1842 in science

Overview of the events of 1842 in science

List of years in science

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* 1838

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1842 in science

1841

1843

Fields

* Archaeology

Technology

* Sustainable energy research
* Transportation technology

Social sciences

* Psychology
* Governance and policy studies

Paleontology

* Dinosaurs' extinction

Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment

* Tornado research

Other/related

* Birding/ornithology
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The year 1842 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

## Biochemistry

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* October 5 – Josef Groll brews the first pilsner light lager beer in the city of Pilsen, Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic).

## Botany

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* Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward publishes On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases in London, promoting his concept of the Wardian case.[1]

## Exploration

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* Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross charts the eastern side of James Ross Island and on January 23 reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S.[2]

## Medicine

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* January – American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first person to administer an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate a surgical procedure. After Clarke uses a towel and ether to anesthetize a patient identified as "Miss Hobbie", Dr. Elijah Pope carries out a dental extraction.[3]
* March 30 – American physician and pharmacist Crawford Long administers an inhaled anesthetic (diethyl ether) to facilitate a surgical procedure (removal of a neck tumor).[4][5]
* English surgeon William Bowman publishes On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney,[6] identifying Bowman's capsule, a key component of the nephron.
* Edwin Chadwick's critical Report on an inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain is published by the Poor Law Commission.[7]

## Paleontology

[edit]

* British palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name Dinosauria, hence the Anglicized dinosaur.[8]

## Physics

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* Christian Doppler proposes the Doppler effect.[9]
* Julius Robert von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent.[10] This is independently discovered in 1843 by James Prescott Joule, who names it "mechanical equivalent of heat".

## Technology

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* January 8 – Delft University of Technology established by William II of the Netherlands as a 'Royal Academy for the education of civilian engineers'.[11]
* February 21 – John Greenough is granted the first U.S. patent for the sewing machine.[12]
* June – James Nasmyth patents his design of steam hammer in England and introduces an improved planing machine.[13]
* John Herschel discovers the cyanotype (blueprint) photographic process in England.[14]

## Events

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* September 14–17 – English naturalist Charles Darwin and his family settle at Down House in Kent.

## Awards

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* Copley Medal: James MacCullagh[15]
* Wollaston Medal: Leopold von Buch

## Births

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* February 2 – Julian Sochocki (died 1927), Polish mathematician.
* February 10 – Agnes Mary Clerke (died 1907) Irish astronomer and author.[16]
* February 22 – Camille Flammarion (died 1925), French astronomer.
* March 17 – Rosina Heikel (died 1929), Finnish physician.[17]
* March 23 – Susan Jane Cunningham (died 1921), American mathematician.
* April 4 – Édouard Lucas (died 1891, French mathematician.
* May 7 – Isala Van Diest (died 1916), Belgian physician.
* May 8 – Emil Christian Hansen (died 1909), Danish fermentation physiologist.
* June 11 – Carl von Linde (died 1934), German refrigeration engineer.
* August 23 – Osborne Reynolds (died 1912), Irish-born physicist.
* September 9 – Elliott Coues (died 1899), American ornithologist.
* September 20
* James Dewar (died 1923), Scottish-born chemist.
* Charles Lapworth (died 1920), English geologist.
* October 17 – Gustaf Retzius (died 1919), Swedish anatomist.
* October 24 (O.S. October 12) – Nikolai Menshutkin (died 1907), Russian chemist.
* November 12 – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (died 1919), English Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
* December 3 – Ellen Swallow Richards (d. 1911), American chemist.
* December 17 – Sophus Lie (died 1899), Norwegian mathematician.

## Deaths

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* February 15 – Archibald Menzies (born 1754), Scottish-born botanist.
* April 28 – Charles Bell (born 1774), Scottish-born anatomist.
* May 8 – Jules Dumont d'Urville (born 1790), French explorer.
* June 9 - Maria Dalle Donne (born 1778), Bolognese physician
* June 30 – Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester (born 1754), English agriculturalist and geneticist.
* July 19 – Pierre Joseph Pelletier (born 1788), French chemist.
* July 25 – Dominique Jean Larrey (born 1766), French military surgeon, pioneer of battlefield medicine.

## References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1842 in science.

1. ^ Hershey, David (1996). "Doctor Ward's Accidental Terrarium". The American Biology Teacher. 58 (5): 276–281\. doi:10.2307/4450151. JSTOR 4450151.
2. ^ Coleman, E. C. (2006). The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, from Frobisher to Ross. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. p. 335\. ISBN 978-0-7524-3660-9.
3. ^ Lyman, H. M. (1881). "History of anaesthesia". Artificial anaesthesia and anaesthetics. New York: William Wood and Company. p. 6. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
4. ^ Long, C. W. (1849). "An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anæsthetic in Surgical Operations". Southern Medical and Surgical Journal. 5: 705–13. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
5. ^ Long, Tony (2007-03-30). "March 30, 1842: It's Lights Out, Thanks to Ether". Wired. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
6. ^ Presented to the Royal Society of London.
7. ^ "Icons, a portrait of England 1840–1860". Archived from the original on 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
8. ^ Owen, R. (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles." Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England.
9. ^ "Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels – Versuch einer das Bradley'sche Theorem als integrirenden Theil in sich schliessenden allgemeineren Theorie" ("On the coloured light of the binary refracted stars and other celestial bodies – Attempt of a more general theory including Bradley's theorem as an integral part"). Abhandlungen der kaiserlichen bõhm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Prag (Prague) V Folge 2. 25 May 1842.
10. ^ von Mayer, J. R. (1842). "Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Nature ("Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature")". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 43 (2): 233–40\. doi:10.1002/jlac.18420420212. hdl:2027/umn.319510020751527.
11. ^ "History of the university". TU Delft. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
12. ^ "Vacuum & Sewing Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-29. See section: "Contributors to the invention of the sewing machine".
13. ^ Smiles, Samuel (1912). James Nasmyth Engineer: an Autobiography. John Murray. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
14. ^ Rosenthal, Richard T. (2000). "The Cyanotype". Vernacular Photography. Archived from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
15. ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
16. ^ Haines, Catharine M C; Stevens, Helen M (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 66\. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.
17. ^ Bernce, Arvid (1981). Efter 1809 en Krönika i ord och bild om Finlandssvenskarna (in Swedish). Helsingfors: Bernces förlag. p. 2003\. ISBN 978-9-15000-408-3.

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