17th century in philosophy

This is a timeline of philosophy in the 17th century.

## Events

[edit]

Giordano Bruno being burned at stake, engraved by Camille Flammarion.

* 1600 – Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, poet, alchemist, astronomer, cosmological theorist, and esotericist was burned alive at Campo de' Fiori in Rome after being convicted of heresy.[1]
* 1611 – The first Accademia dei Lincei is founded by Federico Cesi, which holds discussions that reject the traditional Aristotelian framework.[2]
* 1620 – The establishment of Francis Bacon’s scientific method prompts reevaluation of empirical evidence in philosophy.[1]
* 1633 – The Roman Inquisition finds Galileo “vehemently suspect of heresy" after he defended heliocentricism, challenging traditional Aristotelian cosmology.[3]
* 1641 – René Descartes formulates the mind-body problem in his publication, Meditations on First Philosophy.[4]
* 1643 – Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes correspond about their differing views on mind, soul, and immortality.[5]
* 1649 - Christina, Queen of Sweden invites René Descartes to educate her in his philosophical views, particularly his insight into Catholicism.[6][7]
* 1653 – Blaise Pascal has a spiritual vision of fire that convinces him of God's presence, which leads to him dedicating the rest of his life to theological and philosophical interests.[8]
* 1656 – Portuguese-Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza is excommunicated from the Portuguese-Jewish community in Amsterdam after questioning rabbinic authority.[9]
* 1660 – The Royal Society in the United Kingdom establishes after 12 natural philosophers at Gresham College decide to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning.”[10]
* 1668 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz took up a diplomatic position in Mainz, which exposed him to an extensive range of philosophical thought and would lead to rigorous philosophical production.[11]
* 1670 – Pascal's wager is introduced, causing philosophers to analyze the rationality behind belief in God based on cost-benefit analysis.[12]
* 1687 – Isaac Newton's Principia demonstrates that the universe operates around rational, discoverable laws, supporting the rise of empiricism and rationalism.[13]

## Publications

[edit]

* Monita Politico-Moralia et Icon Ingeniorum by Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro[14]
* Dissertatio, de Ingenii Muliebris ad Doctrinam, & meliores Litteras Aptitudine by Anna Maria von Shurman[15]
* Quaestiones Quodlibeticae by Arnold Geulincx[16]
* Logica fundamentis suis restituta by Arnold Geulincx[16]
* Methodus inveniendi argumenta by Arnold Geulincx[17]
* De virtute by Arnold Geulincx[16]
* Opera philosophica by Arnold Geulincx[18]
* La logique, ou l'art de penser by Antonie Arnauld and Pierre Nicole
* Grammaire générale et raisonnée by Antonie Arnauld and Claude Lancelot
* Ethics by Baruch Spinoza
* Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione by Baruch Spinoza
* Principia philosophiae cartesianae by Baruch Spinoza
* Tractatus Theologico-Politicus by Baruch Spinoza
* Court Traité Sur Dieu by Baruch Spinoza[19]
* Pensées by Blaise Pascal
* Trois discours sur la condition des grands by Blaise Pascal
* Discours sur les passions de l'amour by Blaise Pascal
* A Cabbalistical Dialogue by Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont[20]
* Discours de Métaphysique by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
* Brevis Demonstratio Erroris Memorabilis Cartesii et Aliorum Circa Legem Naturae by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[21]
* Divine Dialogues by Henry More[22]
* Philosophical Poems by Henry More[23]
* Psychodoia Platonica: or, a Platonicall Song of the Soul by Henry More[23]
* Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Issac Newton
* Certamen Philosophicum Propugnatæ Veritatis Divinæ ac Naturalis Adversus J. Bredenburgi Principia by Isaac Orobio de Castro[24]
* Disputatio theologica practica de conscientia by Johannes Clausberg[25]
* Two Treatises of Government by John Locke
* Epistola de tolerantia by John Locke
* An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke[26]
* Tenure of Kings and Magistrates by John Milton
* An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language by John Wilkins
* The Nature of Bodies by Kenelm Digby[27]
* On the Immortality of Reasonable Souls by Kenelm Digby[27]
* Observations upon Experimental Philosophy by Margaret Cavendish[28]
* Grounds of Natural Philosophy by Margaret Cavendish[29]
* Philosophical Letters by Margaret Cavendish[30]
* Some Reflections Upon Marriage by Mary Astell[31]
* Animadversiones by Pierre Gassendi[32][33]
* Exercitationes by Pierre Gassendi[34]
* Syntagma philosophicum by Pierre Gassendi[34]
* Dasbodh by Samarth Ramdas
* Les Passions de l'âme by René Descartes
* Discours de la Méthode by René Descartes
* Meditationes de Prima Philosophia by René Descartes
* L’Homme by René Descartes
* Meditationes de Prima Philosophia by René Descartes[35]
* Considérations sur l'état présent de la controverse touchant le T. S. Sacrement de l'autel by Robert Desgabets[36]
* Discours de la communication ou transfusion du sang by Robert Desgabets[36]
* Critique de la critique de la Recherche de la vérité by Robert Desgabets[36]
* Traité de l’indéfectibilité des créatures by Robert Desgabets[36]
* Supplément à la philosophie de M. Descartes by Robert Desgabets[36]
* Guide de la raison naturelle by Robert Desgabets[36]
* Traité de l’union de l’âme et du corps by Robert Desgabets[36]
* De legibus naturae by Richard Cumberland[37]
* Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes
* De Cive by Thomas Hobbes
* De Corpore by Thomas Hobbes
* De Motu, Loco et Tempore by Thomas Hobbes[38]
* The Horae Subsecivae by Thomas Hobbes[39]
* Elementorum Philosophiae Sectio Secunda De Homine by Thomas Hobbes[40]
* Problematica Physica by Thomas Hobbes[41]
* Of Liberty and Necessity by Thomas Hobbes and John Bramhall[42]

