1817 in Canada

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* 1816
* 1815
* 1814
*   *

|  | 1817

Canada |

* 1818
* 1819
* 1820
*   *

|
|
|

Decades:|

* 1790s
* 1800s
* 1810s
* 1820s
* 1830s

See also:|

* History of Canada
* Timeline of Canadian history
* List of years in Canada

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Events from the year 1817 in Canada.

## Incumbents

[edit]

* Monarch: George III[1]

### Federal government

[edit]

* Parliament of Lower Canada: 9th (starting January 15)
* Parliament of Upper Canada: 7th (starting February 4)

### Governors

[edit]

* Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
* Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
* Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
* Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
* Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

## Events

[edit]

* February 4 – Francois Page petitions for monopoly of navigation of Lower Canadian Rivers, by an invention of which he produces a model.
* February 18 – Mr. McCord reads a petition for the deepening of the St. Lawrence.
* February 28 – One Goudie and others petition for a monopoly of navigation of Lake Champlain, in Canada, as like U.S. monopolists injure Canadian Commerce, by trading into Canada.

### Full date unknown

[edit]

* Famine in Newfoundland due to poor postwar economy.
* Nova Scotia population estimated at 78,345.
* David Thompson takes post as chief surveyor for International Boundary Commission.
* The Rush-Bagot Agreement limits the number of battleships on the Great Lakes to a total of eight.

## Births

[edit]

* January 1 – Francis Godschall Johnson, politician (d.1894)
* January 29 – John Palliser, explorer and geographer (d.1887)
* February 17 – Donald Alexander Macdonald, politician (d.1896)
* September 6 – Alexander Tilloch Galt, politician and a Father of Confederation (d.1893)
* November 8 – Théophile Hamel, painter (d.1870)
* November 23 – William Jack, astronomer (d.1886)

### Full date unknown

[edit]

* John Chipman Wade, politician and lawyer (d.1892)[2]

## Deaths

[edit]

* November 23 – James Glenie, army officer, military engineer, businessman, office holder, and politician (b.1750)

## Historical documents

[edit]

"Old England [is our] most respected Parent, and [we] are not to be taught by[...]Washington what our duty to that parent or to ourselves [is]."[3]

Prince Edward Island lieutenant-governor says "the storm of war which has so long raged [has left] an agitated and troubled political Sea"[4]

War gives wealth to few, but peace "disseminates comfort to all[;] these are not ideas quite in unison with the state of mind of this society"[5]

Vice admiralty court refuses to condemn U.S. vessels found fishing in Nova Scotia waters because U.S.A. and U.K. have not settled on fisheries[6]

Perhaps 700 people have come from U.K. to settle in Canada, with equal number arriving in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick[7]

We have much satisfaction[...]that some hundreds of settlers have [come] from Britain to Canada [-] a more effectual remedy for poor times"[8]

Defence is made of Hudson's Bay Company's rights, including its charter and territory, in competition with North West Company[9]

Albany Argus reports that U.K. and U.S.A. have agreed to limit armed craft on each of two Great Lakes to two revenue cutters each[10]

"Five Minutes' Advice to Young Tradesmen" includes: "the conversation of men of trade brings trade; men first talk then deal together"[11]

Newspaper editor notes types of news covered in papers, and how much space goes to advertisements but how little is given to death notices[12]

### Lower Canada

[edit]

"Total failure of the late harvest" requires appropriating £20,000 at most to provide seed grain and potatoes to "the most indigent husbandmen"[13]

At least 1,500 people in Quebec City suburbs are "reduced to actual distress" because bread and fuel cost too much for hundreds of families[14]

Editorial: With recent revival of trade ended, wants of British labouring classes grow daily; emigration is no alternative if arranged without assistance, and even 12 months' rations leave farmers with no means of living until harvest; but potatoes yield early crop on unplowed land and wheat and rye are now well advanced; farmers should understand that many in town are just as wretched and have no harvest to look forward to; disbanded soldiers should recall privation they suffered in war service; "let them think of these things and bless their kind stars that, scanty as their fare may be, yet composed (sic) with that of many others, they live in the midst of abundance"[15]

Editorial: "Better [to] find employment for the poor than hang them for desperate acts, the natural effect of want"[16]

"Religious Ladies of the General Hospital of Montreal" ask Assembly to help them as "they are in want of the bread necessary to eat"[17]

Abundant supply shows embargo on flour should be lifted; Speaker Papineau says sales loss to Montreal district is £100,000[18]

