1812 in Canada

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* 1811
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|  | 1812

Canada |

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Decades:|

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See also:|

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Events from the year 1812 in Canada.

## Incumbents

[edit]

* Monarch: George III[1]

### Federal government

[edit]

* Parliament of Lower Canada: 7th
* Parliament of Upper Canada: 5th (until March 6) then 6th (starting July 27)

### Governors

[edit]

* Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
* Governor of New Brunswick: George Prévost
* Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth then John Coape Sherbrooke
* Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Charles Morice Pole
* Governor of Prince Edward Island: Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres

## Events

[edit]

* June 18 – The U.S. declares war on Britain, beginning the War of 1812. There were about 4,000 British troops in Canada. George Prevost is Governor. Four Canadian battalions are assembled, and the Citadel at Quebec is guarded by the inhabitants.
* July 11 – Americans under General William Hull invade Canada from Detroit.
* August 16 – Isaac Brock with a force of 1,350, nearly half Aboriginals, takes Detroit. He paroles many of Hull's 2,000.
* August 20 – Launch of John Molson's second steamboat, the Swiftsure, at Montreal.
* August to October – The Red River Colony is begun in Canada's northwest on lands granted to Thomas Douglas by the Hudson's Bay Company.
* October – Almost half of Vermont's Legislators regard war as needless and impolitic; but Vermont imposes a penalty of $1,000 for every unauthorized communication with Canadians.
* October 13 – Stephen Van Rensselaer IV's command is repulsed, on Queenston Heights by Gen. Sheaffe and Governor Brock, who is killed. Of the 10,000 under Van Rensselaer, many were unwilling to invade, though willing to defend the United States.
* Fighting on the same side as British militia and Mohawk Indians, a group of black soldiers helps force American invaders to retreat in the Battle of Queenston Heights.
* October 25 – Battle at St. Regis.
* November 20 – Henry Dearborn's command cross the Lacolle. Charles de Salaberry eludes them, and, in the haze, U.S. troops fire upon each other.
* David Thompson retires to Montreal.
* The Americans gain several victories, on the water, as Napoleon engages the British attention.
* The United States calls out 175,000 men, Canada 2,000.
* For all purposes Canada votes 87,000 pounds.

John Sandfield Macdonald

## Births

[edit]

* May 12 – John Simpson, merchant, miller, banker, and politician (d.1885)[2]
* October 21 – David H. Armstrong, United States Senator from Missouri from 1877 till 1879. (d. 1893)
* November 2 – William James Anderson, physician, amateur geologist and historian (d.1873)
* November 6 – Louis-Victor Sicotte, lawyer, judge and politician (d.1889)
* December 12 – John Sandfield Macdonald, Premier of Ontario (d.1872)

## Deaths

[edit]

* January – Thomas Walker, advocate and politician (b. c. 1759)
* January 12 – James Henry Craig, officer, colonial administrator (b.1748)
* March 11 – John Burbidge, soldier, land owner, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia. (b.1718)
* October 13 – Sir Isaac Brock, military commander, administrator of Upper Canada (b.1769)
* December 2- Pierre-Louis Panet, lawyer, notary, seigneur, office holder, politician, and judge (b.1761)

## Historical documents

[edit]

Excerpt (Feb. 25, 1812) from Congressman's speech says 5,000 regular troops are at Quebec City and 2–3,000 regulars in rest of Canadas[3]

Warnings of war between U.S.A. and U.K. come from U.S. sources[4]

Fast facts on Canada in 1812: population tripled to 200,000 in 40 years, and "domesticated Indians" are much fewer (down from 16,000 to 2,000)[5]

County convention in Massachusetts warns of breakup of United States if commerce is not protected and encouraged as Constitution requires[6]

Report that white Virginians fear uprising of enslaved Blacks and that Blacks say, "White man go to Canada, then Black man be free"[7]

### War of 1812

[edit]

"Friend Jonathan, to his arm'd bands, / Our forests promises and lands; / They may invade them for a day, / But can they with them run away?"[8]

Boston mercantile house says British military force coming to Halifax, pre-war U.S. embargo is expected, and they are "at a loss how to act"[9]