## Births

[edit]

* 1600 – Elizabeth Foxcroft, English theosophist.
* 1601 – Baltasar Gracián, Spanish Jesuit and Baroque prose writer and philosopher.
* 1602 – William Chillingworth, English churchman.
* 1602 – Bartholomew Mastrius, Italian Conventual Franciscan philosopher and theologian.
* 1602 – Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar and polymath.
* 1603 – Kenelm Digby, English courtier, diplomat, and natural philosopher.
* 1603/04 – Issac Cardoso, Sephardic Jewish physician, philosopher, and polemic writer.
* 1603/04 – Anandghan, Śvetāmbara Jain monk, mystical poet and hymnist.
* 1605 – Thomas Browne, English polymath.
* 1606 – Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri, Indian natural philosopher and astronomer.
* 1607 – Francesco Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal, philosopher, theologian, literary theorist, and church historian.
* 1607 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch painter, engraver, poet, classical scholar, philosopher, and feminist writer.
* 1608 – Samarth Ramdas, Indian Hindu saint, philosopher, poet, writer, and spiritual master.
* 1609 – Kâtip Çelebi, Turkish polymath.
* 1610 – Robert Desgabets, French Cartesian philosopher and Benedictine prior.
* 1610 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier.
* 1612 – Antoine Arnauld, French Catholic theologian, philosopher, and mathematician.
* 1614 – Henry More, English philosopher.
* 1614 – John Wilkins, English Anglican clergyman, natural philosopher, and author.
* 1614 – Franciscus Mercurius van Helmon, Flemish alchemist and writer.
* 1617 – Ralph Cudworth, English Anglican clergyman, Christian Hebraist, classicist, theologian, and philosopher.
* 1617 – Isaac Orobio de Castro, Portuguese Jewish philosopher, physician, and religious apologist.
* 1617 – Tito Livio Burattini, Italian inventor, architect, Egyptologist, scientist, instrument-maker, traveller, engineer, and nobleman.
* 1618 – Jacques Rohault, French philosopher, physicist, and mathematician.
* 1618 – John Smith, English philosopher, theologian, and educator.
* 1619 – Walter Charleton, English natural philosopher and writer.
* 1619 – Nathaniel Culverwell, English author and theologian.
* 1620 – Claude Frassen, French Franciscan Scotist theologian and philosopher.
* 1620 - François Bernier, French physician and traveller.
* 1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher.
* 1623 – Margaret Cavendish, English philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction writer, and playwright.
* 1623 – Blaise Pascal, French physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.
* 1623 – William Petty, English economist, physician, scientist, and philosopher.
* 1623 – Arnold Geulincx, Flemish philosopher, metaphysician, and logician.
* 1626 – Géraud de Cordemoy, French philosopher, historian, and lawyer.
* 1626 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor.
* 1625 – Francesco D'Andrea, Italian jurist and natural philosopher.
* 1627 – Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist, and inventor.
* 1627 – Hugh Binning, Scottish philosopher and theologian.
* 1627 – Itō Jinsai, Japanese Confucian philosopher.
* 1630 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French churchman, scholar, editor, and Bishop of Soissons.
* 1630 – Kaibara Ekken, Japanese Neo-Confucianist philosopher and botanist.
* 1631 – Richard Cumberland, English philosopher and Bishop of Peterborough.
* 1631 – Ann Conway, English philosopher.
* 1632 - John Locke, English philosopher and physician.
* 1632 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher, theologian, author, and political scientist.
* 1632 – Louis de La Forge, French philosopher.
* 1632 – Pierre-Sylvain Régis, French philosopher.
* 1633 – Walda Heywat, Ethiopian philosopher.
* 1634 – Balthasar Bekker, Dutch minister, philosopher, and theologian.
* 1635 – Yan Yuan, Chinese classicist, essayist, and philosopher.
* 1636 – Joseph Glanvill, English philosopher and clergyman.