Colonial government must be given authority "to manage our affairs with our own internal resources" to increase L.C.'s commercial prosperity[19]

To gauge work output of "common Labourers,[...]a small weak Boy of 15" shovels soil and rock into wheelbarrow, moving 120 loads in 10½ hours[20]

Mi'kmaw Pierre Quatre Pattes dies on Quebec City ice because of his lameness and "his being very thinly clothed, from his extreme indigence"[21]

Topics that should be most urgent to Assembly: improvement of travel routes, commerce, and local reform (banks, insurance companies etc.)[22]

Assembly Speaker Papineau speaks with "masterly style and manner [and] profound erudition" in criticism of distressed parishes bill[23]

Articles of associates creating Bank of Montreal with capital stock of not more than £250,000 in 5,000 shares of £50 each[24]

Quebec Agricultural Society will reduce "the very backward state of agriculture in this Province, particularly in the District of Quebec"[25]

Guide to what European emigrants coming to farm in Canada should bring (including tools and seeds)[26]

Owner of seigneury on Chaudière River puts up dozens of sponsored German families (wearing their one-century-out-of-fashion clothing)[27]

Citizens group report on proposed incorporation of Quebec City by Assembly says its increasing size requires local government[28]

Quebec City people with fever who can't get to "good air" in country can apply to health officer to get medical treatment outside of city[29]

"Insane" are made comfortable in their 8 ft. x 9 ft. cells, but they tear their clothing and bedding and relieve themselves on beds and floor[30]

"Bathing machine" in St. Lawrence River includes separate men's and women's facilities and "a Warm and Shower Bath on board"[31]

Steam mill at Saint-Roch has 3 gangs of saws and gristmill with 10 pairs of stones (Note: see definition of gang (Noun no. 7))[32]

Steamboat of 310 tons burden and 28 horsepower, with rudder at each end, will cross St. Lawrence River at Quebec City in 8 minutes[33]

Proposed transportation contracts include improving canoe landing at Point Levi and seeing if Chaudière River can be made navigable[34]

British-trained civil engineer, experienced in factories and mills, is "acquainted with levelling Canals, Water-Courses and Mill Falls"[35]

U.S. tourist describes journey from Montreal to Quebec City based on "a more historical and scientific form"[36]

Eastern Townships will be rich and fruitful "as soon as good roads, a court of judicature, and clergymen and school-masters" come[37]

Petition to legislature from dogs and cats asks that no tax be put on them, as they are already massacred to make caps, mitts and gloves[38]

Man is fined £5 for severely beating his half-starved horse when it couldn't pull overloaded wagon up hill between lower and upper Quebec City[39]

Severe winter weather lasts until May Day, and maypoles are set up on ice off Quebec City for first time in perhaps 40 years[40]

Military mathematics course includes "practical Exercises on specific Gravity, Weight and dimensions of Balls and Shells;" also nautical course[41]

New singing school, "which, although much neglected here, is in some countries considered an almost essential part of the studies of youth"[42]

Gooseberry, "this most delicious fruit, has of late years been much regarded by all the Gardeners in this vicinity"[43]

"Wild African Urus" and rattlesnakes on display in tavern's theatre for 1/3, kids half price (Note: Urus displayed may be gemsbok)[44]

### Upper Canada

[edit]

"Greatly extended commerce has succeeded the din of war on the Lakes of Upper Canada from Prescott and Ogdensburgh [to St. Marys River]"[45]

* * *

Being in prosperous province, not "young colony," U.C. Assembly must provide support beyond what Imperial Parliament supplies[46]

"Grand Canal" will expose U.C. to attack, so St. Lawrence River navigation should be improved and alliance with Indigenous people cherished[47]

On Drummond Island "the Indians, notwithstanding their fidelity and gallant behaviour in the war, are[...]renounced," and whites forget promises[48]

Augustus Jones and 16 other "Grand Inquest" members report years of lawlessness (including murder) among Indigenous people along Grand River[49]

John Strachan explains purpose and work of Society for the Relief of Strangers in Distress[50]

Perth settlers come with £30–100, which they spend on clearing land, buying cows, and food, then go hungry because of frosts and rust[51]

Lt. Gov. Gore objects to Assembly's resolution "in favor of American settlers" – but might their skills be more critical than their politics[52]

U.S. has military advantage in ban on Great Lakes warships; after declaring war, it can easily launch warships before British forces can arrive[53]