U.S. embargo has increased recruiting because it "has thrown all the lower classes entirely out of employment and[...]into the army"[10]

Congress approves President James Madison's request for declaration of war on United Kingdom "and the subjects thereof."[11]

New York newspaper: "We cannot help expressing our regret that such madness[...]should have seized a majority of our Representatives at Washington"[12]

The Quebec Gazette: "The United States have grown vain with the memory of their revolution [and will suffer for their] overweening presumption"[13]

Thomas Jefferson: "The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec [City], will be a mere matter of marching"[14]

Salem, Mass. report says deputation of Indigenous people at St. Andrews has agreed to remain neutral and "exhort all the tribes" to do same[15]

Halt to fighting arranged by Gov. Gen. Prevost and U.S. Maj. Gen. Dearborn is vetoed by President Madison; Prevost suspects U.S. has undeclared war aims[16]

"I do not see how we can retain the Country" - Loss of two Lake Erie warships worries Isaac Brock about U.S. gaining naval superiority[17]

Indigenous people meeting in Onondaga County, N.Y. are reported to have agreed "to furnish[...]2000 warriors [led by] the famous Red Jacket"[18]

Excerpt (undated) from long argument against war with Britain, calling "the warfare complicated, perplexing, slow and expensive"[19]

Gov. Gen. Prevost notes "the complete discomfiture of the plans of the enemy" at Michilimackinac, Detroit and Queenston[20]

In call to arms, U.S. commander admits "the nation has been unfortunate in the selection of some of those who have directed" invasions of Canada[21]

"Reality is threatened with a total change. We are menaced to be cast into the abyss of American democracy!" and its "angry passions"[22]

### Lower Canada

[edit]

Nightly spring frosts have ended and farmers have begun to sow wheat "on the driest and most elevated situations" to beat early September frost[23]

"The fields[...]are now covered with snow, not five months since that of last winter disappeared!" leaving only half of wheat harvested[24]

In "no country [have commerce and war] operated as powerfully in raising colonies to wealth and importance as in the Canadas"[25]

Editorial: "When a neighbouring power arms, it becomes all who are in danger to be equally on their guard"[26]

Canadian Voltigeurs regiment has during two days been swamped by well over 150 "young Canadians" in Montreal wishing to enlist; more elsewhere[27]

Glengary Light Infantry has 400 men after recruiting at Trois-Rivières for two months; they are promised land grants after war[28]

Unmarried Quebec City militiamen, age 18–30, are to go to Pointe-aux-Trembles; some "murmurs" against burden falling on "one class of the society"[29]

"The number of marriages in this Parish is extraordinary since there has been rumours of a new draft," as young men seek draft exemption[30]

"Those who fear the evils of war do not deserve the blessings of peace. [...] For submission never" ended injustice, under which there is no peace[31]

Commissary General seeks supply of 5,000 lbs. of fresh beef daily, including 3,000 lbs. to Quebec City and 1,000 lbs. to Montreal garrison[32]

"Army Bills [totalling £250,000 have been] issued as a circulating medium to supply the present deficiency of Cash"[33]

Governor General's proclamation orders "all persons who are Subjects of the United States of America to depart from this Province"[34]

Commissary General calls for suppliers of warm clothing for U.S. prisoners of war; "Also, 2000 pounds of SOAP"[35]

Replying to letter on road improvement needed, editorial says Lower Canadians are happier "eating soup, talking French, keeping Mardi gras[...]&c"[36]

Council asks Regent's "attention" to educational needs of L.C., where there is "the want of Public Institutions for the Instruction of our Youth[37]

Academy will teach standard subjects plus "Orthography [and] Orthoepy," and French-speaker will teach "Canadian Children"[38]

Detailed petition asks that 1777 law prohibiting shingle roofs in Montreal be rescinded because shingles "communicate fire" less than boards[39]

In petitioning Assembly for funds, Hôtel-Dieu nuns give brief history of and reasons for their support of "the indigent sick"[40]

Citing "great increase of poor," executors of will leaving money for Montreal "House of Industry" petition Assembly to establish it[41]

