1902 in Italy

* 1901
* 1900
* 1899
*   *

|  | 1902

Italy |

* 1903
* 1904
* 1905
*   *

|
|
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Decades:|

* 1880s
* 1890s
* 1900s
* 1910s
* 1920s

See also:|

* History of Italy
* Timeline of Italian history
* List of years in Italy

Events from the year 1902 in Italy.

## Kingdom of Italy

[edit]

* Monarch – Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946)
* Prime Minister – Giuseppe Zanardelli (1901–1903)
* Population – 32,787,000

## Events

[edit]

In 1902 a new working law (Law 242/1902 also known as the Carcano Law) limited the working day for women to 11 hours and prohibited employment of children under the age of 12.[1] Socialist trade unionism enjoys rapid growth in 1901–02. In 1902 nearly 250,000 industrial workers were organized in the Socialist national federations. The main labour organizations, the Camera del Lavoro (Labour Exchange) also expanded rapidly: from 14 in 1900 to 76 in 1902.[2]

### March

[edit]

Italian emigrants on a coffee plantation in the early 20th century.

* March 26 – The Prinetti Decree is approved by the General Commissariat of Emigration suspending emigration to Brazil of all Italians not paying their own passage. The decree was named after the then Italian foreign affairs minister, Giulio Prinetti, and approved based on a report denouncing the terrible living conditions experienced by Italian immigrants who had become virtual serfs on coffee plantations, with no medical care, no school for their children, small houses, no minimum hygiene conditions, and physical violence, even the use of whips.[3][4]

### May

[edit]

Poster International Exposition of Modern Decorative Arts

* May 10 – The Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna (First International Exposition of Modern Decorative Arts) opens in Turin, spreading the popularity of Art Nouveau design.
* May 20 – Italy annexes the town of Raheita on the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb to Italian Eritrea after disturbances caused by the Sultan of Raheita.[5]

### June

[edit]

* June 7 – Italy takes in possession its concession in Tientsin from the Chinese government.
* June 19 – Law no. 242 is passed establishing the minimum working age at 12 years, but the actual implementation is slow and arduous.[6]
* June 28 – The Triple Alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy is renewed by Foreign Minister Giulio Prinetti.
* June 30 – Italy and France sign a secret treaty whereby France agreed to back Italy's claims in Libya (Tripolitania), while Italy supported French influence in Morocco. Italy was to remain neutral in case of German aggression against France, undermining the Triple Alliance.[7][8]

### July

[edit]

Ruins of the Campanile

* July 14 – St Mark's Campanile, the bell tower of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, one of the most recognizable symbols of the city, collapses.

### August

[edit]

* August 1 – The conviction of the former Deputy from Palermo, Raffaele Palizzolo, for the murder in 1893 of Emanuele Notarbartolo, former mayor of Palermo and former director general of the Banco di Sicilia, is hailed as a big blow against the Sicilian Mafia. The Assize Court in Bologna convicted Palizzolo and two others to 30 years of imprisonment.[9]
* August 28 – King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Giulio Prinetti make a state visit to Germany in Berlin.[10]
* August 29 – General strike in Florence in support of a labour conflict at the Pignone iron works.[11][12] Six thousands troops are called out to maintain order.[13] With the exception of the metal workers of the Pignone iron works, most strikers returned to work on September 2.[14]

### September

[edit]

Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli standing on a cart drawn by oxen during a visit to Basilicata in September 1902

* September 8 – Five persons are killed and 10 wounded in Candela (Apulia) during a strike of 400 peasants over a dispute with landowners over wages. The strikers blocked all the roads in the area and the military was called out resulting in violent clashes that ended in troops firing at the strikers.[15]
* September 14–30 – Prime Minister Zanardelli undertakes a journey through Basilicata – one of the poorest regions in Italy – to see for himself the problems in the Mezzogiorno.[16]
* September 26 – A violent cyclone hits the east coast of Sicily. The town of Catania is flooded;[17] 300 lives are lost in Modica.[18] The Cathedral of Belpasso was partly destroyed burying worshippers in the ruins. 600 people were reported dead.[19]

### November

[edit]

* November 10 – Bocconi University is founded by Ferdinando Bocconi in Milan.
* November 15 – Prime Minister Zanardelli presents social reforms, including a reduction of the tax on salt, partial abolition of the land tax for small holdings and exemption of income tax for workmen's wages, as well as a Divorce Bill.[20]
* November 26 – In response the social reforms presented by the government, conservative opposition leader Sidney Sonnino introduces a reform bill to alleviate poverty in southern Italy. The bill provides for a reduction of the land tax in Sicily, Calabria and Sardinia, the facilitation of agricultural credit, the re-establishment of the system of perpetual lease for small holdings (emphyteusis) dissemination and enhancement of agrarian contracts in order to combine the interests of farmers with those of the land-owners.[21]

### December

[edit]

* December 9 – Start of the Venezuelan crisis, in which Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims and President Cipriano Castro's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in the 1892 Venezuelan civil war.

## Births

[edit]

* January 3 – Tommaso Dal Molin, Italian aviator (d. 1930)
* March 15 – Carla Porta Musa, Italian essayist and poet (d. 2012)
* May 30 – Giuseppina Projetto, Italian supercentenarian, longest surviving person born in 1902 (d. 2018)
* April 18 – Giuseppe Pella, Italian politician and Prime Minister (d. 1981)
* September 20 – Cesare Zavattini, Italian screenwriter and one of the first theorists and proponents of Italian neorealism (d. 1989)
* November 29 – Carlo Levi, Italian-Jewish anti-fascist and writer of Cristo si è fermato a Eboli (Christ Stopped at Eboli) (d. 1975)
* November 30 – Maria Bellonci, Italian writer, historian and journalist (d. 1986)
* December 27 – Francesco Agello, Italian aviator (d. 1942)

## Deaths

[edit]

* March 28 – Angelo Dubini, Italian physician (b. 1813)
* May 7 – Guido Boggiani, "pioneer of fieldwork" in Italian ethnology (b. 1861)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Clark (2008), Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, p. 165
2. ^ Clark (2008), Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, p. 170
3. ^ (in Portuguese) Trento (1989), Do outro lado do Atlântico, pp. 52-53
4. ^ Cometti, Elizabeth (December 1958). "Trends in Italian Emigration". The Western Political Quarterly. 11 (4): 820–834\. doi:10.2307/443655. JSTOR 443655.
5. ^ Annexed By Italy; Town of Raheita, on the Strait of Bab- el-Mandeb, Added to the Italian Territory in Africa, The New York Times, May 20, 1902
6. ^ Vecchi, Giovanni (2017), Measuring Wellbeing, p. 147
7. ^ Clark (2008), Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, p. 184
8. ^ Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, pp. 6–7
9. ^ Big Blow to The Mafia; Result of the Trial at Bologna Causes Surprise, The New York Times, August 1, 1902
10. ^ Enthusiasm in Berlin for the King of Italy; He Is Cordially Cheered on His Entry Into the City, The New York Times, August 29, 1902
11. ^ (in Italian) La Fonderia del Pignone nel primo sciopero generale di Firenze, by Monica Pacini, ToscaneNovecento (Access date: September 7, 2016)
12. ^ Florence Strike Serious, The New York Times, August 31, 1902
13. ^ Six Thousand Soldiers Keep Order In Florence; Workmen of Forty Callings Have Joined the Strike, The New York Times, September 1, 1902
14. ^ Florence Strike Broken, The New York Times, September 3, 1902
15. ^ Soldiers Kill Strikers; Five Persons Dead and Ten Wounded as the Result of a Clash in Italy, The New York Times, September 10, 1902
16. ^ Aid for Southern Italy; Premier Zanardelli Promises Two Railways to the Province of Basilicata, The New York Times, October 1, 1902
17. ^ Hundreds Killed by a Cyclone In Sicily; Great Destruction Wrought at Modica and Catania, The New York Times, September 27, 1902
18. ^ The Cyclone In Sicily Is Still Raging; Hundreds of Bodies of the Dead Have Been Recovered, The New York Times, September 28, 1902
19. ^ Six Hundred Dead In Sicily; That Number of Bodies Already Recovered, The New York Times, September 30, 1902
20. ^ Proposed Reforms In Italy; Government Formulates Its Social Programme, The New York Times, November 15, 1902
21. ^ Notes of "The Observer" in Rome; Why Baron Sonnino's Reform is Purely a Charity Measure, The New York Times, November 23, 1902

* Childs, Timothy Winston (1990). Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya: 1911–1912, Leiden: E.J. Brill, ISBN 90-04-09025-8
* Clark, Martin (2008). Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, Third Edition, London/New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-4058-2352-4
* (in Portuguese) Trento, Angelo (1989). Do outro lado do Atlântico: um século de imigração italiana no Brasil, São Paulo: Livraria Nobel ISBN 85-213-0563-X
* Vecchi, Giovanni (2017). Measuring Wellbeing: A History of Italian Living Standards, New York, NY: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-994459-0

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