Ernestown Township (west of Kingston) has good harbour and steamboat industry, but could benefit farmers and merchants with new wharf[54]

U.S. Army officer reports U.C. is fertile, "but there is withal an air of inefficiency, a pause after surmounting the necessities of life"[55]

British settler encourages Upper Canadians to take advantage of their riches, but poor immigrants create "unambitious and weak" society[56]

Upper Canadians are commoners, and primogeniture "is not congenial with their circumstances, interests, habits and feelings"[57]

Minister in new town finds those in congregation "who did nothing were most industrious in finding fault with those who [did] all in their power"[58]

Father in Midland District reports schoolmaster severely beat his six-year-old daughter "for looking off her book;" she has recovered[59]

Duel between Samuel Peters Jarvis and John Ridout, sons of important U.C. families, leads to eighteen-year-old Ridout's death[60]

Besides reading, writing and English grammar, Kingston academy will teach "a knowledge of the French Language" to boys and girls[61]

Kingston will have series of 36 evening lectures (3/week) on chemistry, mineralogy and geology, with experiments and specimens, for 3 guineas[62]

Guests cross York harbour ice to storage schooner HMS Charwell to feast on deck amid stoves under tented sails, then dance until 4am[63]

Capt. and Mrs. Daniel Pring host ball at Naval Establishment on Grand River, including production of "She Stoops to Conquer" by naval staff[64]

"Welcome, little stranger! welcome/To your parent's fond embrace,/Welcome, gift of bounteous Heaven,/Added to the human race!"[65]

### Nova Scotia

[edit]

Lt. Gov. the Earl of Dalhousie reports to legislature "the failure of the Crops in many districts of the Province during the last two years"[66]

* * *

Up to £8,000 to be appropriated for grain, corn, flour and meal to lend by county to "indigent settlers" (Sydney and Pictou get highest amounts)[67]

Lord Dalhousie: "Government has [authorized distribution of] seed potatoes to the Refugee Negroes, to the amount I dare say of 800 families."[68]

Voter must have at least 40s/year income or own dwelling house or 100 acres (with at least 5 acres under cultivation) in fee simple[69]

"Handsome" bounty for grain farmers, and heavy duty on U.S. grain and bread, can after "a few years" make N.S. self-sufficient in bread[70]

Concern about 2,500 U.K. emigrants arriving, many of them mechanics ("Taylors, Cordwainers and Weavers") with no prospect of work[71]

Samuel Cunard and 3 others suggest settling immigrants across N.S., "that their labour may be more valuable to themselves and to the country"[72]

"O let us think of the comforts that we enjoy and of which the poor are destitute" - words of Halifax Methodist Female Benevolent Society[73]

Wealthy people need not forgo "amusements and pleasures [unless] they take such compleat possession of the mind" that they ignore poor people[74]

Mother of triplets "in very indigent circumstances" will put babies on display and "receive any small Donation with thankfulness"[75]

Army auctions about 50,000 forage cakes made of ground oats, bean meal and linseed \- nutritious for horses and, as gruel, for soldiers[76]

Firefighting should include small "engines" (pumping machines) that 4 or 6 men can take into houses and even play on neighbouring houses[77]

Black servant Rino Matthews, blamed for house fire, comes from "a race [with principles] repugnant to the dictates of gratitude and morality"[78]

John Adams says Blacks settled in N.S. will provide "recruits to invade the Southern States to entice and Seduce other blacks to desert"[79]

Corporation will be formed in Halifax to put reservoir on town common and pipe water under all streets in town and suburbs[80]

Commissioner of Sable Island learns from resident of ship unable to anchor for 8 days because of gales, and his boats stove in reaching her[81]

During congregational dispute in Halifax, Thomas McCulloch says "keenness of debate" can cause debaters to miss important points[82]

Physician will take 4 students, who will use medical library, compound medicines, observe diseases and be regularly instructed and examined[83]

Reader claims temperance preserves health and cures maladies; without it, acute pain and distemper, enfeebled legs and lung pain result[84]

After receiving 1 month's wages, 5 men from ship in Antigonish steal boat with sails and oars and are last seen at Arichat[85]

Brief nature book briefly describes 13 mammals (some in predator-prey matches) and many bird species[86]

Signals, instructions and orders for Halifax to send by telegraph[87]

Halifax "Liquor Store" sells "Wines, Cognac Brandy Holland Gin, Jamaica Spirits, Rum, Shrub, Peppermint, Anniseed, Brown Stout and Ginger Wine[88]