In "the very uncommon winter[, at times] 2 to 4 families have taken up[...]in one house and converted the deserted houses[...]into firewood[42]

* * *

Hudson's Bay Company men arrive at Montreal after 76-day trek from Moose Factory, "a long, dangerous, and most tiresome route" via Abitibi[43]

Army veteran offers £100 "to any Lady or Gentleman by whose influence he could obtain a Civil or Military employment"[44]

Advertising dentist "mends teeth wth foil or gold [and] fixes gold roofs and palates, greatly assisting the pronunciation and the swallow" etc.[45]

Montreal firm makes painted floor coverings for rooms, hallways, stairs, and even one-piece cloths "with appropriate designs" for churches[46]

Montreal circus poster advertises "feats of Horsemanship" including by "The Celebrated African" and "Madam Redon," plus other entertainment[47]

### Upper Canada

[edit]

"The news of war was very unwelcome on both sides the (Niagara River), where people are connected by marriages and various relationships"[48]

Gen. Brock counters U.S. Gen. Hull's proclamation to Upper Canadians with reasons they should remain loyal[49]

U.S. warships are repulsed at Kingston as town fills with volunteers from district, including aged-out American Revolutionary War veterans[50]

Commander of U.S. army near Buffalo orders no "private plundering," but offers soldiers $200 for army horses and $40 for "each savage warrior"[51]

Unappropriated funds coming in from taxes and duties collected shall be disposed of by governor for defence "against his Majesty's enemies"[52]

* * *

Civilians and militia arresting deserters from regular forces to receive £5 reward; they may command assistance with custody of arrestee[53]

Out of public school in Kingston comes suggestion one of its rooms be reserved for teaching "young men of the country" serving military duty[54]

Brief descriptions of Queenston, "Newark, or Fort George," York and Kingston from "the American Tourist's Pocket Companion for 1812"[55]

"Evil disposed persons travelling the highways" shall pay 10s fine for not sharing road with opposing traffic, and also if lacking harness bells[56]

### Nova Scotia

[edit]

Further duties on wine, rum and distilled liquor to be collected for defence; also, commissioners may borrow up to £20,000 for that purpose[57]

U.S. privateer chases "unarmed" chaloupe only to find its crew has loaded muskets it is transporting; they manage to bring privateer into port[58]

Among prizes brought into Halifax is ship from France carrying silks and silk stockings, sold cheap to ladies shopping morning to night[59]

### New Brunswick

[edit]

Feeling "threatened by the Government of the United States of America," N.B. government will, if hostilities begin, appropriate £10,000 for defence[60]

St. Andrews learns from Eastport, Maine that war has begun, and latter has decided "to preserve a good understanding with [N.B.] inhabitants"[61]

Pres. Madison is advised that 1,000 soldiers, artillery and Maine volunteers could take N.B., "one of the most valuable of the British Provinces"[62]

"This hateful American War has frighten'd us not a little — [N.B.] has not as yet suffer'd much by it — But there is horrible work in upper Canada"[63]

Indigenous people in various parts of N.B. agree to remain neutral during war with U.S.A.[64]

Six petitioners will be allowed exclusive right to run Saint John \- Fredericton steamboat service if begun within 2 years and £500 bond is paid[65]

Legislature passes bill prohibiting people from remarrying if their former partner is still alive; breaking law is considered felony[66]

### Newfoundland

[edit]

Anyone with smallpox arriving in Conception Bay will be sent back; if not, C.B. fishery could be destroyed, affecting 700 or more families[67]

"Conception-Bay Scheme of Mutual Insurance" has for several years covered coastal and banks fishers and sealers, who at times paid no premium[68]

Merchants' Hall to continue "as a News-Room and Exchange" underwritten by "Civil, Military and Naval" subscribers and their sponsored visitors[69]

Break-and-enter of Anglican church in St. John's called "sacrilegious violation;" £200 reward offered by church wardens, £100 by town magistrates[70]

Commissariat wants 3,000 hhds coal, 2,400 lbs "mould candles, 4 to the Pound," 3,000 lbs. other size candles and 550 cords firewood[71]

