1914
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

This article is about the year 1914. For the board game, see 1914 (game). For the film, see 1914 (film). For the poem, see 1914 (poem).

From top to bottom, left to right: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist, ignites the July Crisis, a tense month-long diplomatic standoff filled with ultimatums, alliances, and mobilizations that ultimately escalates into the outbreak of World War I; the ensuing Serbian campaign begins as Austria-Hungary invades Serbia, expecting a swift victory, but Serbian forces mount fierce resistance, inflicting heavy losses in a series of bloody battles; the Battle of Liège unfolds as German forces encounter unexpected resistance from Belgian defenders at fortified positions, delaying the German advance into Belgium and disrupting the Schlieffen Plan; the Battle of Tannenberg sees German forces decisively defeat the Russian Second Army in East Prussia, marking a significant early victory for Germany on the Eastern Front and inflicting devastating losses on Russia; the Siege of Tsingtao marks Japan’s entry into the war as Allied forces capture the German-controlled port in China after a prolonged siege; and the First Battle of the Marne halts the German advance into France, forcing a retreat and ushering in the prolonged stalemate of trench warfare on the Western Front.

Calendar year

Years

Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries

* 19th century
* 20th century
* 21st century

Decades

* 1890s
* 1900s
* 1910s
* 1920s
* 1930s

Years

* 1911
* 1912
* 1913
* 1914
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917

* v
* t
* e

1914 by topic

Subject

* Animation
* Archaeology
* Architecture
* Art
* Aviation
* Awards
* Film
* Literature
* Poetry
* Meteorology
* Music
* Jazz
* Rail transport
* Radio
* Science
* Sports
* Football
* Television

By country

* Afghanistan
* Argentina
* Australia
* Belgium
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* China
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* India
* Ireland
* Italy
* Japan
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Ottoman Syria
* Philippines
* Portugal
* Russia
* South Africa
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* United States

Lists of leaders

* Sovereign states
* Sovereign state leaders

* Territorial governors
* Religious leaders
* Law

Birth and death categories

* Births
* Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

* Establishments
* Disestablishments

Works category

* Works
* Introductions

* v
* t
* e

1914 in various calendarsGregorian calendar| 1914
MCMXIV

|

Ab urbe condita| 2667
Armenian calendar| 1363
ԹՎ ՌՅԿԳ
Assyrian calendar| 6664
Baháʼí calendar| 70–71
Balinese saka calendar| 1835–1836
Bengali calendar| 1320–1321
Berber calendar| 2864
British Regnal year| 4 Geo. 5 – 5 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar| 2458
Burmese calendar| 1276
Byzantine calendar| 7422–7423
Chinese calendar| 癸丑年 (Water Ox)
4611 or 4404
— to —
甲寅年 (Wood Tiger)
4612 or 4405
Coptic calendar| 1630–1631
Discordian calendar| 3080
Ethiopian calendar| 1906–1907
Hebrew calendar| 5674–5675
Hindu calendars|
\- Vikram Samvat| 1970–1971
\- Shaka Samvat| 1835–1836
\- Kali Yuga| 5014–5015
Holocene calendar| 11914
Igbo calendar| 914–915
Iranian calendar| 1292–1293
Islamic calendar| 1332–1333
Japanese calendar| Taishō 3
(大正３年)
Javanese calendar| 1843–1845
Juche calendar| 3
Julian calendar| Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar| 4247
Minguo calendar| ROC 3
民國3年
Nanakshahi calendar| 446
Thai solar calendar| 2456–2457
Tibetan calendar| ཆུ་མོ་གླང་ལོ་
(female Water-Ox)
2040 or 1659 or 887
— to —
ཤིང་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་
(male Wood-Tiger)
2041 or 1660 or 888

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1914.

Wikiquote has quotations related to 1914.

1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1914th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 914th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Calendar year

This year saw the beginning of what became known as the First World War, after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. It also saw the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with the St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line.

## Events

[edit]

### January

[edit]

Main article: January 1914

* January 1 - The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with Tony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a Benoist XIV flying boat. Abram C. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, and over 3,000 people witness the first departure.[1]
* January 11
* The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on January 13. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula.[2]
* The Karluk, flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sinks after being crushed by ice.[3]
* January 29 - Tsar Nicholas II of Russia dismisses his 4th Prime Minister, Vladimir Kokovtsov due to his "lack of control over the press", he is succeeded by Ivan Goremykin for his second term

### February

[edit]

Main article: February 1914

* February 8 - The Luxembourg national football team has its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a friendly match, for the first and only time in football history.[citation needed]
* February 12 - In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.[4]
* February 13 - Copyright: In New York City, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established, to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.[5]
* February 17 - Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.[6]
* February 26 - The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.[7]
* February 28 - The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus is proclaimed by ethnic Greeks, in Northern Epirus.[8]

### March

[edit]

Main article: March 1914

* March 7 - Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania, to begin his reign.[9]
* March 10 - Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez's painting Rokeby Venus in London's National Gallery, with a meat chopper.[10]
* March 17 (Saint Patrick's Day) - Green beer is invented by Thomas H. Curtin, and displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, New York.[11]
* March 20
* Curragh incident: British Army officers stationed in Ireland at the Curragh Camp resign their commissions rather than be ordered to resist action by Unionist Ulster Volunteers if the Government of Ireland Act ("Third Home Rule Bill") is passed in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.[12] The government backs down and they are reinstated.
* Film Tess of the Storm Country is released, propelling its star Mary Pickford to new levels of fame, marking the rise of the modern celebrity.[13]
* March 27 - Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.[14]
* March 29 - Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive on Easter Island, to make the first true study of it (they depart in August 1915).[15]

### April

[edit]

Main article: April 1914

* April 4-September 27 - Komagata Maru incident: The SS Komagata Maru sails from India to Canada. Canadian regulations, designed to exclude Asian immigrants, prevent the boat from docking in Vancouver, and it is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers.[16]
* April 9 - Tampico Affair: A misunderstanding involving United States Navy sailors in Mexico and army troops loyal to Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta leads to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico.[17]
* April 11 - Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, and becomes the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.[18]
* April 14-18 - The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in Monaco; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.[19][20]
* April 20
* Colorado Coalfield War: Ludlow Massacre - The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 21 people.[21]
* President Woodrow Wilson asks the United States Congress to use military force in Mexico, in reaction to the Tampico Affair.[22]
* April 21 - United States occupation of Veracruz: 2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the port city of Veracruz, Mexico, which they will occupy for over six months. The Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an arms embargo against Mexico by preventing the German cargo steamer SS Ypiranga from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port.[23]
* April 22 - Mexico ends diplomatic relations with the United States for the time being.[citation needed]
* April 23
* The Afrikaans language receives official recognition, when Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven addresses the English caucus of the Cape Provincial Council.[24]
* MLB Chicago Federals host the Kansas City Packers in the first baseball game played at Weeghman Park (the later Wrigley Field).[25]
* April 24–25 - Larne Gun Running: 35,000 rifles and over 3 million rounds of ammunition from a German dealer are landed at Larne, Bangor and Donaghadee in Ulster for the Unionist Ulster Volunteers.[12]

### May

[edit]

Main article: May 1914

* May 1-November 1 - The Exposition Internationale is held at Lyon, France.[26]
* May 5–October 11 - The Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) is held at Kristiania, Norway, to mark the centennial of the country's constitution.[27]
* May 8 - Paramount Pictures is created by W. W. Hodkinson as a national film distributor in the United States.[28]
* May 9 - J. T. Hearne in England becomes the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.[29]
* May 17 - The Protocol of Corfu provides for the provinces of Korçë and Gjirokastër, constituting Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of Albania.[30]
* May 25 - The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".[31]
* May 29 - Ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sinks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence following a collision; 1,012 lives are lost.[32]
* May 30 - Ocean liner RMS Aquitania makes her maiden voyage.[33]

### June

[edit]

Main article: June 1914

* c. June - Blaise Diagne of Senegal becomes the first Black African representative in the French Parliament.[34]
* June 1 - Woodrow Wilson's envoy, Edward Mandell House, meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II.[35]
* June 8 - The Brazilian Football Confederation is founded, with Álvaro Zamith as its first president. The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the same day.[citation needed]
* June 9 - Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner becomes the first baseball player in the twentieth century with 3,000 career hits.[36]
* June 12–18 - Greek genocide: Ottoman Greeks in Phocaea are massacred by Turkish irregular troops.[37]
* June 18 - Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionals take San Luis Potosí; Venustiano Carranza demands Victoriano Huerta's surrender.[citation needed]
* June 23 - After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal is reopened by the Kaiser; the British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the Dreadnought HMS King George V.[38]
* June 24 - In Manchester, New Hampshire, a downtown fire causes $400,000 worth of damage and injures 19 firemen.[citation needed]

This picture of the arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip, although some[39][40] believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.

