1848–49 United States Senate elections

* * *

| ← 1846 & 1847 | Various dates | 1850 & 1851 →

|
|

* * *

19 of the 60 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
31 seats needed for a majority
|   | Majority party  | Minority party

|
|

|  |
Party  | Democratic | Whig
Last election  | 35 seats | 19 seats
Seats before  | 38 | 21
Seats won  | 9 | 9
Seats after  | 33 | 25
Seat change  |  5  |  4
Seats up  | 14  | 5

* * *

| Third party  | Fourth party
|  |
Party  | Independent Democratic | Free Soil
Last election  | 1 seat  |
Seats before  | 0  | New party
Seats won  | 0  | 1
Seats after  | 1  | 1
Seat change  |  |  1
Seats up  | 0  |

* * *

Results:
Democratic gain      Democratic hold
Whig gain      Whig hold
Free Soil gain

* * *

| Majority party before election

Democratic

| Elected Majority party

Democratic

|

The 1848–49 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1848 and 1849, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

The Democratic Party lost seats but maintained control of the Senate.

## Results

[edit]

Senate party division, 31st Congress (1849–1851)

* Majority party: Democratic (33–36)
* Minority party: Whig Party (25–24)
* Other parties: Free Soil (2)
* Total seats: 60–62

## Change in Senate composition

[edit]

### Before the elections

[edit]

D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25
Ran | D26
Ran | D27
Ran | D28
Ran | D29
Ran | D30
Ran
Majority → | D31
Ran
W21
Unknown | ID1 | D38
Retired | D37
Retired | D36
Retired | D35
Retired | D34
Unknown | D33
Ran | D32
Ran
W20
Ran | W19
Ran | W18
Ran | W17
Ran | W16 | W15 | W14 | W13 | W12 | W11
W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 | W5 | W6 | W7 | W8 | W9 | W10

### As a result of the elections

[edit]

D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10

|
|
|
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|
|

D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25
Re-elected | D26
Re-elected | D27
Re-elected | D28
Re-elected | D29
Re-elected | D30
Hold
Majority → | D31
Hold
W21
Gain | W22
Gain | W23
Gain | W24
Gain | W25
Gain | ID1 | FS1
Gain | D33
Gain | D32
Hold
W20
Hold | W19
Re-elected | W18
Re-elected | W17
Re-elected | W16 | W15 | W14 | W13 | W12 | W11
W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 | W5 | W6 | W7 | W8 | W9 | W10

Note: "Re-elected" includes incumbent appointee elected to the next term.

### Beginning of the next Congress

[edit]

D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30
Majority → | D31
W21 | W22 | W23 | W24 | W25 | FS2 | FS1 | D33 | D32
W20 | W19 | W18 | W17 | W16 | W15 | W14 | W13 | W12 | W11
W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 | W5 | W6 | W7 | W8 | W9 | W10
Key:  |  | D# | Democratic

|

ID# | Independent Democratic
FS# | Free Soil
W# | Whig
V# | Vacant

## Race summaries

[edit]

### Special elections during the 30th Congress

[edit]

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1848 or in 1849 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State  | Incumbent  | Results  | Candidates

|
|
|

Senator  | Party  | Electoral history
Mississippi
(Class 1)  | Jefferson Davis | Democratic  | 1847 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected January 11, 1848.[2] |

* ▌Y Jefferson Davis (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Connecticut
(Class 1)  | Roger S. Baldwin | Whig  | 1847 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected in May 1848.  |

* ▌Y Roger S. Baldwin (Whig)
* [data missing]

Maine
(Class 1)  | Wyman B. S. Moor | Democratic  | 1848 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired when successor elected June 7, 1848.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y Hannibal Hamlin (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Wisconsin
(Class 1)  | None (new state)  | Wisconsin admitted to the Union May 29, 1848.
Senator elected June 8, 1848.[3]
Democratic gain. |

* ▌Y Isaac P. Walker (Democratic) 77.22%
* ▌Y Henry Dodge (Democratic) 75.95%
* ▌ Alexander L. Collins (Whig) 22.78%
* ▌ Edward V. Whiton (Whig) 21.52%
* ▌ John Hubbard Tweedy (Whig) 1.27%
* ▌ William S. Hamilton (Whig) 1.27%

Wisconsin
(Class 3)  | Wisconsin admitted to the Union May 29, 1848.
Senator elected June 8, 1848.[3]
Democratic gain.
Alabama
(Class 3)  | Arthur P. Bagby | Democratic  | 1841 (special)
1842 | Incumbent resigned June 16, 1848 to become U.S. Minister to Russia.
New senator elected July 1, 1848.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y William R. King (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Arkansas
(Class 2)  | William K. Sebastian | Democratic  | 1848 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected November 17, 1848.[4] |

* ▌Y William K. Sebastian (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Iowa
(Class 2)  | None (new state)  | Iowa was admitted to the Union December 28, 1846.
Legislature had failed to elect due to a three-way split that prevented any candidate from earning the required 30 votes.[5]
Senator elected December 7, 1848.
Democratic gain. |

* ▌Y George Wallace Jones (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Iowa
(Class 3)  | Iowa was admitted to the Union December 28, 1846.
Legislature had failed to elect due to a three-way split that prevented any candidate from earning the required 30 votes.[5]
Senator elected December 7, 1848.
Democratic gain. |

* ▌Y Augustus C. Dodge (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Kentucky
(Class 3)  | Thomas Metcalfe | Whig  | 1848 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected January 3, 1849.[6] |

* ▌Y Thomas Metcalfe (Whig) 88 votes
* ▌ Lazarus W. Powell (Democratic) 38 votes[7]

Michigan
(Class 1)  | Thomas Fitzgerald | Democratic  | 1848 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected January 20, 1849, but did not take his seat until March 4, 1849.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y Lewis Cass (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Delaware
(Class 1)  | John M. Clayton | Whig  | 1829
1835 | Incumbent resigned February 23, 1849 to become U.S. Secretary of State.
New senator elected February 23, 1849.
Whig hold.  |

* ▌Y John Wales (Whig)
* [data missing]

### Races leading to the 31st Congress

[edit]

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1849; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State  | Incumbent  | Results  | Candidates

|
|
|

Senator  | Party  | Electoral history
Alabama | William R. King | Democratic  | 1848 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1848 or 1849.  |

* ▌Y William R. King (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Arkansas | Solon Borland | Democratic  | 1848 (appointed) | Incumbent appointee elected to a full term in November 1848.[8] |

* ▌Y Solon Borland (Democratic)
* ▌Ambrose Sevier (Democratic)[8]
* [data missing]

Connecticut | John M. Niles | Democratic  | 1842 | Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1848 or 1849.
Whig gain. |

* ▌Y Truman Smith (Whig)
* [data missing]

Florida | James Westcott | Democratic  | 1845 | Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1848.
Whig gain. |

* ▌Y Jackson Morton (Whig)
* [data missing]

Georgia | Herschel V. Johnson | Democratic  | 1848 (appointed) | Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1847.[9]
Whig gain. |

* ▌Y William C. Dawson (Whig)
* [data missing]

Illinois | Sidney Breese | Democratic  | 1843 | Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected January 13, 1849.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y James Shields (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Indiana | Edward A. Hannegan | Democratic  | 1842 | Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected in 1848.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y James Whitcomb (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Kentucky | Thomas Metcalfe | Whig  | 1848 (appointed)
? (special) | Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected February 1, 1849.
Whig hold.  |

* ▌Y Henry Clay (Whig) 93 votes
* ▌Richard Mentor Johnson (Democratic) 45 votes[10]

Louisiana | Henry Johnson | Whig  | 1844 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1848.
Democratic gain. |

* ▌Y Pierre Soulé (Democratic)
* ▌Henry Johnson (Whig)
* [data missing]

Maryland | James Pearce | Whig  | 1843 | Incumbent re-elected in 1849.  |

* ▌Y James Pearce (Whig)
* [data missing]

Missouri | David Rice Atchison | Democratic  | 1843 (appointed)
1843 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1849.  |

* ▌Y David Rice Atchison (Democratic)
* [data missing]

New Hampshire | Charles G. Atherton | Democratic  | 1843 (special) | Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1848 or 1849.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y Moses Norris Jr. (Democratic)
* [data missing]

New York | John Adams Dix | Democratic  | 1845 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election as a Free Soiler.
New senator elected February 6, 1849.
Whig gain. |

* ▌Y William H. Seward (Whig)
* ▌John Adams Dix (Free Soil)
* ▌Reuben H. Walworth (Democratic)
* ▌Daniel D. Barnard (Whig)

North Carolina | George Badger | Whig  | 1846 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1849.  |

* ▌Y George Badger (Whig)
* [data missing]

Ohio | William Allen | Democratic  | 1837
1842 | Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1849.
Free Soil gain. |

* ▌Y Salmon P. Chase (Free Soil)
* ▌Thomas Ewing (Whig)
* ▌William Allen (Democratic)
* ▌Joshua Reed Giddings (Free Soil)
* ▌Reuben Hitchcock (Unknown)
* ▌Emery D. Potter (Democratic)
* ▌David T. Disney (Democratic)
* ▌John C. Vaughn (Unknown)

Pennsylvania | Simon Cameron | Democratic  | 1845 (special) | Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 10, 1849.
Whig gain. |

* ▌Y James Cooper (Whig) 49.62%
* ▌Richard Brodhead (Democratic) 46.62%
* ▌Thaddeus Stevens (Free Soil) 2.26%

South Carolina | Andrew Butler | Democratic  | 1846 (appointed)
? (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1848.  |

* ▌Y Andrew Butler (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Vermont | William Upham | Whig  | 1843 | Incumbent re-elected October 31, 1848.[11] |

* ▌Y William Upham (Whig)
* ▌ Levi Baker Vilas (Democratic)
* ▌ Jacob Collamer (Whig)

Wisconsin | Isaac P. Walker | Democratic  | 1848 | Incumbent re-elected on January 17, 1849.[12] |

* ▌Y Isaac P. Walker (Democratic) 52.94%
* ▌ Byron Kilbourn (Free Soil) 21.18%
* ▌ Alexander Botkin (Whig) 21.18%
* ▌ Morgan Lewis Martin (Democratic) 2.35%
* ▌ James Duane Doty (Democratic) 1.18%
* ▌ William S. Hamilton (Whig) 1.18%

### Elections during the 31st Congress

[edit]

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1849 after March 4.

State  | Incumbent  | Results  | Candidates

|
|
|

Senator  | Party  | Electoral history
Illinois
(Class 3)  | James Shields | Democratic  | 1848 or 1849  | Senate voided election March 15, 1849, as incumbent had not been a U.S. citizen long enough as required by the U.S. Constitution.
Incumbent was re-elected October 27, 1849, having by then qualified.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y James Shields (Democratic)
* [data missing]

Alabama
(Class 2)  | Benjamin Fitzpatrick | Democratic  | 1848 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired when successor elected or lost election to finish the term.
New senator elected November 30, 1849.
Democratic hold.  |

* ▌Y Jeremiah Clemens (Democratic)
* [data missing]

California
(Class 1)  | None (new state)  | California admitted as a state on September 9, 1850.
Senator elected December 20, 1849 and seated upon statehood.
Democratic gain. |

* ▌Y John C. Frémont (Democratic)
* [data missing]

California
(Class 3)  | California admitted as a state on September 9, 1850.
Senator elected December 20, 1849 and seated upon statehood.
Democratic gain. |

* ▌Y William M. Gwin (Democratic)
* [data missing]

## Individual elections

[edit]

### Maryland

[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022)

|

1849 United States Senate election in Maryland | ← 1844 | December 1849 | 1850 →

|
|

* * *

80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
|   |  |

|
|

Candidate  | David Stewart |
Party  | Democratic |
Legislative vote  | - |
Percentage  | -% |

1849 United States Senate election in Maryland | ← 1843 | January 1849 | 1855 →

|
|

* * *

80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
|   |  |

|
|

Candidate  | James Pearce |
Party  | Whig |
Legislative vote  | - |
Percentage  | -% |

Reverdy Johnson won election in 1844 but retired to become the United States Attorney General. In order to fill his seat, David Stewart was elected by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.[13]

James Pearce won re-election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 3 seat.[14]

### New York

[edit]

Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 1849

The New York election was held February 6, 1849. Barnburner John Adams Dix had been elected in 1845 to this seat after the resignation of Silas Wright, and Dix's term would expire on March 3, 1849. In November 1848, Dix was the Barnburners/Free-Soilers candidate for Governor of New York, but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish.

At this time New York Democratic Party was split in two fiercely opposing factions: the Barnburners" and the "Hunkers". The Barnburners organized the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nominated Martin Van Buren for U.S. President. Due to the split, the Whig Party won most of the elective offices by pluralities.

At the State election in November 1847, 24 Whigs and 8 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1848–1849) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1848, 106 Whigs, 15 Free Soilers and 7 Hunkers were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1849. The 72nd New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 11, 1849, at Albany, New York.

Ex-Governor of New York William H. Seward was nominated by a caucus of Whig State legislators on February 1, 1849. The vote was 88 for Seward, 12 for John A. Collier, 18 scattering and 4 blanks. The incumbent U.S. Senator John Adams Dix ran for re-election supported by the Free Soilers. Ex-Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth was the candidate of the Hunkers. Walworth had been third place in the last gubernatorial election, behind Fish and Dix. Ex-Congressman Daniel D. Barnard (Whig) received 2 scattering votes in the Senate. William H. Seward was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

House  | Whig | Free Soil | Dem./Hunker | Also ran

|
|
|
|

State Senate (32 members)  | William H. Seward | 19 | John Adams Dix | 6  | Reuben H. Walworth | 2  | Daniel D. Barnard | 2
State Assembly (128 members)  | William H. Seward | 102 | John Adams Dix | 15  | Reuben H. Walworth | 7  |  |

### Ohio

[edit]

Main article: United States Senate election in Ohio, 1849

The two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met in joint session February 22, 1849, with 72 representatives and 35 senators present to elect a Senator (Class 3) to succeed incumbent William Allen. On the fourth ballot, Salmon P. Chase was elected with a majority of the votes cast, as follows:[15]

Ballot  | William Allen | Thomas Ewing | Joshua Reed Giddings | Salmon P. Chase | Reuben Hitchcock  | Emery D. Potter | David T. Disney | John C. Vaughn  | Blank ballots  | Total votes cast

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | 27  | 41  | 9  | 14  | 1  | 2  | 1  | 0  | 11  | 106
2  | 1  | 41  | 8  | 52  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 4  | 108
3  | 0  | 39  | 9  | 53  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 2  | 2  | 105
4  | 0  | 39  | 11  | 55  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 1  | 0  | 106

The second ballot was declared a nullity by Speaker of the Senate Brewster Randall, because there were one more ballots cast than members present.

### Pennsylvania

[edit]

Main article: United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 1849

The Pennsylvania election was held January 10, 1849. James Cooper was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[16]

Incumbent Democrat Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1845, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 10, 1849, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1849. Three ballots were recorded. The results of the third and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature results[16] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Whig | James Cooper | 66 | 49.62
| Democratic | Richard Brodhead | 62  | 46.62
| Free Soil | Thaddeus Stevens | 3  | 2.26
| N/A  | Not voting  | 2  | 1.50
Totals | 133 | 100.00%

## See also

[edit]

* 1848 United States elections
* 1848 United States presidential election
* 1848–49 United States House of Representatives elections
* 30th United States Congress
* 31st United States Congress

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. 8 February 2022.
2. ^ Byrd, p. 129.
3. ^ a b "In Convention of Both Houses". Journal of the Senate of the State of Wisconsin (Report). Wisconsin Legislature. 1848. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 1 March 2025 – via HathiTrust.
4. ^ Byrd, p. 164.
5. ^ a b Clark, pp. 17–46, 72–79.
6. ^ Byrd, p. 112.
7. ^ Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, begun and held in the Town of Frankfort, on Saturday 30th December 1848. Frankfort, KY: A. G. Hodges & Co, State Printers. 1848. p. 26.
8. ^ a b "Encyclopedia of Arkansas".
9. ^ "Stryker's American Register and Magazine". 1849.
10. ^ Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, begun and held in the Town of Frankfort, on Saturday 30th December 1848. Frankfort, KY: A. G. Hodges & Co, State Printers. 1848. p. 170.
11. ^ "Election of U.S. Senator". Vermont Patriot. 2 November 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 25 January 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
12. ^ "In Convention of Both Houses". Journal of the Senate of the State of Wisconsin (Report). Wisconsin Legislature. 1849. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 2 March 2025 – via HathiTrust.
13. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Dec 00, 1849". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
14. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1849". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
15. ^ Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900 ... State of Ohio. p. 232.
16. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 10 January 1849" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved 22 December 2013.

## References

[edit]

* "Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present". via Senate.gov.
* Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Byrd, Robert C. (1 October 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789–1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160632563.
* The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 63 for U.S. Senators; pg. 136 for State Senators 1849; pg. 236ff for Members of Assembly 1849)
* Members of the 31st United States Congress
* Result State election, 1847: The Whig Almanac and United States Register for 1848
* Result Whig caucus: The American Whig Review, Vol. 11 by George Hooker Colton & James Davenport Whelpley (page 638)
* Result U.S. Senate election, State Senate: Journal of the Senate (72nd Session) (1849; pg. 167)
* Result U.S. Senate election, State Assembly: Journal of the Assembly (72nd Session) (1849; pg. 355f)
* Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project

* v
* t
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