### Elsewhere

[edit]

Prince Edward Island grand jury praises Chief Justice for his court's "regularity, dignity, and decorum" in face of attorney's libels[72]

"Most amiable set of fine girls that is to be seen between Montreal and the Rocky Mountains" - Pleasant times kissing Sault Ste. Marie ladies[73]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "George III". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
2. ^ Johnson, Leo A. (1982). "Simpson, John (1812-85)". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
3. ^ "Plan for the Invasion of Canada," The Quebec Gazette, March 19, 1812 pg. 2, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 18 February 2025
4. ^ "War Approaching!; War! War! Impending!" The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (July 2, 1812) pg. 2 of 2 (lefthand page, 3rd and 4th columns). Accessed 6 February 2025
5. ^ Salem Register, "Deferred Articles; Canada" Pennsylvania Republican (August 4, 1812). Accessed 27 June 2020
6. ^ "In the uninterrupted progress of such events[....]" (August 13, 1812), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (October 1, 1812) pg. 2 of 3 (lefthand page, 4th column). Accessed 6 February 2025
7. ^ "Boston, July 21" The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (September 24, 1812) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 1st columns). Accessed 6 February 2025
8. ^ "On the threatened invasion of Canada" (January 13, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, January 13, 1812 pg. 15, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 12 February 2025
9. ^ "Montreal, April, 6," The Quebec Gazette, April 9, 1812 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 19 February 2025
10. ^ "The Recruiting Service," The Quebec Gazette, May 7, 1812 pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also price rises for U.S. wheat etc. ("Extract of a letter from a respectable house in Liverpool" in 2nd column). Accessed 20 February 2025
11. ^ "An Act; Declaring War[....]" ("Approved, June 18, 1812"), The Quebec Mercury, June 30, 1812 pg. 205 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 13 February 2025
12. ^ "WAR; From the New York Evening Post of June 20," The Quebec Gazette, July 2, 1812 pg. 2, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 21 February 2025
13. ^ "Quebec; Thursday, July 2, 1812," The Quebec Gazette, July 2, 1812 pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also longer Gazette editorial in July 4 extra. Accessed 19 February 2025
14. ^ Letter of Thomas Jefferson (August 4, 1812), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 14 February 2025
15. ^ "American Papers; Indian Neutrality" (July 21, 1812), The Quebec Gazette, August 13, 1812 pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 21 February 2025
16. ^ "American Intelligence; General Order" (August 13, 1812), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (November 12, 1812) pg. 1 of 2 (lefthand page). See also comment (pg. 2, 3rd column) that "we must make up our minds to the bloody drama which the Americans call upon us to act." Accessed 7 February 2025
17. ^ "Major General Sir Isaac Brock to Governor General Sir George Prevost" (October 11, 1812), quoted in Chapter Three The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, pg. 332. Accessed 28 February 2025
18. ^ "American Intelligence; New-York, Oct. 14; The Indian tribes in this vicinity[....]," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (November 12, 1812) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 1st column). Accessed 7 February 2025
19. ^ "From the New York Herald; An Address to the people of the Eastern States," The Quebec Mercury, December 29, 1812 pgs. 411–12, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 February 2025
20. ^ "Tuesday, 29th December, 1812; Gentlemen of the Legislative Council[....]," Journal of the House of Assembly, Lower-Canada (1812), pgs. 14, 16 See also description (pg. 271) of action at Michilimakinac and at Detroit (pg. 277), and at Queenston (pgs. 339 + 342). Accessed 12 February 2025
21. ^ "Smyth's Proclamations; To the men of the State of New-York" (November 10, 1812), The Quebec Gazette, December 17, 1812 pg. 2, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also word of this commander's defeat (pg. 3, 1st column). Accessed 25 February 2025
22. ^ "To the Inhabitants of Canada; Countrymen[....]," The Quebec Gazette, October 29, 1812 pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 February 2025
23. ^ "Quebec; Thursday, May 14, 1812; The Season," The Quebec Gazette, May 14, 1812 pg. 3, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 20 February 2025
24. ^ "Quebec; Thursday, October 15, 1812; The Season," The Quebec Gazette, October 15, 1812 pg. 3, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 February 2025