* June 28 - Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis overnight and eventually World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out.[41][42]
* June 29
* The Secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade sends a dispatch to Vienna, suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots continue throughout Bosnia.[43][44]
* Khioniya Guseva attempts and fails to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his hometown in Siberia.[citation needed][45]
* The International Exhibition opens at the "White City", Ashton Gate, Bristol, England, U.K. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.[46]
* June 30 - Among those addressing the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand are Lords Crewe and Lansdowne in the House of Lords, and Messrs Asquith and Law in the Commons.[47][citation needed]

### July

[edit]

Main articles: July 1914, Causes of World War I, and July Crisis

* July 1 - The Royal Naval Air Service, a forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.[48]
* July 2 - The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.[citation needed]
* July 4
* The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria takes place at Artstetten Castle, 50 miles west of Vienna, Austria-Hungary.[49]
* Lexington Avenue bombing: Four people are killed in New York City when an anarchist bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller explodes prematurely, in the conspirator's apartment.[50]
* July 5 - A council is held at Potsdam: powerful leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.[citation needed]
* July 7 - Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.[citation needed]
* July 9 - The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. The Times of London publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").[citation needed]
* July 10 - Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, dies of a heart attack while visiting Austrian minister Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.[51]
* July 11
* Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut, with the Boston Red Sox.[52]
* USS Nevada, the United States Navy's first "super-dreadnought" battleship, is launched.[citation needed]
* Over 5,000 people attend a rally in Union Square, Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the anarchists killed in the July 4th Lexington Avenue bombing.[53]
* July 13 - Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade.[citation needed]
* July 14 - The Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the House of Lords in the U.K. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, the Act is never implemented in its original form.[citation needed]
* July 15 - Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns from the presidency of Mexico and leaves for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.[54]
* July 18
* The Signal Corps of the United States Army establishes an Aviation Section, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.[55]
* The British Fleet is reviewed at Spithead, by George V.[56]
* Mahatma Gandhi leaves South Africa for the last time, sailing out of Cape Town for England, on board the S.S. Kinfauns Castle.[57]
* July 19 - George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21-24, without reaching consensus.[citation needed]
* July 23 - July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.[58]
* July 25 - Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilise its own forces. Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.[citation needed]
* July 26 - Howth gun-running: former British civil servant and novelist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in Ireland in his yacht Asgard and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. British Army troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the Bachelor's Walk massacre, firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 37 others are injured.[59][60]
* July 27 - Felix Ysagun Manalo registers the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippines.[61]

Map of European alliances in 1914

Triple Entente

Triple Alliance

* July 28
* The official start of World War I when Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia by telegram. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary.[62]
* Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, is acquitted of the murder of Gaston Calmette by reason of crime passionnel.[63]
* July 28-August 10 - World War I: Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau: British and French naval forces fail to prevent the ships of the Imperial German Navy Mediterranean Division from reaching the Dardanelles.[64]
* July 29
* World War I: Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor SMS Bodrog fires the first shots of the war, opening the bombardment of the defenses of Belgrade, Serbia's capital.[65]
* In Massachusetts, the new Cape Cod Canal opens; it shortens the trip between New York and Boston by 66 miles, but also turns Cape Cod into an island.[66]
* July 31 - Russia orders full mobilisation.[citation needed]

### August

[edit]

Main article: August 1914

Mobilization in Germany.

* August 1
* The German Empire declares war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's military mobilization in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.[67][68]
* France orders general mobilisation.[67]
* The New York Stock Exchange is closed because of the outbreak of the war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed.[69]
* Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica.[citation needed]
* August 2
* German troops occupy Luxembourg, in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan.[70][71]
* A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.[citation needed]
* At 19:00 (local time) Germany issues a 12-hour ultimatum to neutral Belgium, to allow German passage into France.[72]
* August 3
* Germany declares war on Russia's ally, France.[73]
* At 07:00 (local time) Belgium declines to accept Germany's ultimatum of August 2.[citation needed]

Front page of the London Daily Mail on Aug 5, 1914

* August 4
* World War I: German invasion of Belgium - At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.[74]
* World War I: Imperial German Navy Rear-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon bombards the French Algerian ports of Bône and Philippeville from battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau.[75]
* Ittihad Alexandria sports club is founded in Alexandria, Egypt.[citation needed]
* August 5
* Germany declares war on Belgium.[citation needed]
* The Kingdom of Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.[citation needed]
* The guns of Point Nepean fort at Port Phillip Heads in Victoria (Australia) fire across the bows of the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer SS Pfalz, which is attempting to leave the Port of Melbourne in ignorance of the declaration of war, and she is detained; this is said to be the first Allied shot of the war.[76]
* SS Königin Luise, taken over two days earlier by the Imperial German Navy as a minelayer, lays mines 40 miles (64 km) off the east coast of England. She is intercepted and sunk by the British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Amphion, the first German naval loss of the war. The following day, Amphion strikes mines laid by the Königin Luise and is sunk with some loss of life, in the first British casualties of the war.[citation needed]
* German zeppelins drop bombs on Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.[citation needed]
* The first electric traffic light is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in Cleveland, Ohio.[77]
* August 5–16 - Battle of Liège: The German Army overruns and defeats the Belgians with the first operational use of Big Bertha.[78]
* August 6 - World War I:
* Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.[73]
* The first engagement between capital ships (light cruisers) of the British Royal Navy and the Imperial German Navy occurs, when HMS Bristol pursues the SMS Karlsruhe (which escapes) in the West Indies.[citation needed]
* August 7 – World War I:
* Battle of Mulhouse: France launches its first attack of the war, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the province of Alsace from Germany, beginning the Battle of the Frontiers.[79]
* British colonial troops of the British Gold Coast Regiment, entering the German West African colony of Togoland, encounter the German-led police force at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé, and the police open fire on the patrol.[80] Alhaji Grunshi returns fire,[81] the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.[80]
* August 8
* German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba, for high treason.[citation needed]
* Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition sets sail on the Endurance from Britain, in an attempt to cross Antarctica.[82]
* August 9 - World War I: British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham rams and sinks German submarine U-15 off Fair Isle, the first U-boat lost in action.[83]
* August 12 - World War I:
* Battle of Halen: Belgian troops defeat German cavalry, but the battle does little to delay the German invasion of Belgium.[citation needed]
* Formal declaration of war by the United Kingdom on Austria-Hungary.[84]
* August 13 - The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.[85]
* August 15
* The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the SS Ancon.[86]
* Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza's troops under general Álvaro Obregón enter Mexico City.[87]
* August 15-24 - World War I: Battle of Cer - Serbian troops defeat the Austro-Hungarian army, marking the first Entente victory of the War.[citation needed]
* August 16 - World War I:
* German warships SMS Goeben and Breslau (both commissioned in 1912), which reached Constantinople on August 10, are transferred to the Ottoman Navy, Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim.[88]
* Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle, when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander of the British steamship SS Gwendolen, hears that war has broken out, and he receives orders from the British high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only ship on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew finds the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. Gwendolen disables the German vessel with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 meters (2,000 yards). This very brief engagement is hailed by The Times in London as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.[citation needed]
* August 17–September 2 - World War I: The Battle of Tannenberg begins between German and Russian forces.[citation needed]
* August 20
* World War I: German forces occupy Brussels.[89]
* Pope Pius X dies.[90]British volunteer recruits in London
* August 22 - World War I: Battle of Rossignol - German forces decisively defeat the French.[91]
* August 23 - World War I:
* Battle of Mons: In its first major action, the British Expeditionary Force holds the German forces but then begins a month-long fighting Great Retreat to the Marne.[citation needed]
* Japan declares war on Germany.[citation needed]
* August 26 - World War I:
* The Togoland Campaign ends with the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrendering to Britain and France.[citation needed]
* Battle of Río de Oro: British Royal Navy protected cruiser HMS Highflyer forces the SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, sailing as an auxiliary cruiser, to scuttle off northwest Africa.[92]
* August 26-27 - Battle of Le Cateau: British, French, and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat from the German advance.[citation needed]
* August 26-30 - Battle of Tannenberg: The Russian Second Army is surrounded and defeated.[93]
* August 28 - Battle of Heligoland Bight: British cruisers under Admiral Beatty sink three German cruisers.[94]
* August 29-30 - The Battle of St. Quentin: French forces hold back the German advance.[citation needed]