* 1637/38 – Richard Burthogge, physician, magistrate, and philosopher.
* 1638 – Nicolas Malebranche, French Oratorian Catholic priest and rationalist philosopher.
* 1642 – Isaac Newton, English polymath.
* 1644 – Simon Foucher, French polemic philosopher.
* 1646 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian philosopher.
* 1647 – Pierre Bayle, French philosopher, author, and lexicographer.
* 1649 - Samuel Bold, English clergyman and controversialist.
* 1649 - Samuel Johnson, English clergyman and political writer.
* 1650 - Michelangelo Fardella, Italian scientist and mathematician.
* 1655 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist and philosopher.
* 1657 – John Norris, English philosopher, theologian, and poet.
* 1657 – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French author and philosopher.
* 1659 – Damaris Cudworth Masham, English writer, philosopher, theologian, and proto-feminist.
* 1659 – William Wollaston, English teacher, priest, scholar, theologian, and philosopher.
* 1661 – René-Joseph de Tournemine, French Jesuit philosopher and theologian.
* 1661 – Claude Buffier, French philosopher, historian, and teacher.
* 1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher and scientist.
* 1663 – Jean-Pierre de Crousaz, Swiss theologian and philosopher.
* 1665 – Ingeborg i Mjärhult, Swedish natural healer, natural philosopher, soothsayer and spiritual visionary.
* 1665 – Richard Bentley, English classical scholar, critic, and theologian.
* 1665 – Peter Browne, Irish Anglican priest.
* 1666 – Ogyū Sorai, Japanese historian, philologist, philosopher, and translator.
* 1666 – Guru Gobind Singh, Sikh Guru, warrior, poet, and philosopher.
* 1668 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist.
* 1668 – Tommaso Campailla, Italian philosopher, physician, politician and poet.
* 1670 – Bernard Mandeville, Anglo-Dutch philosopher, political economist, satirist, writer and physician.
* 1671 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, English peer, Whig politician, philosopher, and writer.
* 1671 – Luigi Guido Grandi, Italian monk, priest, philosopher, theologian, mathematician, and engineer.
* 1672 – Gershom Carmichael, Scottish philosopher.
* 1675 - Samuel Clarke, English philosopher and Anglican cleric.
* 1675 – Yves Marie André, French Jesuit mathematician, philosopher, and essayist.
* 1676 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and essayist.
* 1676 – Pietro Giannone, Italian philosopher, historian, and jurist.
* 1677 – Antonio Schinella Conti, Italian writer, translator, mathematician, philosopher, and physicist.
* 1678 – Robert Greene, English philosopher.
* 1679 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher.
* 1679 – Firmin Abauzit, French philosopher.
* 1679 – Catharine Trotter Cockburn, English novelist, dramatist, and philosopher.
* 1679 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and essayist.
* 1680 – Arthur Collier, English Anglican priest and philosopher.
* 1683 – John Theophilus Desaguliers, French-born English natural philosopher, clergyman, engineer and freemason.
* 1685 – George Berkeley, Anglo-Irish philosopher.
* 1686 – John Balguy, English divine and philosopher.
* 1689 – Montesquieu, French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher.
* 1692 – Joseph Butler, English Anglican bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher.
* 1692 – Francesco Maria Zanotti, Italian philosopher and writer.
* 1694 – Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher.
* 1694 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist, political philosopher, economist, and historian.
* 1696 – Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, satirist, and historian.
* 1696 – Henry Home, Lord Kames, Scottish writer, philosopher, and judge.
* 1698 – Alberto Radicati, Italian historian, philosopher and free-thinker.
* 1699 – Jacopo Stellini, Italian abbot, polymath writer, and philosopher.