Long review of Halifax Theatre's production of "The Tempest" praises boy playing Ariel, including his abilities, great judgment and taste[89]

Halifax production of "Macbeth" has extremely embarrassed and inconfident actor playing Macduff, but then he sings 2 "incomparably executed Songs"[90]

Praise for actor's dying scene: "the stings attending [a] guilty conscience were so forcibly exhibited that[...]the audience were delighted with horror"[91]

"And is it so?/The anxious doubting look of friendship - the enquiring how, and where,/Too soon were answered. 'Tis true, his sadden'd looks declare"[92]

### New Brunswick

[edit]

There is terrible May weather in central N.B., with no grass growing and frost in garden soil, writes Frederick Dibblee of Woodstock Parish[93]

To address "extraordinary distress" in N.B., each county will appoint commissioners to lend grain seed, corn or potatoes to "indigent inhabitants"[94]

Having to pay yet more for poor makes people "grow hard hearted[...]because they think they have already [given] more than their share"[95]

Because province has large number of immigrants, free smallpox vaccine will be administered to population that has rarely had that disease[96]

For missing apprentice, twopence reward offered not being "tempting, it is hoped the lad may get out of the country without molestation"[97]

### Newfoundland

[edit]

St. John's "principal Inhabitants" aid "extraordinary numbers [suffering] present scarcity of provisions," with only 3 weeks' worth of food left[98]

House of Commons committee on Newfoundland reports famine has led to "violations of private property and the destruction of civilized order"[99]

Editor is so distressed by major fire that "the powerful emotions which agitate our minds" leave him unable to describe calamity to readers[100]

For sale: "Fishing Room [with] Dwelling House[,] Fish House, Store, Shop, Fishermens' Houses, [and] Flake that will spread 250 Qtls. Fish"[101]

St. John's boy passes at King's College, Windsor, N.S., having made "excellent examination[...]in Virgil, Horace, the Greek Testament and Homer"[102]

### Prince Edward Island

[edit]

P.E.I. has gained little in agriculture, trade and commerce because "the absent Proprietors of Land in the Colony and its Inhabitants" don't cooperate[103]

For sale: 10,000 acres (½-township) in Prince County, granted to late owner, to be sold together or in lots; contact Samuel Cunard, Halifax[104]

Charlottetown amateur theatre begins season in new location with box seats for 200 (gallery closed) and paintings of Thalia and Melpomene[105]

### Red River Colony

[edit]

Land along lower Red and Assiniboine rivers is transferred by five Saulteaux and Cree chiefs to Lord Selkirk for annual rent of 200 lbs. tobacco[106]

Lord Bathurst says dispute between Hudson's Bay Company and North-West Company has sunk to "outrages of every description"[107]

Reward of £100 offered for arrest of Cuthbert Grant and/or 3 others for murder of Owen Keveney, and £50 offered for giving information[108]

Lengthy defence of Lord Selkirk is "in consequence of the repeated misrepresentations made with respect to the occurrences[...]at the Red River"[109]

### Elsewhere

[edit]

Map: territory between York Fort and Mississippi River headwaters and between Qu'Appelle River and Sault Ste. Marie, showing First Nations[110]