25. ^ "From the National Intelligencer; The Canadas - No. I," The Quebec Mercury, December 22, 1812 pg. 402, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 February 2025
26. ^ "Quebec, March 23, 1812," The Quebec Mercury, March 23, 1812 pg. 94 (middle column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 13 February 2025
27. ^ "The Canadian Voltigeurs" (May 9, 1812), The Quebec Gazette, May 14, 1812 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also "Montreal, May 23" (pg. 2, 2nd column) that chanting and singing Voltigeurs are off to Chambly garrison. Accessed 20 February 2025
28. ^ "Recruiting," The Quebec Gazette, May 28, 1812 pg. 2, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also "Glengary Sharp Shooters" ad on pg. 3. Accessed 20 February 2025
29. ^ "Quebec; Thursday, June 4, 1812; The unmarried men[....]," The Quebec Gazette, June 4, 1812 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 21 February 2025
30. ^ "St. Charles, 19th Sept. 1812," The Quebec Gazette, September 24, 1812 pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 February 2025
31. ^ "The Militia-Man," The Quebec Gazette, October 8, 1812 pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 February 2025
32. ^ "Government Contract" (June 15, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, June 23, 1812 pg. [193], Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 13 February 2025
33. ^ "Saturday, 18th July, 1812; (Private and Confidential.)" (July 17, 1812), Journal of the House of Assembly, Lower-Canada (1812), pgs. 28, 30 See also details (pg. 3, 1st column) of Army Bills. Accessed 21 February 2025
34. ^ "The Quebec Gazette; By His Excellency[....]" (June 30, 1812), The Quebec Gazette, July 2, 1812 pg. 2, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 21 February 2025
35. ^ "Commissary General's Office[....]" (September 28, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, September 29, 1812 pg. 311 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also (at top of same column) that reports say U.S. troops are poorly clothed, but "should they be inclined to cross the line, it will be but neighbourly to give them a warm reception" Accessed 14 February 2025
36. ^ "The Quebec Gazette; [We have published[....]," The Quebec Gazette, February 13, 1812 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 February 2025
37. ^ "Friday, 15th May, 1812; To His Royal Highness[....]" (May 13, 1812), Journal of the House of Assembly, Lower-Canada (1812), pgs. 594, 596 Accessed 10 February 2025
38. ^ "Quebec English Commercial Academy" (April 9, 1812), The Quebec Gazette, April 16, 1812 pg. 1, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 19 February 2025
39. ^ "Tuesday, 10th March, 1812; A Petition of divers Inhabitants[....]," Journal of the House of Assembly, Lower-Canada (1812), pgs. 150, 152, 154 Accessed 10 February 2025
40. ^ "Friday, 13th March, 1812; A Petition of the Religious Ladies[....]," Journal of the House of Assembly, Lower-Canada (1812), pgs. 426, 428 See also their petition for funds "for the subsistence of the distracted persons kept in the mad house of the General Hospital." Accessed 10 February 2025
41. ^ "Wednesday, 4th March, 1812; A Petition of James Strothers[....]," Journal of the House of Assembly, Lower-Canada (1812), pgs. 108, 110 Accessed 10 February 2025
42. ^ "Montreal, 2d March," The Quebec Gazette, March 5, 1812 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 February 2025
43. ^ "The Montreal Herald; Saturday, March 7; On Sunday evening[....]," The Montreal Herald, March 7, 1812 pg. 3 (2nd column bottom), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 26 February 2025
44. ^ "£100 Douceur" (March 2, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, March 2, 1812 pg. 71, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 13 February 2025
45. ^ "Dr. J. Flagg, Surgeon Dentist, From Boston" (March 9, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, March 23, 1812 pg. [89], Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 13 February 2025
46. ^ "Manufactory of Painted Floor Cloths" (April 22, 1812), The Quebec Gazette, June 4, 1812 pg. 1 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 21 February 2025
47. ^ "Circus; Mr. Codet's Benefit" (1812), Musée McCord Stewart Museum. Accessed 12 February 2025
48. ^ "American Papers; From Niagara, June 28," The Quebec Gazette, July 30, 1812 pg. 2, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 21 February 2025
49. ^ "Upper Canada; Proclamation" (July 22, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, August 11, 1812 pgs. 253–4, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also Gen. Hull's Proclamation (July 12, 1812), pg. 261. Accessed 13 February 2025