## Deaths

[edit]

* 1600 – Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, poet, alchemist, astronomer, cosmological theorist, and esotericist.
* 1624/25 – Ahmad Sirhindi, Indian Islamic scholar, Hanafi jurist, and member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order.
* 1635/40 – Mulla Sadra, Persian Twelver Shi'i Islamic mystic, philosopher, theologian, and ‘Ālim.
* 1642 – Galileo Galilei, Italian polymath.
* 1644 – William Chillingworth, English churchman.
* 1649 - Caspar Schoppe, German catholic controversialist and scholar.
* 1651 – Nathaniel Culverwell, English author and theologian.
* 1652 – John Smith, English philosopher, theologian, and educator.
* 1653 – Hugh Binning, Scottish philosopher and theologian.
* 1657 – Kâtip Çelebi, Turkish polymath.
* 1658 – Baltasar Gracián, Spanish Jesuit and Baroque prose writer and philosopher.
* 1662 - Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and philosopher.
* 1665 – Kenelm Digby, English courtier, diplomat and natural philosopher.
* 1665 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher.
* 1667 – Francesco Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal, philosopher, theologian, literary theorist, and church historian.
* 1672 – Jacques Rohault, French philosopher, physicist, and mathematician.
* 1672 – John Wilkins, English Anglican clergyman, natural philosopher, and author.
* 1673 – Margaret Cavendish, English philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction writer, and playwright.
* 1675 – Emanuele Tesauro, Italian philosopher, rhetorician, literary theorist, dramatist, Marinist poet, and historian.
* 1677 - Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher.
* 1678 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch painter, engraver, poet, classical scholar, philosopher, and feminist writer.
* 1678 – Robert Desgabets, French Cartesian philosopher and Benedictine prior.
* 1679 – Elizabeth Foxcroft, English theosophist.
* 1679 – Ann Conway, English philosopher.
* 1679 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher.
* 1680 – Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar and polymath.
* 1681 – Tito Livio Burattini, Italian inventor, architect, Egyptologist, scientist, instrument-maker, traveller, engineer, and nobleman.
* 1687 – Thomas Browne, English polymath.
* 1687 – Isaac Orobio de Castro, Portuguese Jewish philosopher, physician, and religious apologist.
* 1687 – Henry More, English philosopher.
* 1687 – William Petty, English economist, physician, scientist, and philosopher.
* 1688 – Ralph Cudworth, English Anglican clergyman, Christian Hebraist, classicist, theologian, and philosopher.
* 1688 – François Bernier, French physician and traveller.
* 1694 – Antoine Arnauld, French Catholic theologian, philosopher, and mathematician.
* 1695 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier.
* 1696 – Simon Foucher, French polemic philosopher.
* 1698 – Franciscus Mercurius van Helmon, Flemish alchemist and writer.
* 1699 - Edward Stillingfleet, English Christian theologian and scholar.