Map: northwestern North America between Arctic Ocean and Missouri River headwaters and between Pacific Ocean and Great Lakes[111]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "George III". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
2. ^ "Profile". lop.parl.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
3. ^ "Halifax, Saturday Morning, April 5, 1817," Acadian Recorder (April 5, 1817), pg. 2 (6th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
4. ^ "Prince Edward Island" (July 8, 1817), Acadian Recorder (August 9, 1817), pg. 2 (5th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 11 July 2025
5. ^ "Quebec, November 24 (sic), 1817," The Quebec Mercury (November 25, 1817), pg. 374 (left column). See also "A Hint" (pg. 3, 5th column) from Kingston retailer re rich competitors who keep prices as high as during war, when they made their fortunes while he and others "were starving." Accessed 21 July 2025
6. ^ "Halifax, Saturday Morning, Sept. 6th, 1817; The American Fishing Vessels[....]," Acadian Recorder (September 6, 1817), pg. 2 (5th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 11 July 2025
7. ^ "Quebec, June 10," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (August 5, 1817) pg. 4 of 4 (lefthand page, 1st column). Accessed 3 July 2025
8. ^ "Quebec, June 10, 1817; We have much[....]," The Quebec Mercury (June 10, 1817) pg. 182 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 July 2025.
9. ^ "Notices, &c.," Notices on the Claims of the Hudson's Bay Company[....] (1817), pg. 4 Accessed 7 July 2025
10. ^ "Naval Force on the Lakes," Acadian Recorder (August 23, 1817), pg. 1 (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 11 July 2025
11. ^ "Five Minutes' Advice to Young Tradesmen," The Quebec Mercury (February 4, 1817) pg. 36 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 July 2025.
12. ^ "Intelligence never attended to," The Quebec Mercury (July 29, 1817), pg. 237 (centre column). Accessed 17 July 2025
13. ^ An Act to appropriate a certain Sum of Money for the purchase of Seed Grain, towards the Relief of the Parishes in Distress, by the failure of the late Harvest (March 22, (1817), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. See also act to make good on £14,216 already applied for "severe famine," and petitions from parishes asking legislature for more money because 1816 aid was not enough (see other such petitions in this volume). Accessed 2 July 2025
14. ^ "Distress of the lower class of the people," The Quebec Mercury (January 28, 1817) pg. 29 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 July 2025.
15. ^ "Quebec, July 8, 1817," The Quebec Mercury (July 8, 1817) pg. 214, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also correction (pg. 6, right column) that troubles in Britain come not from diminished trade but end of demand for war articles. Accessed 18 July 2025.
16. ^ "Quebec, June 10, 1817," The Quebec Mercury (June 10, 1817) pg. 182, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also Montreal editorial (pg. 3, columns 1–2) on apathetic response to "nearly three years" of frequent burglaries and robberies. Accessed 17 July 2025.
17. ^ "Mr. McCord read in his place[....]" Journal of the House of Assembly of Lower-Canada[...]1817, pg. 524 Accessed 14 July 2025
18. ^ "Our Commerce," The Montreal Herald, June 14, 1817 pg. 2 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 July 2025
19. ^ "Commerce of the Upper Lakes," The Quebec Mercury (October 7, 1817), continued on pg. 318 (left column top). Accessed 21 July 2025
20. ^ "For the Montreal Herald" (May 30, 1817), The Montreal Herald, May 31, 1817 pg. 3 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also further results (pg. 2, 1st column) of "experiment." Accessed 23 July 2025
21. ^ "On Tuesday evening[....]," The Quebec Mercury (January 17, 1817) pg. 1, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 22 July 2025.
22. ^ "Quebec: Thursday, 16th January, 1817; Mr. Printer," The Quebec Gazette, January 16, 1817 pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also "Communication" (pg. 3, 1st column) suggesting improvements to Montreal. Accessed 22 July 2025
23. ^ "The Montreal Herald; Saturday Evening, February 22d, 1817; In addition to what[....]," The Montreal Herald, February 22, 1817 pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 23 July 2025
24. ^ "Articles of Association of the Montreal Bank," The Montreal Herald, May 24, 1817 pg. 1, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also "Bank Notice" (pg. 3, 3rd column) with directors' names, including John Gray, George Moffatt, Horatio Gates, Austin Cuvillier, James Leslie, George Garden and John Forsyth. Accessed 23 July 2025
25. ^ "Quebec Agriculural Society," The Quebec Mercury (June 3, 1817) pg. 172, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also notice of meeting (pg. 3, 1st column) for Montreal society called by John Gray, Thomas Porteous, Pierre Guerout, Louis Bourdages, John Forsyth, Roderick Mackenzie, Horatio Gates, William Hallowell and others, and society's purpose (pg. 2, columns 3–4, 5). Accessed 16 July 2025.