50. ^ "Kingston, Nov. 17," The Quebec Mercury, December 8, 1812 pg. 388, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also description (pg. 390, centre column) of squadron attacking Kingston and its commander's report (pg. 398). Accessed 17 February 2025
51. ^ "General Smyth" (November 7, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, December 15, 1812 pgs. 397–8, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 February 2025
52. ^ An Act to provide for the Defence of this Province (August 5, 1812), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 February 2025
53. ^ An Act to prevent Desertion from his Majesty’s Regular Forces, by granting a Bounty for Apprehending Deserters in this Province (March 6, 1812), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 February 2025
54. ^ "For the Kingston Gazette" (November 30, 1812), Kingston Gazette (December 1, 1812), pg. 1 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 27 February 2025
55. ^ "(The following descriptions[....]," The Quebec Mercury, December 15, 1812 pg. 395, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also view of York blockhouse and harbour. Accessed 17 February 2025
56. ^ An Act to prevent Damage to Travellers on the Highways in this Province (March 6, 1812), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 February 2025
57. ^ An Act for granting to His Majesty an additional Revenue to defray the expense of the War; and to appoint Commissioners to borrow Money for the use of the Province (1812), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 February 2025
58. ^ "Extract of a letter[....]" (July 24, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, August 18, 1812 pg. 262 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 February 2025
59. ^ "Extract of a letter[....]" (August 4, 1812), The Quebec Mercury, September 15, 1812 pg. 293 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 14 February 2025
60. ^ An Act to appropriate a sum of money as an aid to His Majesty in the defence of the Province (March 7, 1812), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 February 2025
61. ^ "Halifax, June 29; St. Andrews, June 26," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (July 9, 1812) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 1st column, bottom). Accessed 6 February 2025
62. ^ Letter to James Madison (June 27, 1812). See also letter to Madison saying Boston is defenceless against attack from Nova Scotia. Accessed 28 February 2025
63. ^ "Letter from Penelope Winslow to Edward Winslow" (November 20, 1812), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 7 February 2025
64. ^ "Indian Affairs; Document #40" and "Indian Affairs; Document #41" and "Indian Affairs; Document #42" (August 1812), University of New Brunswick Archives. Accessed 28 February 2025
65. ^ An Act to encourage the erection of a Passage Boat to be worked by Steam for facilitating the communication between the City of Saint John and Fredericton (March 7, 1812), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 February 2025
66. ^ [https://archives.gnb.ca/Search/RS24/DocumentViewer.aspx?culture=en-CA&record=1600 An Act to restrain Persons from Marriage until their former Wives or Husbands be dead (February 13, 1812), Legislative Assembly: Sessional Records (RS24), Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Accessed 10 February 2025
67. ^ "Public Notice is hereby given[....]" (June 8, 1812), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (July 2, 1812) pg. 1 of 2 (lefthand page, 1st column). Accessed 6 February 2025
68. ^ "Insurance" (February 22, 1812), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (April 9, 1812) pg. 1 of 2 (lefthand page, 4th column). Accessed 3 February 2025
69. ^ "Notice" (March 30, 1812), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (April 9, 1812) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 4th column). Accessed 3 February 2025
70. ^ "The Royal Gazette; Thursday, November 12, 1812; Atrocious Theft," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (November 12, 1812) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 3rd column). Accessed 7 February 2025
71. ^ "Contract" (April 16, 1812), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (April 16, 1812) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page). Accessed 5 February 2025
72. ^ "Address, To the Honourable Cæsar Colclough[....]" (1812), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (June18, 1812) pg. 2 of 5 (righthand page). Accessed 5 February 2025
73. ^ Letter (1811 or 1812) quoted in Pioneer Papers - No. 1 (1908), pgs. 47-8 (frame 120)

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