## See also

[edit]

* List of centuries in philosophy
* Age of Enlightenment

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Fitzgerald, Timothy (2007). Discourse on Civility and Barbarity. Oxford University Press. p. 239\. ISBN 978-0-19-804103-0. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
2. ^ "The Galileo Project | Galileo | Federico Cesi and the Accademia dei Lincei". 2018-07-14. Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
3. ^ Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2014). "Introduction". The Trial of Galileo : Essential Documents. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. pp. 1–4\. ISBN 978-1-62466-132-7. "..one of the most common myths widely held about the trial of Galileo, including several elements: that he "saw" the earth's motion (an observation still impossible to make even in the twenty-first century); that he was "imprisoned" by the Inquisition (whereas he was actually held under house arrest); and that his crime was to have discovered the truth. And since to condemn someone for this reason can result only from ignorance, prejudice, and narrow-mindedness, this is also the myth that alleges the incompatibility between science and religion."
4. ^ Reader, The MIT Press (2019-08-08). "Descartes and the Discovery of the Mind-Body Problem". The MIT Press Reader. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
5. ^ Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of; Descartes, René (2007-11-01). The Correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-20444-4.
6. ^ Eike Pies (1996). Der Mordfall Descartes : Dokumente, Indizien, Beweise (in German). Solingen : Brockmann. ISBN 978-3930132058.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
7. ^ Theodor Ebert [in German] (2009). Der rätselhafte Tod des René Descartes (in German). Alibri Verlag. ISBN 978-3865690487.
8. ^ Paciaroni, Maurizio (2010). "Visual experiences of Blaise Pascal". Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. 27: 160–167\. doi:10.1159/000311199. ISBN 978-3-8055-9330-4. ISSN 1660-4431. PMID 20375529.
9. ^ "Spinoza's Excommunication". web.mnstate.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
10. ^ National Museum of Australia, Acton Peninsula. "National Museum of Australia - The Royal Society of London". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
11. ^ "Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-10-07.
12. ^ "Pascal's wager". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
13. ^ Janiak, Andrew (2021), "Newton's Philosophy", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-10-07
14. ^ Fredro, Andrzej Maksymilian (1700). Monita politico-moralia et icon ingeniorum (in Latin).
15. ^ Schurman, Anna Maria van (1641). Dissertatio, de ingenii muliebris ad doctrinam, & meliores litteras aptitudine Anna Maria aÌ€ Schurman accedunt quaedam epistolae, ejusdem argumenti. Nationale bibliotheek van Nederland Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Elzevir.
16. ^ a b c "Arnold Geulincx | Flemish Rationalist Philosopher | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
17. ^ Geulincx, Arnold (1968). Methodus inveniendi argumenta, quae solertia quibusdam dicitur (in Latin). F. Frommann.
18. ^ Geulincx, Arnold (1892). Opera philosophica (Geulincx, Arnold, 1624-1669) (in Latin). apud Martinum Nijhoff.
19. ^ Spinoza, Benedictus de (2015-03-26). Court Traité Sur Dieu (in French). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5114-6608-0.
20. ^ Helmont, Franciscus Mercurius van (1682). A Cabbalistical Dialogue: In Answer to the Opinion of a Learned Doctor in Philosophy and Theology that the World was Made of Nothing. As it is Contained in the Second Part of the Cabbala Denudata & Apparatus in Iib. Sohar, P. 308. &c. To which is Subjoyned a Rabbinical and Paraphrastical Exposition of Genesis I. Benjamin Clark in George-Yard in Lombard-street, bookseller.
21. ^ William H. Trapnell (1988). The Treatment of Christian Doctrine by Philosophers of the Natural Light from Descartes to Berkeley. Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution. p. 46\. ISBN 978-0-7294-0363-4.
22. ^ "Divine Dialogues | work by More | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
23. ^ a b Dictionary of National Biography; More, Henry (1614–1687).
24. ^ "Certamen philosophicum propugnatae veritatis divinae ac naturalis adversus Joh: Bredenburg; principia in fine annexa. Ex quibus quod religio rationi repugnat, demonstrare nititur. Quo in atheismi Spinosae barathro immersus jacet. Quod religio nil rationi | Lost Art Database". www.lostart.de. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
25. ^ Johannes, Clausberg (1646). Disputatio theologico-practica de conscientia (in Latin). typis Augustini Eissens.