### September

[edit]

Pope Benedict XV, the new pope

Main article: September 1914

* September 1
* (August 19 Old Style) Saint Petersburg in Russia changes its name to Petrograd.[95]
* The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in the Cincinnati Zoo from old age.[citation needed]
* September 2 - World War I: The French village of Moronvilliers is occupied by the Germans.[citation needed]
* September 3 - World War I:
* The Austro-Hungarian city and fortress of Lemberg falls to Russian troops.[citation needed]
* Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds Pope Pius X, becoming the 258th pope.[citation needed]
* William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months, due to opposition to his rule.[citation needed]
* September 5 - World War I:
* London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.[citation needed]
* The First Battle of the Marne begins: Situated north-east of Paris, the French 6th Army under General Maunoury attacks German forces near Paris. Over 2,000,000 fight (500,000 are killed/wounded) in the Allied victory. A French and British counterattack at the Marne ends the German advance on Paris.[citation needed]
* British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.[citation needed]
* September 6–8 - French Army troops are rushed from Paris to join the First Battle of the Marne using Renault Type AG taxicabs.[citation needed]
* September 7 - World War I: Turkey declares war on Belgium.[citation needed]
* September 10 - World War I: South Africa declares war on Germany.[citation needed]
* September 11 - World War I:
* The Battle of Rawa ends in the defeat of Austro-Hungarian forces by the Russians.[96]
* First Battle of the Masurian Lakes: A German offensive pushes the Russian First Army back across its entire front.[97]
* Battle of Bita Paka: The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force lands on German New Guinea and secures a strategically significant wireless station, the first major Australian military engagement of the War.[98]
* September 13 - World War I:
* The conclusion of the Battle of Grand Couronné ends the Battle of the Frontiers, with the north-east segment of the Western Front stabilising.[99]
* South African troops open hostilities in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.[citation needed]
* September 14 - Royal Australian Navy submarine HMAS AE1 vanishes while on combat patrol near Papua New Guinea, beginning one of Australia's longest naval mysteries; the sunken vessel will not be discovered for another 103 years.[citation needed]
* September 15 - The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boers against the government of the Union of South Africa begins. General Koos de la Rey, a Boer general associated with the leaders of the rebellion, is shot dead after his driver fails to stop at a police roadblock.[citation needed]
* September 17
* World War I: The Race to the Sea, by opposing forces on the Western Front, begins.[100]
* Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.[101]
* September 21 - World War I: British Imperial police forces capture Schuckmannsburg, in the Caprivi Strip of German South-West Africa.[citation needed]
* September 22 - World War I:
* Action of 22 September 1914: German submarine U-9 torpedoes three British Royal Navy armoured cruisers, HMS Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, with the death of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.[citation needed]
* Bombardment of Papeete: German naval forces bombard Papeete, French Polynesia.[citation needed]
* German light cruiser SMS Emden bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.[102][page needed]
* September 25 - World War I: The first Battle of Albert begins as part of the Race to the Sea.[103]
* September 26 - The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established, by the Federal Trade Commission Act.[104]
* September 28 - World War I: The First Battle of the Aisne ends indecisively.[105]
* September 30
* World War I: British Indian Army Expeditionary Force A arrives at Marseille for service in the Ypres Salient of the Western Front.[citation needed]
* The Flying Squadron of America is established to promote the temperance movement.[106]

### October

[edit]

Main article: October 1914

* October 3 - World War I: 25,000 Canadian troops depart for Europe.[citation needed]
* October 4
* The 1914 Burdur earthquake occurs in Turkey.[107]
* The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three is signed by prominent academics supporting the early German war effort.[citation needed]
* October 9 - World War I: Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp (Belgium) falls to German troops.[citation needed]
* October 14 - World War I: The Canadian Expeditionary Force arrives on 32 ocean liners in Plymouth Sound.[108]
* October 16-31 - World War I: Battle of the Yser: The Belgian army halts the German advance, but with heavy losses.[109]
* October 19 - World War I:
* The First Battle of Ypres begins.[citation needed]
* The Race to the Sea effectively ends, with the Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.[citation needed]
* October 27 - World War I:
* British super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious (23,400 tons) is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.[citation needed]
* The Greek army occupies Northern Epirus with the approval of the Allies.[citation needed]
* October 28 - World War I:
* Battle of Penang, Malaya: German cruiser Emden sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer, before escaping.[citation needed]
* Participants in the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria are sentenced at Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, being under 20 years of age at the time of the assassination, cannot be given the death penalty, and is given a 20-year prison sentence instead.[citation needed]
* October 29 - World War I: Ottoman warships shell Russian Black Sea ports; Russia, France and Britain declare war on the Ottoman Empire, November 1-5.[110]
* October 31 - World War I: Battle of the Vistula River concludes in a Russian victory over German and Austro-Hungarian forces around Warsaw.[citation needed]

### November

[edit]

Main article: November 1914

* November 1 - World War I: Battle of Coronel - A British Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock is met in the eastern Pacific and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee in the first British naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth.[citation needed]
* November 5 - World War I:
* Britain and France declare war on the Ottoman Empire.[110] The United Kingdom annexes Cyprus, which it controls until the island's declaration of independence in 1960.
* The Battle of Tanga ends, with the British Indian Expeditionary Force B failing to capture German East Africa defences.[111]
* Alpha Phi Delta is founded as a social fraternity at Syracuse University in the United States.[citation needed]
* November 7 - Siege of Tsingtao: The Japanese and British seize Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the German East Asia Squadron.[citation needed]
* November 9 - World War I: Battle of Cocos - The German cruiser Emden, the last active warship of the Central Powers in the Indian Ocean, is sunk by the Australian cruiser Sydney.[citation needed]
* November 11 - With the 1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V proclaimed holy war.[112]
* November 13 - Zaian War: Battle of El Herri - Zayanes (Berbers) in Morocco overpower French forces.[113]
* November 14 - The Joensuu Town Hall, designed by Eliel Saarinen, is inaugurated in Joensuu, Finland.[114]
* November 16 - A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.[citation needed]
* November 21 - In New Haven, Connecticut, the new Yale Bowl officially opens; Harvard defeats Yale 36–0 in the first American football game held here.[115]
* November 23 - Mexican Revolution: The last U.S. forces withdraw from Veracruz, occupied seven months earlier in response to the Tampico Affair; Venustiano Carranza's troops take over, and Carranza makes the town his headquarters.[116]
* November 24 - Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.[117]
* November 28 - World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.[citation needed]

### December

[edit]

Main article: December 1914

* December 2 - Serbian Campaign (World War I): Austro-Hungarian forces occupy Belgrade, Serbia.[citation needed]
* December 5 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition begins its attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.[118]
* December 8 - World War I: Battle of the Falkland Islands: A superior British Royal Navy squadron under Doveton Sturdee defeats ships of the Imperial German Navy under Maximilian von Spee (who goes down with his ship).[citation needed]
* December 12 - The New York Stock Exchange re-opens fully, having been closed since August 1, except for bond trading.[citation needed]
* December 15 - Hōjō Coal Mine Disaster: A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hōjō mine in Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 people (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).[citation needed]
* December 16 - World War I: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby: Imperial German Navy battlecruisers bombard British North Sea ports, resulting in 137 deaths, mostly civilians.[citation needed]
* December 17 - United States President Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (initially introduced by Francis Burton Harrison). This begins the ongoing international war on drugs.[citation needed]
* December 18 - Egypt becomes a British protectorate.[119]
* December 19
* Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.[120]
* Mohandas Gandhi leaves England, sailing for India on this date (accompanied by his wife Kasturba). He begins to learn the Bengali language whilst on board.[citation needed]
* December 20 - Tokyo Station officially opens in Japan, replacing Shinbashi Station as Tokyo's main terminal.[citation needed]
* December 24 - World War I: An unofficial and temporary Christmas truce begins between British and German soldiers on the Western Front.[citation needed]
* December 25 - World War I: Cuxhaven Raid: British aircraft launched from warships attack the German port of Cuxhaven with submarine support, although little damage is caused.[121]

### Date unknown

[edit]

* The capital of the Guangxi Province of China is moved from Guilin to Nanning.[122]
* Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.[123]
* The first everyday items made of stainless steel come into public circulation.[citation needed]
* The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the United States Navy.[citation needed]
* Phi Sigma, a local undergraduate classical club, is founded by a group of students in the Greek Department at the University of Chicago.[citation needed]
* Watchmaker Glycine Watch SA is founded by Eugène Meylan in Switzerland.[124]
* Fashion and perfumes company Puig is founded in Barcelona.[citation needed]
* Woodman's of Essex, the famous family-owned clam shack on Boston's North Shore, is opened.[citation needed]