26. ^ "A question will arise to an European settler[....]," Essays on practical husbandry, addressed to the Canadian farmers, pg. 118 (frame 125). Accessed 4 July 2025
27. ^ "German Settlers," (October 14, 1817) pg. 326 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 21 July 2025
28. ^ "Incorporation of the City," The Quebec Gazette, December 25, 1817 pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also editorial (pg. 3, 1st column top) advocating Montreal incorporation. Accessed 22 July 2025
29. ^ "Executive Council Office" (October 10, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (October 10, 1817), pg. 2 (left column). See also health officer's letter (pg. 325, left column) addressing fear of typhus, and elaboration (pg. 350, right column) on effectiveness of pure air. Accessed 21 July 2025
30. ^ "Mr. Editor" (February 24, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (February 25, 1817) pg. 58 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 July 2025.
31. ^ "Montreal Bathing Machine" (June 20, 1817), The Montreal Herald, June 21, 1817 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 July 2025
32. ^ "Quebec, November 18, 1817; Mr. Goudie[....]," The Quebec Mercury (November 18, 1817), pg. 366 (right column). Accessed 21 July 2025
33. ^ "Quebec, September 30, 1817; A new steam Boat," The Quebec Mercury (September 30, 1817) pg. 311 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 18 July 2025.
34. ^ "The Commissionmers for internal communications[....]" (June 20, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (July 1, 1817) pg. 202 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 July 2025.
35. ^ "Thomas Price," The Montreal Herald, September 6, 1817 pg. 3 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 25 July 2025
36. ^ "Preliminary Observations," Sketches of Lower Canada, Historical and Descriptive[....] (1817), pg. 6, Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 7 July 2025
37. ^ "A Short View of the Present State of the Eastern Townships in the Province of Lower Canada[....]" (1817), pg. 19 Accessed 7 July 2025
38. ^ "To the Provincial Parliament of the Province of Lower-Canada," The Quebec Mercury (January 14, 1817) pg. 14 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 July 2025.
39. ^ "Quebec August 28," The Montreal Herald, August 30, 1817 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 25 July 2025
40. ^ "Quebec: Thursday, 1st May, 1817; The ice is still firm[....]," The Quebec Gazette, January 16, 1817 pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 22 July 2025
41. ^ "Mathematics" (September 1, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (September 9, 1817) pg. 282 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 18 July 2025.
42. ^ "Vocal Music" (January 17, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (January 17, 1817) pg. 1 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 July 2025.
43. ^ "Gooseberries]]," The Montreal Herald, August 16, 1817 pg. 2 (5th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 25 July 2025
44. ^ "Great Curiosity; The Wild African Urus" (October 3, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (October 3, 1817), pg. 1 (left column). See also "Battle; The Urus and Dogs" (pg. 326, right column bottom). Accessed 21 July 2025
45. ^ "Commerce of the Upper Lakes," The Quebec Mercury (October 7, 1817), pg. 317 (right column). Accessed 21 July 2025
46. ^ An Act granting to His Majesty a Sum of Money, for certain Purposes therein mentioned (April 7, 1817), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 2 July 2025
47. ^ "The Montreal Herald; Saturday Evening, January 25th, 1817; Among other articles[....]," The Montreal Herald, January 25, 1817 pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 23 July 2025
48. ^ "Communication; 'Extract of a letter[....],'" The Montreal Herald, October 18, 1817 pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 25 July 2025
49. ^ "Address; Of the Grand Inquest of the District of Gore[....]" (January 17, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (May 13, 1817) pg. 148 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 July 2025.
50. ^ "Report of the Treasurer of the Society established at York for the Relief of Strangers in distress" (December 1, 1817), The Montreal Herald, December 27, 1817 pg. 2 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 25 July 2025
51. ^ "Perth Settlement, Upper Canada" (December 14, 1817), Kingston Gazette (December 30, 1817), pg. 5 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
52. ^ "Quebec, June 24, 1817; We observe by the Upper Canada papers[....]," The Quebec Mercury (June 24, 1817) pg. 198 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 17 July 2025.
53. ^ "From the Upper Canada Gazette; York, October 2," The New-Brunswick Royal Gazette (December 16, 1817), pg. 3 (2nd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 15 July 2025
54. ^ "Kingston: Tuesday, December 16, 1817; Among the arrivals[....]," Kingston Gazette (November 16, 1817), pg. 3 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
55. ^ "(Narrative of a Tour in the Northwest in 1817)" pgs. 38–9, Toronto Public Library. Accessed 15 July 2025
56. ^ "From the Upper Canada Gazette; To the Resident Land Owners of Upper-Canada" (October 1817), Kingston Gazette (November 18, 1817), pg. 1 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
57. ^ "Kingston: Tuesday, November 18, 1817; For the Kingston Gazette," Kingston Gazette (November 18, 1817), pg. 3 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
58. ^ "On becoming better acquainted[....]," The Condensed Diaries of the Rev. William Bell Volume One (unpaginated). Accessed 29 July 2025
59. ^ "Caution!" (June 10, 1817), Kingston Gazette (June 14, 1817), pg. 3 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
60. ^ "Fatal Duel," Kingston Gazette (June 22, 1817), pg. 3 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
61. ^ "English and French Academy" (October 6, 1817), Kingston Gazette (November 11, 1817), pg. 1 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
62. ^ "The subscriber proposes[....]" (February 22, 1817), Kingston Gazette (February 22, 1817), pg. 3 (5th column), Kingston Frontenac Public Library. See also ad (5th column), for another lecture series on geography. Accessed 21 July 2025
63. ^ "Upper-Canada, York, January 23," Acadian Recorder (February 15, 1817), pg. 4 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
64. ^ "For the Kingston Gazette; Naval Fete at the Grand River," Kingston Gazette (March 15, 1817), pg. 3 (2nd column), Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 21 July 2025
65. ^ "Poetry; For the Kingston Gazette; On the Birth of a Son" (March 12, 1817), Kingston Gazette (March 15, 1817), pg. 1 Kingston Frontenac Public Library. Accessed 28 July 2025
66. ^ "Nova-Scotia Legislature; Thursday, Feb. 13, 1817; Speech," Acadian Recorder (February 15, 1817), pg. 3 (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
67. ^ An Act for the Importation of certain kinds of Grain, Flour and Meal, and for furnishing the same to such settlers within the Province as are in indigent circumstances, owing to the failure of Crops (April 7, 1817), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. See also Dalhousie diary excerpt (2 April 1817) in which he defends large expenditure that will benefit debt-free and almost tax-free province, and notice (pg. 3, 2nd column) that Treasury warrants for £1,400 are drawn payable to counties for distressed inhabitants. Accessed 2 July 2025
68. ^ "10 May 1817 - Halifax, NS," "Diary of George Ramsay" (excerpts), Network in Canadian History & Environment. Accessed 30 July 2025
69. ^ An Act for regulating Elections of Representatives to serve in General Assembly (1817), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 2 July 2025
70. ^ "To the Editor of the Recorder," Acadian Recorder (March 15, 1817), pg. 2 (6th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
71. ^ "Halifax, Saturday Morning, July 26th, 1817; To the Editor[....]" (July 25, 1817), Acadian Recorder (July 26, 1817), pg. 2 (5th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 10 July 2025
72. ^ "Halifax, Saturday Morning, August 9, 1817; Emigrants" (August 1, 1817), Acadian Recorder (August 9, 1817), pg. 3 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 11 July 2025
73. ^ "The First Annual Report of the Halifax Methodist Female Benevolent Society[....]" (1817), pg. 3 See also notice (5th column) that British consulate in New York will transfer poor arriving from U.K. to N.S. and Upper Canada. Accessed 7 July 2025
74. ^ "No. III; Mr. Holland," Acadian Recorder (February 1, 1817), pg. 3 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
75. ^ "Mrs. Munroe, with her Three Children," Acadian Recorder (July 26, 1817), pg. 3 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 10 July 2025
76. ^ "Dep'y Com'y General's Office, Halifax, 27th March, 1817," Acadian Recorder (April 5, 1817), pg. 3 (5th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
77. ^ "For the Acadian Recorder; On the late Fire; Engines," Acadian Recorder (January 4, 1817), pg. 1 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 July 2025
78. ^ "Communication; Caution to persons employing Negro Servants," Acadian Recorder (January 4, 1817), pg. 3 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 July 2025
79. ^ "Thomas Jefferson's Notes on a Conversation with Henry Dearborn" (October 7, 1815), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 28 May 2025
80. ^ An Act for the better supplying the Town of Halifax with Fresh Water (1817), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 2 July 2025
81. ^ "Letter from Edward Hodgson to Michael Wallace" (October 18, 1817), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 29 July 2025
82. ^ Thomas McCulloch, "Words of Peace(....)" Nova Scotia Legislative Library. Accessed 7 July 2025
83. ^ "Study of Medicine," Acadian Recorder (May 3, 1817), pg. 4 (4th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
84. ^ "Lunenburg, June 18, 1817," Acadian Recorder (July 12, 1817), pg. 1 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 10 July 2025
85. ^ "Ran Away" (August 9, 1817), Acadian Recorder (August 16, 1817), pg. 4 (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 11 July 2025
86. ^ A Descriptive Catalogue of Quadrupeds and Birds, Collected and Preserved in the British American Colonies (1817), McGill University Library. Accessed 29 July 2025
87. ^ "(Plan of the Halifax telegraph(....))" (January 1, 1817), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 July 2025
88. ^ "Liquor Store," Acadian Recorder (April 5, 1817), pg. 4 (6th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
89. ^ "To the Editor of the Recorder" (May 23, 1817), Acadian Recorder (May 31, 1817), pg. 2 (5th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
90. ^ "Halifax, Saturday Morning, Jan. 25, 1817; Communication," Acadian Recorder (January 25, 1817), pg. 3 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 July 2025
91. ^ "Theatrical; To the Editor[...]" (December 2, 1817), Acadian Recorder (December 6, 1817), pg. 2 (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 14 July 2025
92. ^ "The Fount; Lines," Acadian Recorder (August 30, 1817), pg. 4 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. See also letter excerpt (5th column) with details of funeral for subject of poem. Accessed 11 July 2025
93. ^ "2 May 1817," Diary of Rev. Frederick Dibblee Accessed 29 July 2025
94. ^ An Act to provide for the necessities of the Province, occasioned by the failure of the late Crop (March 22, 1817), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 2 July 2025
95. ^ "Poor's Rate," The New-Brunswick Royal Gazette (January 28, 1817), pg. 3 (4th column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 14 July 2025
96. ^ "Provincial Vaccine Institution--New-Brunswick," The New-Brunswick Royal Gazette (September 9, 1817), pg. 3 (2nd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 15 July 2025
97. ^ "Two-pence Reward" (January 13, 1817), The New-Brunswick Royal Gazette (January 14, 1817), pg. 3 (3rd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 14 July 2025
98. ^ "Court-House, April 3, 1817," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (April 8, 1817) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 2nd column). See also editorial (pg. 3 of 3, righthand pg., 1st column) regretting ice making ships unable to enter port, given "the present distressed state of the town," and comment (pg. 2 of 2, righthand pg., 1st column) in House of Commons that apparently 5,000 out of population of 60,000 "were in absolute beggary." Accessed 2 July 2025
99. ^ "Report from Select Committee on Newfoundland Trade," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (September 23, 1817) pg. 2 of 3 (lefthand page). Accessed 4 July 2025
100. ^ "The Royal Gazette; Tuesday, November 11, 1817; Destructive Fire!!," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (November 11, 1817) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page). See also more coverage (pg. 2 of 4) of fire. Accessed 4 July 2025
101. ^ "For Sale, In Hermitage Bay" (June 24, 1817), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (July 8, 1817) pg. 1 of 2 (righthand page, 3rd column). Accessed 3 July 2025
102. ^ "The Royal Gazette, Tuesday, July 22, 1817; Mr. George McCawley[....]," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser (July 22, 1817) pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 1st column). See also course (pg. 3 of 3, righthand pg., 2nd column) of classical and practical education at St. John's Academy. Accessed 3 July 2025
103. ^ "Prince Edward Island" (November 29, 1817), Acadian Recorder (December 20, 1817), pg. 2 (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 14 July 2025
104. ^ "10,000 acres of Land," Acadian Recorder (June 7, 1817), pg. 1 (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 9 July 2025
105. ^ "The Lovers of Drama[....]," Prince Edward Island Gazette (Noverber 26, 1817), pg. 4 Accessed 4 July 2025
106. ^ "Deed and map(....)" (July 18, 1817), Archives of Manitoba. Accessed 28 July 2025
107. ^ Letter from Lord Bathurst to Hudson's Bay Company directors (January 16, 1817), The Collected Writings of Lord Selkirk; 1810–1820 (pg. 212, frame 308), Manitoba Historical Society. Accessed 29 July 2025
108. ^ "The Quebec Gazette; A Proclamation" (April 23, 1817), The Quebec Mercury (April 24, 1817) pg. 2, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also "Red River Petition of 1817 to Bishop Plessis" from Metis "of a soft and peaceful character." Accessed 22 July 2025.
109. ^ "Advertisement," Statement Respecting the Earl of Selkirk's Settlememt upon the Red River[....] (1817), pg. (v) Library and Archives Canada. See also anti-Selkirk "Narrative of Occurrences" Accessed 7 July 2025
110. ^ "Sketch of Part of the Hudsons Bay Conpany's Territory" (1817), Statement Respecting the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement upon the Red River in North America(....) (1817), frame 3, Toronto Public Library. Accessed 7 July 2025
111. ^ "A Map of America[...]Exhibiting the Principal Trading Stations of the North West Company," Notice Respecting the Boundary between His Majesty's Possessions in North America and the United States(....) (1817), frame 1, Toronto Public Library. Accessed 7 July 2025

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