26. ^ Uzgalis, William (2024), "John Locke", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-10-08
27. ^ a b Digby, Kenelm (1644). Two treatises in the one of which the nature of bodies, in the other, the nature of mans soule is looked into in way of discovery of the immortality of reasonable soules.
28. ^ Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish Duchess of (2001-02-07). Margaret Cavendish: Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77675-2.
29. ^ Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish (1668). Grounds of natural philosophy: ... 1668. Internet Archive.
30. ^ "Letters in the Philosophical Letters (1664)". Digital Cavendish Project. 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
31. ^ "Some Reflections Upon Marriage, Occasion'd by the Duke and Dutchess of Mazarine's Case; Which is Also Consider'd". digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
32. ^ Saul Fisher (31 May 2005). "Pierre Gassendi". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
33. ^ Pierre Gassendi (1649). Animadversiones in decimum librum Diogenis Laertii: qui est De vita, moribus, placitisque Epicuri. Continent autem Placita, quas ille treis statuit Philosophiae parteis 3 I. Canonicam, …; - II. Physicam, …; - III. Ethicam (in Latin). Lyon: Guillaume Barbier.
34. ^ a b "Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos | work by Gassendi | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
35. ^ "The Project Gutenberg ebook of Meditationes de prima philosophia, by René Descartes". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
36. ^ a b c d e f g "Robert Desgabets > Notes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Winter 2019 Edition)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
37. ^ "A Treatise of the Laws of Nature | Online Library of Liberty". oll.libertyfund.org. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
38. ^ "Bibliography of Thomas Hobbes". Retrieved 2024-10-08.
39. ^ Saxonhouse, Arlene W. (1981). "Hobbes & the "Horae Subsecivae"". Polity. 13 (4): 541–567\. doi:10.2307/3234640. ISSN 0032-3497. JSTOR 3234640.
40. ^ "Elementorum philosophiæ sectio secvnda de homine / Authore Thoma Hobbes ... - Yale University Library". collections.library.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
41. ^ Hobbes, Thomas (1682). Seven philosophical problems. Crook.
42. ^ Hobbes, Thomas; Bramhall, John (1999-03-28). Hobbes and Bramhall on Liberty and Necessity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59668-8.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Daniel Garber and Michael Ayers (eds). The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-century Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 1998. First paperback edition. 2003. Volume 2.
* Dan Kaufman (ed). The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy. 2017. Google Books.
* Stuart Hampshire. The Master Philosophers: The Age of Reason: The 17th Century Philosophers. A Meridian Classic. New American Library. Meridian Books. Reprint. 1993. Google Books.
* Peter R Anstey (ed). The Oxford Handbook of British Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century. 2013. Google Books.
* Wiep Van Bunge. From Stevin to Spinoza: An Essay on Philosophy in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic. Brill. Leiden, Boston, Koln. 2001. Google Books
* José R Maia Neto. Academic Skepticism in Seventeenth-Century French Philosophy: The Charronian Legacy 1601–1662. (International Archives of the History of Ideas 215). Springer. 2014. Google Books.
* G A J Rogers, Tom Sorell and Jill Kraye (eds). Insiders and Outsiders in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Taylor and Francis e-Library. 2009. Routledge. 2010. Google Books.
* Ross Harrison. Hobbes, Locke, and Confusion's Masterpiece: An Examination of Seventeenth Political Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 2003. Google Books
* Tom Sorell, G A J Rogers, Jill Kraye (eds) Scientia in Early Modern Philosophy: Seventeenth-Century Thinkers on Demonstrative Knowledge from First Principles. (Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 24). Springer. 2010. Google Books.
* Susan James. Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-century Philosophy. Clarendon Press. Reprinted 1999. Google Books.
* Jacqueline Broad. Women Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge University Press. 2003. Google Books.
* Henry Hallam. Introduction to the Literature of Europe, in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries. John Murray. Ablemarle Street, London. 1839. Volume 4. Chapter 3 ("History of Speculative Philosophy from 1650 to 1700"). Page 182 et seq.

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