## Births

[edit]

Births

January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

### January

[edit]

Noor Inayat Khan

* January 1
* Noor Inayat Khan (aka Nora Baker), World War II heroine (executed 1944)[125]
* Anita Mackey, American social worker (d. 2024)[126]
* January 4 - Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist (d. 2007)[127]
* January 5 - George Reeves, American actor (Superman) (d. 1959)[128]
* January 9 - Kenny Clarke, American jazz drummer and bandleader (d. 1985)[129]
* January 10 - Yu Kuo-hwa, Chinese politician, 23rd Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2000)[130]
* January 14
* Magda Fedor, Hungarian sports shooter (d. 2017)[citation needed]
* Harold Russell, Canadian actor (d. 2002)[131]
* January 15 - Hugh Trevor-Roper, English historian (d. 2003)[132]
* January 18 - Arno Schmidt, German author (d. 1979)[citation needed]
* January 26 - Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dürrühsehvar (d. 2006)[citation needed]
* January 30 - John Ireland, Canadian-born actor (d. 1992)[citation needed]
* January 31 - Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer (d. 1994)[citation needed]

### February

[edit]

William S. Burroughs Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Mahmoud Zulfikar Robert Alda

* February 3
* Mary Carlisle, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 2018)[citation needed]
* George Nissen, American gymnast, inventor of the trampoline (d. 2010)[citation needed]
* February 4 - Alfred Andersch, German writer (d. 1980)[133]
* February 5
* William S. Burroughs, American author (d. 1997)[134]
* Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)[135]
* February 6
* Silvius Magnago, Italian politician (d. 2010)[citation needed]
* Roza Papo, Yugoslav physician and general (d. 1984)[citation needed]
* February 10 - Larry Adler, American musician (d. 2001)[136]
* February 12 - Lazar Koliševski, Yugoslav communist political leader (d. 2000)[citation needed]
* February 15 - Kevin McCarthy, American actor (d. 2010)[137]
* February 17 - Arthur Kennedy, American actor (d. 1990)[citation needed]
* February 18 - Mahmoud Zulfikar, Egyptian film director (d. 1970)[138]
* February 19 - Jacques Dufilho, French comedian, actor (d. 2005)[citation needed]
* February 22
* Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)[citation needed]
* Liu Chi-Sheng, Chinese pilot that fought in WWII, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War (d. 1991)[citation needed]
* February 23 - Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)[citation needed]
* February 26 - Robert Alda, American-born actor, father of actor Alan Alda (d. 1986)[139]

### March

[edit]

Juan Carlos Onganía Norman Borlaug Edmund Muskie Octavio Paz

* March 1 - Ralph Ellison, American writer (d. 1994)[citation needed]
* March 2
* Hansi Knoteck, Austrian actress (d. 2014)[citation needed]
* Martin Ritt, American director (d. 1990)[citation needed]
* March 3
* Julio Franco Arango, Colombian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1980)[citation needed]
* Asger Jorn, Danish painter (d. 1973)[140]
* March 4 - Ward Kimball, American cartoonist (d. 2002)[citation needed]
* March 6 - Kirill Kondrashin, Russian conductor (d. 1981)[141]
* March 8 - Yakov Zeldovich, Russian physicist (d. 1987)[citation needed]
* March 13 - Saroj Dutta, Indian communist leader (d. 1971)[citation needed]
* March 14 - Frederick Samuel Modise, Leader of IPHC (d. 1998) [142]
* March 17 - Juan Carlos Onganía, 35th President of Argentina (d. 1995)[143]
* March 19 - Jiang Qing, Chinese politician (d. 1991)[144]
* March 21 - Paul Tortelier, French cellist and composer (d. 1990)[145]
* March 23 - Wendell Smith, African American sportswriter (d. 1972)[citation needed]
* March 25 - Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)[146]
* March 26 - William Westmoreland, American Vietnam War general (d. 2005)[citation needed]
* March 28 - Edmund Muskie, American politician (d. 1996)[147]
* March 30 - Sonny Boy Williamson I, American musician (d. 1948)[148]
* March 31 - Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat, writer, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)[149]

### April

[edit]

Alec Guinness María Félix

* April 2
* Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)[150]
* Hans Wegner, Danish furniture designer (d. 2007)[citation needed]
* April 3 - Sam Manekshaw, Field Marshal of the Indian Army (d. 2008)[151]
* April 4
* David W. Goodall, Australian botanist and ecologist (d. 2018)[152]
* Marguerite Duras, French author, director (d. 1996)[153]
* April 8 - María Félix, Mexican actress (d. April 8, 2002)[154]
* April 11
* Norman McLaren, Scots-born Canadian animator and director (d. 1987)[155]
* Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 2003)[156]
* April 12
* Armen Alchian, American economist (d. 2013)[157]
* Adriaan Blaauw, Dutch astronomer (d. 2010)[158]
* Gretel Bergmann, German-Jewish athlete (d. 2017)[citation needed]
* Jan van Cauwelaert, Belgian bishop (d. 2016)[citation needed]
* April 13 - Orhan Veli, Turkish poet (d. 1950)[citation needed]
* April 18 - Claire Martin, Canadian author (d. 2014)[citation needed]
* April 22
* Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian film director (d. 2008)[citation needed]
* Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer (d. 2002)[citation needed]
* Michael Wittmann, German tank commander (d. 1944)[citation needed]
* April 24 - Jan Karski, Polish World War II resistance movement fighter (d. 2000)[159]
* April 25 – Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 51st President of Venezuela (d. 2001)[citation needed]
* April 26
* Bernard Malamud, American author (d. 1986)[160]
* Lilian Rolfe, French-born World War II heroine (d. 1945)[citation needed]
* April 28 – Yakov Novichenko, Soviet military officer (d. 1994)[citation needed]
* April 30 - Dorival Caymmi, Brazilian songwriter (d. 2008)[citation needed]

### May

[edit]

Tyrone Power Hank Snow Joe Louis

* May 5 - Tyrone Power, American actor (d. 1958)[161]
* May 7 - Ye Fei, Filipino-Chinese general and politician (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* May 8 - Romain Gary, Russian-born writer, diplomat (d. 1980)[162]
* May 9
* Carlo Maria Giulini, conductor (d. 2005)[163]
* Hank Snow, Canadian country musician (d. 1999)[164]
* May 12 - Bertus Aafjes, Dutch poet (d. 1993)[citation needed]
* May 13 - Joe Louis, African-American boxer (d. 1981)[165]
* May 14
* Teodor Oizerman, Soviet and Russian philosopher and academician (d. 2017)[citation needed]
* Corneliu Coposu, Romanian politician (d. 1995)[citation needed]
* Hideko Maehata, Japanese swimmer (d. 1995)[166]
* May 16 - Edward T. Hall, American anthropologist (d. 2009)[citation needed]
* May 18
* Georg von Tiesenhausen, German-American rocket scientist (d. 2018)[citation needed]
* Boris Christoff, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 1993)[167]
* Pierre Balmain, French fashion designer (d. 1982)[168]
* May 19
* Max Perutz, Austrian-born molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)[169]
* Alex Shibicky, Canadian hockey player (d. 2005)[citation needed]
* May 20 - Avraham Shapira, head of the Rabbinical court of Jerusalem and the Supreme Rabbinic Court; rosh yeshiva of Mercaz HaRav (d. 2007)[citation needed]
* May 22
* Vance Packard, American social critic and author (d. 1996)[170]
* Sun Ra, American musician (d. 1993)[citation needed]
* May 24
* Lilli Palmer, German actress (d. 1986)[171]
* George Tabori, Hungarian writer and director (d. 2007)[citation needed]
* May 26 - Irmã Dulce Pontes, Brazilian Catholic Franciscan Sister (d. 1992)[citation needed]
* May 31 - Akira Ifukube, Japanese classical music, film composer (d. 2006)[citation needed]

### June

[edit]

Yuri Andropov E.G. Marshall

* June 6 - Zhang Jingfu, Chinese politician (d. 2015)[citation needed]
* June 10 - Joseph DePietro, American weightlifter (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* June 12 - Go Seigen, Japanese Go player (d. 2014)[citation needed]
* June 14
* Gisèle Casadesus, French actress (d. 2017)[citation needed]
* Ruthven Todd, Scottish poet, artist and novelist (d. 1978)[172]
* June 15
* Yuri Andropov, Soviet leader (d. 1984)[173]
* Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born American cartoonist (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* June 18 - E. G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)[citation needed]
* June 20 - Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, Turkish archaeologist (d. 2024)
* June 21 - William Vickrey, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)[174]
* June 22 - Mei Zhi, Chinese children's author, essayist (d. 2004)[citation needed]
* June 23 - Juán Landolfi, Argentine-Italian football player (d. unknown)[citation needed]
* June 25 - Luz Magsaysay, 7th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2004)[citation needed]
* June 26
* Laurie Lee, English author (d. 1997)[175]
* Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and teacher (d. 1997)[176]
* Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (d. 2001)
* June 27 - Margaret Ekpo, Nigerian women's rights activist, social mobilizer and politician (d. 2006)[177]
* June 29 - Rafael Kubelík, Czech-born conductor (d. 1996)[178]
* June 30 - Francisco da Costa Gomes, 15th President of Portugal (d. 2001)[179]

### July

[edit]

Christl Cranz Willi Stoph Jo Cals Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin

* July 1 – Christl Cranz, German alpine skier (d. 2004)[citation needed]
* July 2 – Erich Topp, German commander (d. 2005)[citation needed]
* July 5 – Yitzhak Rafael, Israeli politician (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* July 6
* Otto Bumbel, Brazilian professional football manager (d. 1998)[citation needed]
* Vincent J. McMahon, American professional wrestling promoter (d. 1984)[citation needed]
* July 8
* Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (d. 2010)[citation needed]
* Billy Eckstine, American jazz musician and singer (d. 1993)[180]
* July 9 – Willi Stoph, Prime Minister (1964–1973, 1976–1989) and Chairman of the Council of State (1973–1976) of the GDR (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* July 10
* Joe Shuster, Canadian-born comic book author (d. 1992)[citation needed]
* Rempo Urip, Indonesian director (d. 2001)[citation needed]
* July 11
* Mohammad Al-Abbasi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1972)[citation needed]
* Aníbal Troilo, Argentine tango musician (d. 1975)[181]
* July 13
* Cyril Stevenson, Bahamian politician and newspaper publisher (d. 2006)[citation needed]
* Trevor Berghan, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 1998)[citation needed]
* July 15
* Birabongse Bhanudej, Siamese prince, racing driver, sailor and pilot (d. 1985)[182]
* Akhtar Hameed Khan, Indian-born pioneer of microcredit in developing countries (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* July 16 – Herbert Nürnberg, German boxer (d. 1995)[citation needed]
* July 17 – Klári Tolnay, Hungarian actress (d. 1998)[citation needed]
* July 18
* Gino Bartali, Italian road cyclist (d. 2000)[citation needed]
* Jo Cals, Dutch politician and jurist, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1965–1966) (d. 1971)[183]
* July 19
* César Povolny, German-French association footballer (d. unknown)[citation needed]
* Hans Maršálek, Austrian typesetter, political activist, detective and historian (d. 2011)[citation needed]
* John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian World War II hero (d. 1944)[citation needed]
* July 20
* Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian ascetic and philanthropist (d. 2018)[citation needed]
* Charilaos Florakis, Greek Communist leader (d. 2005)[citation needed]
* Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2013)[citation needed]
* July 21
* Pan Jin-yu, last remaining speaker of the Pazeh language of Taiwan (d. 2010)[citation needed]
* Suso Cecchi d'Amico, Italian screenwriter and actress (d. 2010)[citation needed]
* July 22 – Charles Régnier, German actor, director, radio actor and translator (d. 2001)[citation needed]
* July 24
* Frances Oldham Kelsey, American Food and Drug Administration reviewer (d. 2015)[184]
* Ed Mirvish, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2007)[citation needed]
* July 27 – Gusti Huber, Austrian actress (d. 1993)[citation needed]
* July 30 – Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, Irish president of the International Olympic Committee (d. 1999)[185]
* July 31 – Louis de Funès, French comedy actor (d. 1983)[citation needed]

Clayton Moore Adolfo Bioy Casares Thor Heyerdahl Juanita Moore Jonas Salk Hedy Lamarr

### August

[edit]

* August 2 – Beatrice Straight, American actress (d. 2001)[186]
* August 8 - Yabing Masalon Dulo, Filipino textile master weaver and dyer (d. 2021)[citation needed]
* August 9
* Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)[citation needed]
* Tove Jansson, Finnish author (d. 2001)[187]
* August 10 – Ken Annakin, British film director (d. 2009)[188]
* August 15 – Paul Rand, American graphic designer (d. 1996)[189]
* August 17 – Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian World War II heroine (d. 1945)[citation needed]
* August 19
* Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, French politician, 95th Prime Minister of France (d. 1993)[190]
* Margaret Morgan Lawrence, American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (d. 2019)[citation needed]
* August 26 – Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (d. 1984)[191]
* August 30 – Julie Bishop, American actress (d. 2001)[citation needed]

### September

[edit]

* September 1 – Tsuneko Sasamoto, Japanese photographer (d. 2022)[citation needed]
* September 5
* Sor Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Roman Catholic nun (d. 2000)[citation needed]
* Gail Kubik, American composer (d. 1984)[citation needed]
* Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet (d. 2018)[citation needed]
* September 7 – James Van Allen, American physicist (d. 2006)[192]
* September 10
* Terence O'Neill, 4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1990)[193]
* Robert Wise, American film director and producer (d. 2005)[194]
* September 11 – Serbian Patriarch Pavle, (d. 2009)[citation needed]
* September 12
* Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* Janusz Żurakowski, Polish-born pilot (d. 2004)[citation needed]
* September 14 – Clayton Moore, American actor (The Lone Ranger) (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* September 15
* Creighton Abrams, U.S. Vietnam War general (d. 1974)[citation needed]
* Subandrio, Indonesian politician (d. 2004)[195]
* Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, 18th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1978)[196]
* September 17 – Lambert Mascarenhas, Indian journalist (d. 2021)[citation needed]
* September 18
* Jack Cardiff, British cinematographer, director and photographer (d. 2009)[197]
* September 20 – Kenneth More, English actor (d. 1982)[198]
* September 23 – Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan of Brunei (d. 1986)[199]
* September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)[200]
* September 25 – Elena Lucena, Argentine film actress (d. 2015)[citation needed]
* September 26 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness, exercise and nutritional expert (d. 2011)[201]
* September 27 – Sophie Sooäär, Estonian actress and singer (d. 1996)[citation needed]

### October

[edit]

* October 1 – Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian, writer and Librarian of Congress (d. 2004)[202]
* October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer (d. 2002)[203]
* October 7 – Begum Akhtar, Indian singer (d. 1974)[204]
* October 9 – Guy Charmot, French resistance fighter and doctor (d. 2019)[citation needed]
* October 10 – Agostino Straulino, Italian sailor and sailboat racer (d. 2004)[citation needed]
* October 14 – Raymond Davis Jr., American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)[205]
* October 15 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (d. 2007)[206]
* October 17 – Jerry Siegel, American comic book author (d. 1996)[citation needed]
* October 19 – Juanita Moore, African-American actress (d. 2014)[citation needed]
* October 20 – James C. Floyd, Canadian aerospace engineer[citation needed]
* October 21 – Martin Gardner, American writer (d. 2010)[207]
* October 24 – František Čapek, Czechoslovakian canoeist (d. 2008)[citation needed]
* October 25 – John Berryman, American poet (d. 1972)[208]
* October 26 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (d. 1984)[209]
* October 27 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (d. 1953)[210]
* October 28
* Jonas Salk, American medical scientist (d. 1995)[211]
* Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)[212]
* October 30 – Leabua Jonathan, 2nd Prime Minister of Lesotho (d. 1987)[citation needed]

### November

[edit]

Abd al-Karim Qasim Joe DiMaggio

* November 1 – Moshe Teitelbaum, Hassidic rabbi (d. 2006)[citation needed]
* November 2 – Ray Walston, American actor (d. 2001)[citation needed]
* November 8
* George Dantzig, Polish-born American mathematician (d. 2005)[213]
* Norman Lloyd, American actor, producer and director (d. 2021)[214]
* Eileen Kramer, Australian dancer, artist, performer and choreographer (d. 2024)[215]
* November 9 – Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (d. 2000)[citation needed]
* November 11
* Howard Fast, American novelist and television writer (d. 2003)[216]
* Yue Yiqin, Chinese flying ace (d. 1937)[citation needed]
* November 13
* Alberto Lattuada, Italian film director (d. 2005)[217]
* Amelia Bence, Argentine actress (d. 2016)[citation needed]
* November 18 – William Phillips, New Zealand economist (d. 1975)[218]
* November 21 – Abd al-Karim Qasim, Iraqi general, 24th Prime Minister of Iraq (d. 1963)[citation needed]
* November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (d. 1999)[219]

### December

[edit]

Dorothy Lamour Karl Carstens

* December 9 – Frances Reid, American actress (d. 2010)[citation needed]
* December 10 – Dorothy Lamour, American actress and singer (d. 1996)[220]
* December 11 – Gabriel Chiramel, Indian priest, zoologist and author (d. 2017)[citation needed]
* December 12 – Patrick O'Brian, British novelist (d. 2000)[221]
* December 13 – Larry Parks, American actor (d. 1975)[222]
* December 14
* Karl Carstens, German president (d. 1992)[223]
* Frane Milčinski, Slovene poet, satirist, comedian, actor, children's writer and director (d. 1988)[citation needed]
* Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (d. 2003)[224]
* December 15 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist (d. 2011)[225]
* December 20 – Charles McKimson, American animator (d. 1999)[citation needed]
* December 21 – Frank Fenner, Australian virologist and microbiologist (d. 2010)[226]
* December 24 – Zoya Bulgakova, Russian Soviet stage actress (d. 2017)[citation needed]
* December 26 – Richard Widmark, American actor (d. 2008)[227]
* December 28 – Bidia Dandaron, Buddhist author and teacher in the USSR (d. 1974)[citation needed]

### Date unknown

[edit]

* Makhosini Dlamini, 1st Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. 1978)[citation needed]

## Deaths

[edit]

Deaths

January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

### January

[edit]

Leonie Aviat

* January 8 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier and politician, 30th governor of Kentucky (b. 1823)[228]
* January 10 – Leonie Aviat, French Roman Catholic religious sister and saint (b. 1844)[citation needed]
* January 11 – Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and patron of the arts (b. 1842)[citation needed]
* January 15 – Camilo Garcia de Polavieja, Spanish general (b. 1838)[citation needed]
* January 16 – Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (b. 1843)[citation needed]
* January 17 – Fernand Foureau, French explorer (b. 1850)[citation needed]
* January 19
* Candelaria Figueredo, Cuban patriot (b. 1852)[citation needed]
* Georges Picquart, French general and politician (b. 1854)[citation needed]
* January 26 – Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero, Argentine Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1840)[citation needed]

### February

[edit]

Per Pålsson

* February 1 – Albert Günther, German-born British zoologist (b. 1830)[229]
* February 4 – Per Pålsson, Swedish criminal (b. 1828)[citation needed]
* February 13 – Alphonse Bertillon, French police officer and forensic scientist (b. 1853)[citation needed]
* February 20 – Federico Degetau, Puerto Rican politician (b. 1862)[citation needed]
* February 24 – Joshua Chamberlain, American Civil War general (b. 1828)[citation needed]
* February 25 – Sir John Tenniel, English illustrator (b. 1820)[230]

### March

[edit]

Carlos Felipe Morales George Westinghouse Christian Morgenstern

* March 1
* Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, British aristocrat and politician, 2-time Governor-General of Canada (b. 1845)[231]
* Carlos Felipe Morales, Dominican Roman Catholic priest, politician and military figure, 30th President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1867)[citation needed]
* March 9 – José Luciano de Castro, Portuguese politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1834)[citation needed]
* March 12 – George Westinghouse, American entrepreneur (b. 1846)[232]
* March 13
* Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Indian Muslim scholar (b. 1841)[citation needed]
* María Tubau, Spanish actress (b. 1854)[citation needed]
* March 16
* Gaston Calmette, French journalist, editor of Le Figaro (b. 1858)[233]
* Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)[234]
* March 18 – Andreas Beck, Norwegian explorer (b. 1864)[citation needed]
* March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist (b. 1850)[235]
* March 22 – Allen Caperton Braxton, American lawyer (b. 1862)[citation needed]
* March 23 – Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès, Lebanese Maronite, Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic nun and saint (b. 1832)[citation needed]
* March 25 – Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)[236]
* March 31 – Christian Morgenstern, German poet and writer (b. 1871)[237]

### April

[edit]

Empress Shōken Elena Guerra Eduard Suess

* April 1 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1876)[citation needed]
* April 2 – Paul Heyse, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)[238]
* April 7
* Mohammad Ayyub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1855)[citation needed]
* Sui Sin Far, English-born writer (b. 1865)[239]
* April 9 – Empress Shōken, consort of Emperor Meiji of Japan (b. 1849)[citation needed]
* April 11 – Elena Guerra, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1835)[citation needed]
* April 15 – Count Frederick of Hohenau (b. 1857)[citation needed]
* April 16
* George William Hill, American astronomer and mathematician (b. 1838)[citation needed]
* Jacinta Parejo, Venezuelan public figure, First Lady of Venezuela (b. 1845)[citation needed]
* April 19 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher (b. 1839)[240]
* April 24 – Benedict Menni, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1841)[citation needed]
* April 25 – Géza Fejérváry, 16th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1833)[citation needed]
* April 26 – Eduard Suess, Austrian geologist (b. 1831)[citation needed]
* April 28 – Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem, French botanist (b. 1839)[citation needed]

### May

[edit]

Élisabeth Leseur Eugenio Montero Ríos

* May 2 – John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, husband of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom (b. 1845)[citation needed]
* May 3 – Élisabeth Leseur, French Roman Catholic mystic and servant of God (b. 1866)[citation needed]
* May 8 – Seth Edulji Dinshaw, Indian Parsi philanthropist (b. 1842)[citation needed]
* May 9 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (b. 1854)[citation needed]
* May 10 – Lillian Nordica, American opera singer (b. 1857)[241]
* May 12 – Eugenio Montero Ríos, 29th Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1832)[citation needed]
* May 15 – Ida Freund, Austrian-born British chemist and educator (b. 1863)[242]
* May 23 – William O'Connell Bradley, American politician from Kentucky (b. 1847)[citation needed]
* May 26 – Jacob Riis, Danish-American social reformer (b. 1849)[citation needed]
* May 27 – Sir Joseph Swan, British scientist (b. 1828)[243]
* May 29 – Joseph Gérard, French Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1831)[citation needed]

### June

[edit]

Abraam Bertha von Suttner Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

* June 10 – Abraam, Egyptian Coptic Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 1829)[citation needed]
* June 11 – Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1848)[citation needed]
* June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson I, 23rd Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)[citation needed]
* June 15 – John Robert Sitlington Sterrett, American classical scholar and archeologist (b. 1851)[citation needed]
* June 19 – Brandon Thomas, British actor and playwright (Charley's Aunt) (b. 1848)[244]
* June 21 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)[245]
* June 22 – Princess Phannarai, Thai princess consort (b. 1838)[citation needed]
* June 25 – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1826)[citation needed]
* June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (b. 1863) and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (b. 1868), both assassinated[246]

### July

[edit]

* July 2 – Joseph Chamberlain, British politician (b. 1836)[247]
* July 6 – Georges Legagneux, pioneer French aviator (b. 1882)[248]
* July 9 – Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis (b. 1848)[citation needed]
* July 12 – Horace Harmon Lurton, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b. 1844)[citation needed]
* July 17 – Luis Uribe, Chilean naval hero (b. 1847)[citation needed]
* July 21 – Karl von Czyhlarz, Czech-born Austrian jurist and politician (b. 1833)[citation needed]
* July 23 – Vladimir Meshchersky, Russian journalist and novelist (b. 1839)[citation needed]
* July 29 – Pietro Pace, Maltese Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1831)[citation needed]
* July 31 – Jean Jaurès, French pacifist (assassinated) (b. 1859)[249]

### August

[edit]

Roque Saenz Peña Pope Pius X

* August 4 – Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (b. 1848)[citation needed]
* August 6
* Maxim Sandovich, Russian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint (b. 1888)[citation needed]
* Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1860)[citation needed]
* August 8
* Martin-Paul Samba, Cameroonian rebel leader (executed)
* Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, Cameroonian resistance leader (executed)[citation needed]
* August 9 – Roque Sáenz Peña, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1851)[citation needed]
* August 12 – John Philip Holland, Irish developer of the submarine (b. 1840)[250]
* August 15 – Adolfo Carranza, Argentine lawyer (b. 1857)[citation needed]
* August 19 – Franz Xavier Wernz, Superior general of the Society of Jesus, (b. 1842)[citation needed]
* August 20 – Pope Pius X (b. 1835)[citation needed]
* August 22 – Daniel Mercier, French footballer and soldier (b. 1892)[251]
* August 23
* Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1861)[citation needed]
* Robert Strange, American Episcopal bishop (b. 1857)[citation needed]
* August 26 – Achille Pierre Deffontaines, French general (died of wounds received in action) (b. 1858)[citation needed]
* August 27 – Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Austrian economist (b. 1851)[citation needed]
* August 28 – Leberecht Maass, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1863)[citation needed]
* August 30 – Alexander Samsonov, Russian general (suicide) (b. 1859)[citation needed]

### September

[edit]

Mostafa Fahmy Pasha August Macke

* September 3 – Albéric Magnard, French composer (b. 1865)
* September 5 – Charles Péguy, French poet, essayist and editor (b. 1873)[252]
* September 11
* Mircea Demetriade, Romanian poet, playwright and actor (b. 1861)[253]
* Ismail Gasprinski, Crimean Tatar intellectual (b. 1851)[citation needed]
* September 13 – Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Egyptian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1840)[citation needed]
* September 14 – Nicolás Zamora, Filipino Methodist minister and bishop (b. 1875)[citation needed]
* September 15 – Koos de la Rey, Boer general (b. 1847)[citation needed]
* September 16 – C. X. Larrabee, American businessman (b. 1843)[citation needed]
* September 22 – Alain-Fournier, French writer (killed in action) (b. 1886)[254]
* September 26 – August Macke, German painter (killed in action) (b. 1887)[citation needed]
* September 28 – Richard Warren Sears, American founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863)[citation needed]

### October

[edit]

Carol I of Romania Julio Argentino Roca José Evaristo Uriburu

* October 1 – Kitty Lange Kielland, Norwegian painter (b. 1843)[citation needed]
* October 10 – King Carol I of Romania (b. 1839)[255]
* October 12 – Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1892)[citation needed]
* October 16
* Victor Arnold, Austrian actor (b. 1873)[citation needed]
* Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano, Italian diplomat (b. 1852)[citation needed]
* October 17
* Adolfo Saldias, Argentine historian, lawyer, politician, soldier and diplomat (b. 1849)[citation needed]
* Prince Wolrad of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b. 1892)[citation needed]
* October 19 – Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine general and statesman, 2-time President of Argentina (b. 1843)[citation needed]
* October 21 – Dimitrie Sturdza, 4-time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1833)[citation needed]
* October 23 – José Evaristo Uriburu, Argentine politician, 12th President of Argentina (b. 1831)[citation needed]
* October 24 – Yevgeniya Mravina, Russian soprano (b. 1864)[citation needed]
* October 27 – Prince Maurice of Battenberg (b. 1891)[citation needed]
* October 28
* Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria (b. 1823)[citation needed]
* Federico Peliti, Italian baker (b. 1844)[citation needed]

### November

[edit]

August Weismann

* November 1 – Sir Christopher Cradock, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1862)[256]
* November 3 – Georg Trakl, Austrian poet (suicide) (b. 1887)[257]
* November 5 – August Weismann, German evolutionary biologist (b. 1834)[258]
* November 9 – Princess Therese of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1836)[citation needed]
* November 14 – Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, British field marshal (b. 1832)[259]
* November 17 – Sattar Khan, Iranian constitutional reformer and national hero (b. 1866)[260]
* November 21 – Thaddeus C. Pound, American businessman and politician (b. 1832)[citation needed]
* November 28 – Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, German physicist (b. 1824)[261]

### December

[edit]

* December 1 – Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States Navy admiral, geostrategist and historian (b. 1840)[262]
* December 8 – Maximilian von Spee, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1861)[263]
* December 14 – Giovanni Sgambati, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1841)[264]
* December 16 – Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (b. 1832)[265]
* December 24 – John Muir, American naturalist (b. 1838)[266]

### Date unknown

[edit]

* Jehandad Khan, Afghan emir (executed)[citation needed]

## Nobel Prizes

[edit]

* Physics – Max von Laue
* Chemistry – Theodore William Richards
* Medicine – Róbert Bárány
* Literature – not awarded
* Peace – not awarded

## References

[edit]

1. ^ FAA Aviation News. Office of Public Affairs, Federal Aviation Agency. 1967. p. 12.
2. ^ The Associated Press Library of Disasters: Volcanoes. Vol. 3\. Grolier Educational. September 1997. p. 27\. ISBN 978-0-7172-9172-4.
3. ^ Bartlett, Robert; Ralph Hale (1916). The Last Voyage of the Karluk. Toronto: McLelland, Goodchild and Stewart. pp. 90–91.
4. ^ United States Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital (1927). Concklin, Edward Franklin (ed.). The Lincoln Memorial, Washington. United States Government Printing Office. p. 466.
5. ^ Hill, Richard Synyer (1987). Bradley, Carol June; Coover, James (eds.). Richard S. Hill--Tributes from Friends. Information Coordinators. p. 366\. ISBN 978-0-89990-035-3.
6. ^ The Encyclopedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Encyclopedia Britannica Company. 1922. p. 632.
7. ^ "HMHS Britannic (II) - White Star Line History Website (White Star History)". www.whitestarhistory.com. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
8. ^ Filipović, Gordana (1989). Kosovo: Past and Present. Review of International Affairs. p. 75.
9. ^ Wright, Herbert Francis, ed. (1919). The Constitutions of the States at War, 1914-1918. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1.
10. ^ Gamboni, Dario (1997). The Destruction of Art: Iconoclasm and Vandalism Since the French Revolution. Reaktion Books. p. 94\. ISBN 978-0-948462-94-8.
11. ^ Adams, Charles Henry (March 26, 1914). "New York Day By Day". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. p. 7\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
12. ^ a b Cottrell, Peter (2009). The War for Ireland, 1913–1923. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-84603-9966.[dead link]
13. ^ "Tess of the Storm Country". Mary Pickford Foundation. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
14. ^ Atkinson, Richard Stuart; Boulton, T. B., eds. (1989). The History of Anaesthesia. Royal Society of Medicine Services. pp. 436–440\. ISBN 978-0-929858-18-0.
15. ^ Van Tilburg, JoAnne (1994). Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. Smithsonion Institution Press. p. 16\. ISBN 978-1-56098-510-5.
16. ^ Johnston, Hugh (February 7, 2006). "Komagata Maru; The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
17. ^ Reichely, John A. (1979). "Militant April". Military Review. 59 (7 ed.). Command and General Staff School: 77.
18. ^ "Parks Canada - Archives". www.pc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
19. ^ "1923 – how our history started". www.interpol.int. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
20. ^ "International collaboration / Security / Policy & Practice / Portail du Gouvernement - Monaco". en.gouv.mc. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
21. ^ "War in the Coalfields: The "Ludlow Massacre" and its Impact on the Eight-hour workday (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
22. ^ "April 20, 1914: Message Regarding Tampico Incident | Miller Center". millercenter.org. October 20, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
23. ^ admin (April 20, 2023). "The Ypiranga Incident: A Pivotal Episode in U.S.-Mexican Relations during the Mexican Revolution". Maine Military Museum. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
24. ^ South African Panorama. Vol. 18\. South African Information Service. 1956. p. 19.
25. ^ Hageman, William (March 30, 2014). "Seminary gave way to Cub faithful". Chicago Tribune. A. p. 14.
26. ^ Hopmans, Anita; van Dongen, Kees; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (1996). The Van Dongen Nobody Knows: Early and Fauvist Drawings 1895-1912. Boijmans Van Beuningen Museum. p. 312\. ISBN 978-90-6918-170-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
27. ^ Steigan, Geir Tandberg. "Jubileumsutstillingen i Kristiania, 1914". arc (in Norwegian). Retrieved December 2, 2024.
28. ^ Aberdeen, J. A. "W. W. Hodkinson: The Man Who Invented Hollywood". Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
29. ^ "Jack Hearne". cricinfo. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
30. ^ Capps, Edward (1963). Greece, Albania, and Northern Epirus. Argonaut. p. 14\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
31. ^ Blackbourn, Jessie (August 7, 2014). Anti-Terrorism Law and Normalising Northern Ireland. Routledge. p. 13\. ISBN 978-1-317-96419-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
32. ^ Dewar, M. D. (1989). Collisions at Sea - How?. Brown, Son & Ferguson. p. 375\. ISBN 978-0-85174-561-9. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
33. ^ McCart, Neil (1990). Atlantic Liners of the Cunard Line. HarperCollins. p. 98\. ISBN 978-1-85260-065-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
34. ^ Toure, Maelenn-Kegni (February 27, 2009). "Blaise Diagne (1872-1934)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
35. ^ The Living Age. The Living Age Company. 1918. p. 664\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
36. ^ "Wagner made history with 3,000th hit | Baseball Hall of Fame". baseballhall.org. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
37. ^ The Atlanta Constitution. 17 June 1914. p. 1.[title missing]
38. ^ Society for Psychical Research (1923). Proceedings. Vol. 33\. p. 600\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
39. ^ Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). The Last Courts of Europe. Dent. p. 247\. ISBN 978-0-460-04519-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
40. ^ Smith, David James (2010). One Morning In Sarajevo. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-297-85608-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016. "He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Princip's arrest – this photograph shows the arrest of Behr."
41. ^ "June 28, 1914". National WWI Museum and Memorial. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
42. ^ Vojinovic, Milos (June 28, 2024). "A Violent Desire for Justice: Gavrilo Princip's Motives for the Sarajevo Assassination". Balkan Insight. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
43. ^ "Austrians Are Furious Over Assassination of Ferdinand and Wife - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
44. ^ "On the Brink". National WWI Museum and Memorial. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
45. ^ "Assassination Attempt on Rasputin – 29 June 1914".
46. ^ "International exhibition became known as a city". Bristol Post. July 9, 2013. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
47. ^ "ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND AND HIS CONSORT. (Hansard, 30 June 1914)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
48. ^ Admiralty Circular CW.13963/14, 1 July 1914: "Royal Naval Air Service – Organisation"
49. ^ "Family Crypt". Artstetten Castle. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
50. ^ N.Y. house wrecked by Caron bomb, Bain News Service, July 5, 1914, retrieved April 6, 2025
51. ^ "WWI: The Death of Peace- VI. The Untimely Demise of Ambassador Hartwig". Daily Kos. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
52. ^ "Babe Ruth makes his major league debut with the Boston Red Sox against the Cleveland Naps – This Day In Baseball". thisdayinbaseball.com. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
53. ^ "Plan Big Meeting For Dead Bomb Men: Demonstration in Union Square by Anti-Militarist League Announced for Tomorrow". The New York Times. July 10, 1914. p. 1\. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
54. ^ Association, Texas State Historical. "Huerta, Victoriano". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
55. ^ Army Information Digest. U.S. Department of the Army. p. 4\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
56. ^ charis (October 26, 2015). "Origins of Fleet Reviews". National Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
57. ^ "Gandhi's Biography through Stories". gandhistory.in. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
58. ^ Mutschlechner, Martin (March 3, 2014). "The ultimatum". Der Erste Weltkrieg. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
59. ^ Connolly, S. J., ed. (2007). Oxford Companion to Irish History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923483-7.
60. ^ Moody, Theodore William; Martin, Francis X.; Byrne, Francis John, eds. (1976). A New History of Ireland: Ireland, 1921-84. Clarendon Press. p. 142\. ISBN 978-0-19-958374-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
61. ^ Ayabe, Tsuneo, ed. (1998). Nation-state, Identity, and Religion in Southeast Asia. Singapore Society of Asian Studies. p. 127\. ISBN 978-9971-9903-5-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
62. ^ "Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia | July 28, 1914". HISTORY. October 28, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
63. ^ The Guide to American Law: Everyone's Legal Encyclopedia. West Publishing Company. 1983. p. 209\. ISBN 978-0-314-73224-8. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
64. ^ Lauterborn, David (October 1, 2015). "The Man Who Let Goeben Escape". HistoryNet. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
65. ^ Yeoman. "Sava". museumships.us. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
66. ^ Interstate Port Handbook. Vance Publishing Corporation. 1976. p. 15\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
67. ^ a b "How The World Went To War In 1914". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
68. ^ "Germany Mobilizes for War | UW-Madison Libraries Exhibits". exhibits.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
69. ^ Financial World. Financial World Partners. 1918. p. 9\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
70. ^ "First World War". luxembourg.public.lu. January 9, 2024. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
71. ^ "What was The Schlieffen Plan?". Open Learning. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
72. ^ Berghahn, Volker Rolf (1973). Germany and the Approach of War in 1914. Macmillan. p. 221\. ISBN 978-0-333-10696-9. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
73. ^ a b Saelee, Mike. "Research Guides: World War I Declarations: Topics in Chronicling America: Introduction". guides.loc.gov. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
74. ^ "President Woodrow Wilson's Proclamation of Neutrality, 8/4/1914". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
75. ^ "August 1914". WarChron. 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
76. ^ "The First Shot of World War I". Coastal Defences of Colonial Victoria. 1997. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
77. ^ "1914: An Enlightening Milestone for Traffic Safety". Transportation History. August 5, 2024. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
78. ^ "The First Battle of World War I". History of Sorts. August 5, 2024. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
79. ^ Henry, Marilène Patten (1996). Monumental Accusations: The Monuments Aux Morts as Expressions of Popular Resentment. P. Lang. p. 47\. ISBN 978-0-8204-2807-9. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
80. ^ a b "The Gold Coast Mobilized, A Proud Record: The case of Sergeant Grunshi". The Times. No. 48572\. London. March 25, 1940. p. 7.
81. ^ Thompson, J. Lee (2007). Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town, 1854-1925. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 311\. ISBN 978-0-8386-4121-7.
82. ^ "Learn about the history of Shackleton's Endurance - FMHT". Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
83. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
84. ^ United States Department of State (1974). Declarations of War: Severances of Diplomatic Relations 1914-1918. Scholarly Resources. p. 33\. ISBN 978-0-8420-1798-5.
85. ^ Claims Commission United States and Mexico (1929). Opinions of Commissioners Under the Convention Concluded September 8, 1923, Between the U.S. and Mexico. p. 143.
86. ^ Army Information Digest. U.S. Department of the Army. p. 18.
87. ^ Bányai, Richard A. (1976). Money and Finance in Mexico During the Constitutionalist Revolution, 1913-1917. Tai Wan Enterprises Company. p. 28.
88. ^ "SMS Goeben in Ottoman service". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
89. ^ "WW1 in Belgium". pages.uoregon.edu. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
90. ^ ""Pope Pius X Died Early this Morning" | Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum". www.gardnermuseum.org. Retrieved April 7, 2025.
91. ^ Military Review. 1934. p. 57\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
92. ^ Morris, Richard Brandon; Irwin, Graham W., eds. (1970). Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present. Harper & Row. p. 397\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
93. ^ Military Review. 1940. pp. 15–16\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
94. ^ Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations, 1914-1918. Galahad Books. p. 93\. ISBN 978-0-88365-300-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
95. ^ The Library Chronicle of the University of Texas at Austin. M.B. Lamar Library. 1978. p. 30\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
96. ^ Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 277\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
97. ^ United States Military Academy, Department of Military Art and Engineering (1953). Summaries of Selected Military Campaigns. The Academy. p. 89\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
98. ^ Papua New Guinea: A Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. 1998. p. 299\. ISBN 978-0-86442-402-0.
99. ^ Herwig, H. (2009). The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World. New York: Random House. pp. 217–219\. ISBN 978-1-4000-6671-1.
100. ^ Military Review. 1933. p. 137\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
101. ^ Henderson, Paul (1985). Parliament and Politics in Australia: Political Institutions and Foreign Relations. Heinemann Educational Australia. p. 333\. ISBN 978-0-85859-381-7.
102. ^ Bennet, Geoffrey (2001). Naval Battles of the First World War. Penguin Books.
103. ^ Herman, Gerald (1992). The Pivotal Conflict: A Comprehensive Chronology of the First World War, 1914-1919. Greenwood Press. p. 45\. ISBN 978-0-313-22793-6. Archived from the original on November 25, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
104. ^ United States Federal Trade Commission (1930). Statutes and Court Decisions, Federal Trade Commission. United States Government Printing Office. p. 467.
105. ^ United States Military Academy, Department of Military Art and Engineering (1953). Summaries of Selected Military Campaigns. The Academy. pp. 80–85\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
106. ^ Gordon, Dennis (2000). The Lafayette Flying Corps: The American Volunteers in the French Air Service in World War One. Schiffer Publishing. p. 436\. ISBN 978-0-7643-1108-6. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
107. ^ New Perspectives on Turkey. Simon's Rock of Bard College. 1999. p. 28.
108. ^ Kerry, Armine John; McDill, W. A. (1962). The History of the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers. Vol. 1\. Military Engineers Association of Canada. p. 78\. ISBN 978-0-9682063-0-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
109. ^ Belgium. Ministère de la justice (1918). Reply to the German White Book of the 10th May, 1915, "Die Völkerrechtswidrige Führung Des Belgischen Volkskriegs.". H. M. Stationery Office - