later in protest of the continued British presence in Iraq.[8] Al-Said repudiated the Portsmouth Treaty to appease the rebellious Iraqi and Arab nationalists.[8]

In 1955, Iraq entered into the Baghdad Pact with Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. The pact was a defence agreement between the four nations and was endorsed by the UK and the United States as an anti-communist Cold War strategy, but was greatly resented by Iraqis in general.[12] Egypt saw the Baghdad Pact as a provocation and a challenge to its regional dominance. In 1956, when Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were further strained. When British, French and Israelis invaded Egypt, Iraq, as a British ally, had to support the invasion.[12] The fact that imperial ties dragged Iraq into supporting this invasion of Arab lands led to wide disapproval across the Iraqi populace, which largely sympathised with Egypt and responded to pan-Arab ideology. It felt that the invasion of Egypt was another sign of Western aggression and dominance in the region.[12]

Similarly, when Egypt and Syria united to form the United Arab Republic (UAR) under the banner of pan-Arabism in 1958, Iraqi politicians found themselves in a vulnerable position. Iraqi leaders had no interest in uniting with Egypt and instead proposed and ratified their own pan-Arab union with Hashemite Jordan in May 1958.[12] Great Britain and the United States openly supported this union, but many Iraqis were suspicious of its purpose and regarded the Hashemite Arab Federation as another "tool of their Western overlord".[12]

### Precursors

[edit]

The primary goal of the coup was to liberate Iraq from its imperial ties with the British and the United States. The Western powers dominated all sectors of Iraqi governance: national politics and reform, regional politics with its Arab and non-Arab neighbours, and economic policies. As a general rule, many Iraqis were resentful of the presence of Western powers in the region, especially the British. Furthermore, Hashemite monarchic rule could not be divorced from the image of imperial masters behind the monarchy. The monarchy had struggled to maintain power during the Al-Wathbah uprising in 1948 and the Iraqi Intifada of 1952.[citation needed]

### Discord mounts

[edit]

A growing number of educated élites in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq were becoming enamoured with the ideals espoused by Nasser's pan-Arab movement. The ideas of qawmiyah (Nationalism) found many willing adherents, particularly within the officer classes of the Iraqi military. Al-Said's policies were considered anathema by certain individuals within the Iraqi armed forces, and opposition groups began to form, modelled on the Egyptian Free Officers Movement that had overthrown the Egyptian monarchy in 1952.

Despite al-Said's efforts to quell growing unrest within the military ranks (such as economic programmes designed to benefit the officer class, and brokering deals with the U.S. to supply the Iraqi military),[13] his position was significantly weakened by the events of the Suez Crisis. Al-Said suffered for his association with Britain; the latter's role in the Crisis seeming a damning indictment of his wataniyah policies.[14] Despite al-Said's efforts to distance himself from the crisis, the damage was done to his position. Iraq became isolated within the Arab world, as highlighted by its exclusion from the "Treaty of Arab Solidarity" in January 1957.[15] The Suez Crisis benefited Nasser's pan-Arab cause while simultaneously undermining those Arab leaders who followed pro-Western policy. Al-Said's policies fell firmly within the latter camp, and covert opposition to his government steadily grew in the wake of Suez.

### Building to a crisis

[edit]

On 1 February 1958, Egypt and Syria boosted the pan-Arab movement immeasurably with the announcement that they had united as the United Arab Republic (UAR).[16] The move was a catalyst for a series of events that culminated in revolution in Iraq. The formation of the UAR and Nasser's lofty rhetoric calling for a united Arab world galvanised pan-Arabism in both the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Their governments attempted something of a response with the creation of the Hashemite Arab Federation on 14 February[17]—a union of the two states—but few were impressed by this knee-jerk reaction to the UAR.

The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) joined the UAR soon after its formation. Attention then shifted to Lebanon, where Syria sponsored the Arab nationalist movement in its civil war campaign against the pro-Western government of Camille Chamoun.[18] Al-Said recognised that Chamoun's defeat would leave Iraq and Jordan isolated. He bolstered Chamoun's government with aid throughout May and June 1958.[18] More fatefully, he attempted to bolster Jordan with units from the Royal Iraqi Army, a move that was a direct catalyst for the coup d'état.

## The coup

[edit]

Leaders of the 14 July 1958 revolution in Iraq, including Khaled al-Naqshabendi (front row, left), Abd as-Salam Arif (back row, second from left), Abd al-Karim Qasim (back row, third from left) and Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i (back row, fifth from left). Also included is Michel Aflaq (front row, first from right).

On 14 July 1958, a group that identified as the Free Officers, a secret military group led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim, overthrew the monarchy. This group was markedly Pan-Arab in character. King Faisal II, Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Said were all killed.[19]

The mutilated corpses of Prince 'Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz (left) and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said (right). Arabic text: "Prince 'Abd al-Ilah hung and cut up by shawerma knives, Pasha Nuri al-Said pulled around."

The Free Officers were inspired by and modelled after the Egyptian Free Officers who overthrew the Egyptian monarchy in 1952.[12] They represented all parties and cut across political factions.[20] Qasim was a member of the generation that had launched the revolution in Egypt, and had grown up in an era where radicalism and pan-Arabism were circulating in schools, including high schools and military academies.[21] As a group, most of the Free Officers were Sunni Arabs who came from a modern middle class.[22] The Free Officers were inspired by a number of events in the Middle East the decade before 1952. The 1948 war against Israel was an experience that intensified the Egyptian Free Officers' sense of duty.[21] They understood their mission as deposing the corrupt regimes that had weakened a unified Arab nation and thrown their countries into distress.[21] The success of the Free Officers in overthrowing the Egyptian monarchy and seizing power in 1952 made Nasser a source of inspiration too.[21][additional citation(s) needed]

The Iraqi Free Officer group was an underground organization, and much of the planning and timing rested in the hands of Qasim and his associate, Colonel Abdul Salam Arif.[22] The Free Officers sought to ensure Nasser's support and the assistance of the UAR to implement the revolt because they feared the members of the Baghdad Pact would subsequently overthrow the Free Officers as a reaction to the coup.[21] Nasser only offered moral support, whose material significance remained vague, so Egypt had no practical role in the Iraqi revolution.[21]

The dispatching of Iraqi army units to Jordan played into the hands of two of the key members of the Iraqi Free Officers movement: Arif and the movement's leader, Qasim. The Iraqi 19th and 20th Brigades of the 3rd Division (Iraq) (the former under Qasim's command and the latter including Arif's battalion) were dispatched to march to Jordan, along a route that passed Baghdad. The opportunity for a coup was seized upon by the conspirators.

Arif marched on Baghdad with the 20th Brigade and seized control of the capital, with the help of Colonel Abd al-Latif al-Darraji, while Qasim remained in reserve with the 19th at Jalawla.[23]

In the early hours of 14 July, Arif seized control of Baghdad's broadcasting station, which was soon to become the coup's headquarters, and broadcast the first announcement of the revolution. Arif "denounced imperialism and the clique in office; proclaimed a new republic and the end of the old regime...announced a temporary sovereignty council of three members to assume the duties of the presidency; and promised a future election for a new president".[23]

Arif then dispatched two detachments from his regiment, one to al-Rahab Palace to deal with King Faisal II and the Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, the other to Nuri al-Said's residence. Despite the presence of the crack Royal Guard at the Palace, no resistance was offered, by order of the Crown Prince. It is uncertain what orders were given to the palace detachment, and what level of force they detailed.

At approximately 8:00 am the King, Crown Prince, Princess Hiyam ('Abd al-Ilah's wife), Princess Nafeesa ('Abd al-Ilah's mother), Princess Abadiya (Faisal's aunt), other members of the Iraqi Royal Family, and several servants were killed or wounded as they were leaving the palace.[24] Only Princess Hiyam survived, although how and why is unclear. With their demise, the Iraqi Hashemite dynasty ended. Meanwhile, al-Said temporarily slipped the net of his would-be captors by escaping across the Tigris after being alerted by the sound of gunfire.

By noon, Qasim arrived in Baghdad with his forces and set up headquarters in the Ministry of Defence building. The conspirators' attention then shifted to finding al-Said, lest he escape and undermine the coup's early success. A reward of 10,000 Iraqi dinars was offered for his capture,[25] and a large-scale search began. On 15 July he was spotted in a street in the al-Battawin quarter of Baghdad attempting to escape disguised in a woman's abaya.[26] Al-Said and his accomplice were both shot, and his body was buried in the cemetery at Bab al-Mu'azzam later that evening.[23]

Mob violence continued even in the wake of al-Said's death. Spurred by Arif to liquidate traitors,[24] uncontrollable mobs took to the streets of Baghdad. The body of 'Abd al-Ilah was taken from the palace, mutilated and dragged through the streets, and finally hanged outside the Ministry of Defence. Several foreign nationals, including Jordanian and American citizens, staying at the Baghdad Hotel were killed by the mob. Mass mob violence did not die down until Qasim imposed a curfew, which still did not prevent the disinterment, mutilation and parading of Al-Said's corpse through the streets the day after its burial.[27]

## Aftermath

[edit]

### Immediate effects

[edit]

Crowd of men and soldiers in downtown Amman, Jordan, watching a news report about the deposition, 14 July 1958

Abd al-Karim Qasim's sudden coup took the U.S. government by surprise. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director Allen Dulles told President Dwight D. Eisenhower that he believed Nasser was behind it. Dulles also feared that a chain reaction would occur throughout the Middle East and that the governments of Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran would be doomed.[28] The Hashemite monarchy represented a reliable ally of the Western world in thwarting Soviet advances, so the coup compromised Washington's position in the Middle East.[28] Indeed, the Americans saw it in epidemiological terms.[29]

Qasim reaped the greatest reward, being named Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. Arif became Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior, and deputy Commander in Chief.[28]

Thirteen days after the revolution, a temporary constitution was announced, pending a permanent organic law to be promulgated after a free referendum. According to the document, Iraq was a republic and a part of the Arab nation and the official state religion was listed as Islam. Both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies were abolished. Powers of legislation were vested in the Council of Ministers, with the approval of the Sovereignty Council; the executive function was also vested in the Council of Ministers.[28]

### 1959 instability

[edit]

Main article: 1959 Mosul uprising

On 9 March 1959, The New York Times reported that the situation in Iraq was initially "confused and unstable, with rival groups competing for control. Cross currents of communism, Arab and Iraqi nationalism, anti-Westernism and the 'positive neutrality' of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the United Arab Republic have been affecting the country."[30]

The new Iraqi Republic was headed by a Revolutionary Council.[31] At its head was a three-man sovereignty council, composed of members of Iraq's three main communal/ethnic groups. Muhammad Mahdi Kubbah represented the Shi'a population; Khalid al-Naqshabandi, the Kurds; and Najib al Rubay’i, the Sunni population.[32] This tripartite council assumed the role of the presidency. A cabinet was created, composed of a broad spectrum of Iraqi political movements, including two National Democratic Party representatives, one member of al-Istiqlal, one Ba'ath representative and one Marxist.[32]

By March 1959, Iraq withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and created alliances with left-leaning countries and communist countries, including the Soviet Union.[33] Because of their agreement with the USSR, Qasim's government allowed the formation of an Iraqi Communist Party.[33]

### Allegations of human rights violations

[edit]

Academic and member of the Iraqi opposition Kanan Makiya compared the trials of political dissidents under the Iraqi monarchy, Qasim's government, and Ba'athist Iraq, concluding: "A progressive degradation in the quality of each spectacle is evident."[34]

## See also

[edit]

* 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
* 1957 alleged Jordanian military coup attempt
* February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
* Democratic July 14 Movement
* List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

## References

[edit]

Notes

1. ^ Romero 2011, p. 112.
2. ^ Hunt 2005, p. 72.
3. ^ a b c d Eppel 1998, p. 233.
4. ^ Tripp 2007, p. 115.
5. ^ a b Hunt 2005, p. 73.
6. ^ Tripp 2007, p. 124.
7. ^ Tripp 2007, p. 125.
8. ^ a b c Tripp 2007, p. 134.
9. ^ Salter, A., and S. W. Payton. The development of Iraq; a plan of action by Lord Salter, assisted by S.W. Payton. 1955. London: Caxton, for the Iraq Development Board
10. ^ Eppel 2004, p. 74.
11. ^ Tripp 2007, p. 117.
12. ^ a b c d e f Hunt 2005, p. 75.
13. ^ Hunt 2005, p. 108.
14. ^ Hunt 2005, p. 109; Barnett 1998, p. 127.
15. ^ Barnett 1998, p. 128.
16. ^ Barnett 1998, p. 129.
17. ^ Barnett 1998, p. 131.
18. ^ a b Simons 2003, pp. 249–51.
19. ^ Tripp 2007, p. 142.
20. ^ Tripp 2007, p. 142; Hunt 2005, p. 76.
21. ^ a b c d e f Eppel 2004, p. 151.
22. ^ a b Eppel 2004, p. 152.
23. ^ a b c Marr 2003, p. 156.
24. ^ a b Marr 2003, p. ?.
25. ^ Marr 2003, p. 157.
26. ^ Simons 2003, p. 252.
27. ^ Simons 2003, p. 252: "At first he [Said] was buried in a shallow grave but later the body was dug up and repeatedly run over by municipal buses, 'until, in the words of a horror-struck eyewitness, it resembled bastourma, an Iraqi [pressed] sausage meat'."
28. ^ a b c d Mufti 2003, p. 173.
29. ^ As in Kuwait for example: "The situation in Kuwait is very shaky as a result of the coup in Iraq, and there is a strong possibility that the revolutionary infection will spread there." See Keefer, Edward C.; LaFantasie, Glenn W., eds. (1993). "Special National Intelligence Estimate: The Middle East Crisis. Washington, July 22, 1958". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Volume XII: Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula. Washington, DC: Department of State. p. 90.

The frantic Anglo-American reaction to the developments in Iraq, which Allen Dulles asserted was "primarily a UK responsibility", makes for an interesting read, beginning here.

30. ^ Hailey, Foster (9 March 1959). "Iraqi Army Units Opposing Kassim Rebel in Oil Area". The New York Times. L3.
31. ^ Simons 2003, p. 220
32. ^ a b Marr 2003, p. 158.
33. ^ a b Hunt 2005, p. 76.
34. ^ Makiya, Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition. University of California Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780520921245.

Bibliography

* Barnett, Michael N. (1998). Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10918-5.
* Eppel, Michael (1998). "The Elite, the Effendiyya, and the Growth of Nationalism and Pan-Arabism in Hashemite Iraq, 1921–1958". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 30 (2): 227–250\. doi:10.1017/s0020743800065880. JSTOR 164701. S2CID 163021316.227-250&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163021316#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/164701#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/s0020743800065880&rft.aulast=Eppel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:14+July+Revolution" class="Z3988">
* Eppel, Michael (2004). Iraq from Monarchy to Tyranny: From the Hashemites to the Rise of Saddam. Tallahassee: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2736-4.
* Farouk-Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2003) [1990]. Iraq since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship (3rd ed.). London & New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-317-0.
* Hunt, Courtney (2005). The History of Iraq. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33414-6.
* Marr, Phebe (2003). The Modern History of Iraq (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813336152.
* Mufti, Malik (2003). "The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism". In David W. Lesch, ed., The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment (4th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 168–187\. ISBN 978-0813343495.168-187&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0813343495&rft.aulast=Mufti&rft.aufirst=Malik&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMytngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:14+July+Revolution" class="Z3988">
* Romero, Juan (2011). The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: A Revolutionary Quest for Unity and Security. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761852582.
* Simons, Geoff (2003). Iraq: From Sumer to Post-Saddam. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917706.
* Tripp, Charles (2007). A History of Iraq (3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521702478.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Choueiri, Youssef M.; Arab Nationalism: A History Blackwell 2000
* Cleveland, William L.; A History of the Modern Middle East Westview Press 1994
* Dawisha, Adeed: Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair Princeton University Press 2003
* Kedourie, Elie; Politics in the Middle East Oxford University Press 1997
* Lewis, Roger and Owen, Roger (editors); A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958 I.B. Tauris 2002
* Polk, William R.; Understanding Iraq I.B. Tauris 2006
* Watry, David M. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.

## External links

[edit]

* "Revolt in Baghdad". Time Magazine. 21 July 1958. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
* "In One Swift Hour". Time Magazine. 28 July 1958. Retrieved 27 July 2009.

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* Rio Pact
* Non-Aligned Movement

1940s|

* Morgenthau Plan
* Hukbalahap rebellion
* Jamaican political conflict
* Dekemvriana
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Operation Priboi
* Operation Jungle
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* Cursed soldiers
* Operation Unthinkable
* Gouzenko Affair
* Division of Korea
* Indonesian National Revolution
* Operation Masterdom
* Operation Beleaguer
* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Greek Civil War
* Baruch Plan
* Corfu Channel incident
* Turkish Straits crisis
* Restatement of Policy on Germany
* First Indochina War
* 1947 Polish parliamentary election
* Truman Doctrine
* Asian Relations Conference
* May 1947 crises
* Partition of India
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Marshall Plan
* Comecon
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
* Annexation of Hyderabad
* Madiun Affair
* Western betrayal
* Iron Curtain
* Eastern Bloc
* Western Bloc
* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Malayan Emergency
* March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
* Operation Valuable

1950s|

* Bamboo curtain
* McCarthyism
* Korean War
* Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
* 1952 Egyptian revolution
* Iraqi Intifada (1952)
* Mau Mau rebellion
* East German uprising of 1953
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Pact of Madrid
* Bricker Amendment
* 1954 Syrian coup d'état
* Petrov Affair
* Domino theory
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
* Capture of the Tuapse
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Algerian War
* Kashmir Princess
* Bandung Conference
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Vietnam War
* Cyprus Emergency
* "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences"
* 1956 Poznań protests
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Polish October
* Suez Crisis
* "We will bury you"
* Operation Gladio
* Syrian Crisis of 1957
* Sputnik crisis
* Ifni War
* Iraqi 14 July Revolution
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Laotian Civil War
* Kitchen Debate
* Cuban Revolution
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* Sino-Soviet split
* Night Frost Crisis

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* John F. Kennedy
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Berlin Wall
* Annexation of Goa
* Papua conflict
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Sand War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Angolan War of Independence
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen civil war
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar War
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* Revolutionary Government
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* New People's Army rebellion
* Note Crisis

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Cambodian Civil War
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1970 Polish protests
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1971 Bolivian coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* First Yemenite War
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
* Siege of Dhaka (1975)
* Sipahi-Janata revolution
* Angolan Civil War
* Cambodian genocide
* June 1976 protests
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Sino-Albanian split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Cambodian conflict
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan War
* Second Yemenite War
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Gdańsk Agreement
* Solidarity
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Martial law in Poland
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen civil war
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation Denver
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* Operation RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Conservatism
* American conservatism
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid
* Finlandization

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Radio Moscow
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* M. E. Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Pax Atomica
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

1910s|

* Italo-Turkish War
* World War I
* Middle Eastern theatre
* Battle of Robat Karim
* Arab Revolt
* Armenian genocide
* Assyrian genocide
* Mount Lebanon starvation
* Unification of Saudi Arabia
* Simko Shikak revolt
* 1919 Egyptian revolution
* Turkish War of Independence
* Anglo-Turkish War
* Al-Jazeera Front
* Greco-Turkish War
* Turkish–Armenian War
* Franco-Turkish War
* Revolts
* United States
* Mahmud Barzanji revolts

1920s|

* Franco-Syrian War
* Iraqi Revolt (1920)
* Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
* Adwan Rebellion
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan
* Great Syrian Revolt
* Sheikh Said rebellion

1930s|

* Ararat rebellion
* Ahmed Barzani revolt
* Simele massacre
* Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)
* Goharshad Mosque rebellion
* 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
* 1935 Yazidi revolt
* 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
* Dersim rebellion

1940s|

* World War II
* Italian bombing of Palestine
* Allied invasion of Iraq
* Syria–Lebanon campaign
* Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
* 1943 Barzani revolt
* Al-Waziri coup
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Arab–Israeli conflict
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* Suez Crisis
* 1967 Six-Day War
* 1973 Yom Kippur War
* 1982 Lebanon War

1950s|

* 1952 Egyptian revolution
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Cyprus Emergency
* Suez Crisis
* Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* 1958 Iraqi revolution
* 1959 Mosul uprising

1960s|

* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Dhofar Rebellion
* North Yemen civil war
* Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
* Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
* Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
* Aden Emergency
* 1964 Hama riot
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* 1948 Palestine war
* First Intifada
* Second Intifada
* 1965 Sharjawi coup d'état
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* 1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt

1970s|

* Black September in Jordan
* 1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
* Yemenite War of 1972
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* Shatt al-Arab clashes
* Lebanese Civil War
* Political violence in Turkey
* Islamist uprising in Syria
* 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
* NDF Rebellion
* Yemenite War of 1979
* Iranian revolution
* Consolidation of the Iranian revolution
* 1979 Qatif Uprising
* Grand Mosque seizure
* 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq

1980s|

* Iran–Iraq War
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict
* Turkey–PKK conflict
* South Yemen civil war
* 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
* 1986 Damascus bombings
* 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
* Mecca massacre
* Abu Nidal's executions

1990s|

* Gulf War (1990–1991)
* 1991 Iraqi uprisings
* Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
* Yemeni civil war (1994)
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
* Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
* Operation Desert Fox
* al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq

2000s|

* Iraq War
* Balochi insurgency in Iran
* 2004 Qamishli riots
* Houthi insurgency in Yemen
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* 2006 Lebanon War
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* South Yemen insurgency

2010s|

* 2011 Bahraini uprising
* Egyptian Crisis
* Sinai insurgency
* Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish involvement in Syria
* Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
* Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
* Yemeni crisis
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

2020s|

* 2021 Beirut clashes
* Gaza war
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
* Red Sea crisis

This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

* v
* t
* e

Protests and coups in Iraq

OETA (1918–1920) |

* 1919 Mahmud Barzanji revolt

Mandatory Iraq (1920–1932) |

* 1920 Iraqi Revolution

Kingdom of Iraq (1921–1958) |

* 1922 Mahmud Barzanji revolt
* 1931–1932 Ahmed Barzani revolt
* 1933 Simele massacre
* 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
* 1936 Iraqi coup d'état
* 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
* 1943 Barzani revolt
* 1948 Al-Wathbah uprising
* 14 July Revolution (1958)

Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) |

* 1959 Mosul uprising
* Ramadan Revolution (1963)
* November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
* 1965 Iraqi coup d'état attempt
* 1966 Iraqi coup d'état attempt
* 17 July Revolution (1968)

Republic of Iraq (1968–2003) |

* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
* 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
* 1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq
* 1991 Iraqi uprisings
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
* 1996 Iraqi coup d'état attempt
* 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq

Republic of Iraq (since 2003) |

* 2011 Iraqi protests
* 2011 Duhok riots
* 2012–2013 Iraqi protests
* 2015–2018 Iraqi protests
* 2019–2021 Iraqi protests
* 2020 Kurdish protests in Sulaymaniyah Governorate

* v
* t
* e

Arab nationalism

Ideology|

* Arab socialism
* Arab-Islamic nationalism
* Ba'athism
* Nasserism
* Pan-Arabism
* Third International Theory

History|

* Arab Revolt
* Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
* 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
* Iraqi Revolt
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan
* 1979 Khuzestan insurgency
* Great Syrian Revolt
* 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
* Anglo-Iraqi War
* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Suez Crisis
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Yom Kippur War
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* 1952 Egyptian revolution
* Iraqi Intifada
* Algerian War
* 14 July Revolution
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* 1961 Syrian coup d'état
* Arab Cold War
* North Yemen civil war
* Ramadan Revolution
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Dhofar War
* November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
* Aden Emergency
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* 17 July Revolution
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Black September
* Lebanese Civil War
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Yemeni unification

Concepts|

* Arab identity
* Arab Union
* Arab world
* Arabization

Personalities|

* Butrus al-Bustani
* Michel Aflaq
* Jassem Alwan
* Yasser Arafat
* Abdul Rahman Arif
* Abdul Salam Arif
* Zaki al-Arsuzi
* Bashar al-Assad
* Hafez al-Assad
* Jamal al-Atassi
* Mansur al-Atrash
* Sultan al-Atrash
* Tariq Aziz
* Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
* Ahmed Ben Bella
* Salah al-Din al-Bitar
* Izzat Darwaza
* Faisal I of Iraq
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
* George Habash
* Sati' al-Husri
* Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
* Saddam Hussein
* Amin al-Husseini
* Salah Jadid
* Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
* Mostéfa Merarda
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Adnan Pachachi
* Ameen Rihani
* Fuad al-Rikabi
* Abdullah Rimawi
* Hamdeen Sabahi
* Constantin Zureiq

Organizations|

* Al-Awda
* Al-Fatat
* Al-Mourabitoun
* Arab Ba'ath
* Arab Ba'ath Movement
* Arab Federation
* Arab Higher Committee
* Arab Islamic Republic
* Arab Liberation Army
* Arab Nationalist Movement
* Arab Socialist Action Party
* Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
* Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
* Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
* Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
* Arabian Peninsula People's Union
* Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
* Ba'ath Party
* Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
* Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
* Fatah
* Federation of Arab Republics
* General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
* Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
* Islamic Legion
* Lebanese National Movement
* National Liberation Front (Algeria)
* Palestine Liberation Organization
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
* Rejectionist Front
* Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
* Unified Political Command
* Union of Arab Republics (1972)
* United Arab Republic
* United Arab States

Literature|

* The Arab Awakening
* The Battle for One Destiny
* On the Way of Resurrection

Symbolism|

* Arab Liberation Flag
* Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
* Eagle of Saladin
* Flag of the Arab Federation
* Flag of the Arab Revolt
* Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics
* Flag of the United Arab Republic
* Hawk of Quraish
* Pan-Arab colors

Related topics|

* Algerian nationalism
* Egyptian nationalism
* Greater Mauritania
* Greater Morocco
* Greater Syria
* Greater Yemen
* Iraqi nationalism
* Islamism
* Jordanian nationalism
* Lebanese nationalism
* Libyan nationalism
* Palestinian nationalism
* Pan-Islamism
* Sahrawi nationalism
* Syrian nationalism
* Tunisian nationalism

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party

* Iraqi-dominated faction
* Syrian-dominated faction

History

| Predecessors|

* Arab Ba'ath
* Arab Ba'ath Movement
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Committee to Help Iraq

|

Founders|

* Michel Aflaq
* Salah al-Din al-Bitar

Pre-split|

* 1954 Syrian coup d'état
* 14 July Revolution
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim
* Ramadan Revolution
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Ba'athist Syria
* Politics
* National Council for the Revolutionary Command
* Ar-Rashid revolt
* November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
* 1964 Hama riot
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état

Post-split|

* 17 July Revolution
* Ba'athist Iraq
* Revolutionary Command Council
* Members
* Arab Belt
* Corrective Movement
* Union of Arab Republics
* Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
* 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
* Assadist–Saddamist conflict
* Faith Campaign
* Iraqi conflict
* De-Ba'athification in Iraq
* Ba'ath Party archives
* Syrian civil war
* Fall of the Assad regime

Leadership

| General Secretaries|

| Pre-split|

* Michel Aflaq
* Munif Razzaz

|

Iraqi-dominated faction|

* Michel Aflaq
* Saddam Hussein
* Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
* Salah Al-Mukhtar*

Syrian-dominated faction|

* Nureddin al-Atassi
* Hafez al-Assad
* Abdullah al-Ahmar (de facto)
* Bashar al-Assad

Regional Secretaries|

| Iraq|

* Fuad al-Rikabi
* Talib El-Shibib
* Ali Salih al-Sa'di
* Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
* Saddam Hussein
* Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
* Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed*

|

Jordan|

* Abdullah Rimawi
* Munif Razzaz
* Akram al-Homsi*

Lebanon|

* Assem Qanso
* Abd al-Majid al-Rafei

Palestine|

* Isam al-Qadi
* Rakad Salem*

Syria|

* Hammud al-Shufi
* Shibli al-Aysami
* Amin al-Hafiz
* Nureddin al-Atassi
* Hafez al-Assad
* Bashar al-Assad

Members of the National Command|

* Hadiya Khalaf Abbas
* Michel Aflaq
* Abdullah al-Ahmar
* Zaki al-Arsuzi
* Bashar al-Assad
* Hafez al-Assad
* Nureddin al-Atassi
* Mansur al-Atrash
* Shibli al-Aysami
* Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
* Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
* Salah al-Din al-Bitar
* Elias Farah
* Hakem Al-Fayez
* Wahib al-Ghanim
* Amin al-Hafiz
* Akram al-Hawrani
* Salah Jadid
* Zuheir Mohsen
* Munif Razzaz
* Fuad al-Rikabi
* Abdullah Rimawi
* Ali Salih al-Sa'di
* Talib El-Shibib
* Khaled Yashruti

Members of the Regional Commands|

| Iraq|

* Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
* Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
* Saad Abdul-Majid
* Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
* Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
* Salah Omar al-Ali
* Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
* Salih Mahdi Ammash
* Hussein Al-Awadi
* Tariq Aziz
* Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
* Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
* Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
* Saadoun Ghaidan
* Fadil Mahmud Gharib
* Mizban Khadr al-Hadi
* Sa'dun Hammadi
* Qusay Hussein
* Saddam Hussein
* Latif Nassif Jassim
* Rashid Taan Kazim
* Adnan Khayr Allah
* Ali Hassan al-Majid
* Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
* Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim
* Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
* Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
* Taha Yassin Ramadan
* Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
* Rashid al-Rifai
* Fuad al-Rikabi
* Ali Salih al-Sa'di
* Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun
* Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
* Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
* Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
* Talib El-Shibib
* Nayef Shindakh Thamer
* Khamis Sirhan
* Hardan al-Tikriti
* Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
* Tahir Yahya
* Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
* Ibrahim Hesqel

|

Lebanon|

* Musa Shuaib

Syria|

* Hadiya Khalaf Abbas
* Abdullah al-Ahmar
* Hussein Arnous
* Bashar al-Assad
* Hafez al-Assad
* Maher al-Assad
* Rifaat al-Assad
* Nureddin al-Atassi
* Shibli al-Aysami
* Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
* Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
* Muhsen Bilal
* Mahdi Dakhlallah
* Ahmad Diyab
* Ali Duba
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Marwan Habash
* Ibrahim al-Hadid
* Amin al-Hafiz
* Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
* Wael Nader al-Halqi
* Adnan Badr Hassan
* Salim Hatum
* Hilal Hilal
* Mohammad al-Hussein
* Hisham Ikhtiyar
* Salah Jadid
* Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
* Sami al-Jundi
* Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Imad Khamis
* Ahmad al-Khatib
* Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
* Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
* Ibrahim Makhous
* Zuhair Masharqa
* Muhammad Mustafa Mero
* Muhammad Naji al-Otari
* Abdul Qadir Qaddura
* Hammouda Sabbagh
* Farouk al-Sharaa
* Hikmat al-Shihabi
* Hammud al-Shufi
* Mustafa Tlass
* Hasan Turkmani
* Muhammad Umran
* Salim Yasin
* Yusuf Zuayyin

Yemen|

Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab

Heads of state|

| Iraq|

* Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
* Saddam Hussein

|

Syria|

* Amin al-Hafiz
* Nureddin al-Atassi
* Ahmad al-Khatib
* Hafez al-Assad
* Abdul Halim Khaddam (interim)
* Bashar al-Assad

Heads of government|

| Iraq|

* Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
* Saddam Hussein
* Sa'dun Hammadi
* Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
* Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai

|

Syria|

* Salah al-Din al-Bitar
* Amin al-Hafiz
* Yusuf Zuayyin
* Nureddin al-Atassi
* Hafez al-Assad
* Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
* Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
* Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
* Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
* Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
* Muhammad Mustafa Mero
* Muhammad Naji al-Otari
* Adel Safar
* Riyad Farid Hijab
* Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
* Wael Nader al-Halqi
* Imad Khamis
* Hussein Arnous
* Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali

* = incumbent

Organization

| Regional branches|

| Iraqi-dominated faction|

* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Regional Command
* Jordan
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Palestine
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Yemen

|

Syrian-dominated faction|

* Jordan
* Lebanon
* Mauritania
* Palestine
* South Yemen
* Sudan
* Syria
* Central Command
* History
* National Security Bureau
* Yemen

Newspapers|

* Al-Ba'ath
* Sawt al-Jamahir
* Al-Thawra

Popular fronts|

* National Progressive Front (Iraq)
* National Progressive Front (Syria)

Wings|

| Paramilitary|

* Ba'ath Brigades
* Fedayeen Saddam
* National Defense Battalions
* Popular Army

|

Youth|

* Revolutionary Youth Union

Associated organizations

| Armed groups|

* Al-Abud Network
* Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
* Free Iraqi Army
* General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
* Jeish Muhammad
* Rejectionists
* Snake Party
* Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation

|

Breakaway groups|

* Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Damascus branch
* Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
* Arabic Toilers' Movement
* Al-Awda
* Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
* Palestinian Arab Front
* Socialist Lebanon
* Sudanese Ba'ath Party

Political alliances|

| Current|

* Alliance of Palestinian Forces
* Forces of Freedom and Change
* March 8 Alliance
* National Consensus Forces
* National Democratic Alliance
* Palestine Liberation Organization
* Palestinian National and Islamic Forces

|

Former|

* Ahd Bloc
* Front of Patriotic and National Parties
* Lebanese National Movement
* Lebanese National Resistance Front
* National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
* National Union Front
* Palestinian National Alliance
* Palestinian National Salvation Front
* Rejectionist Front

Political parties|

* Arab Socialist Union Party
* Arab Democratic Union Party
* Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
* Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
* Libyan National Movement
* National Covenant Party
* Popular Unity Party
* Sawab
* Social Democratic Unionists
* Socialist Unionist Party
* Syrian Communist Party
* Bakdash
* Unified
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* in Lebanon

Other organizations|

* General Federation of Trade Unions
* General Union of Peasants
* General Union of Syrian Women

Miscellaneous

| Ideology|

* Anti-imperialism
* Anti-Zionism
* Arab nationalism
* Arab socialism
* Assadism
* Ba'athism
* Neo-Ba'athism
* Pan-Arabism
* Progressivism
* Republicanism
* Revolutionary socialism
* Saddamism
* Secularism
* Socialism
* Vanguardism

|

Literature|

* The Battle for One Destiny
* On the Way of Resurrection

Symbolism|

* Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya
* Ardulfurataini
* Pan-Arab colors

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

|

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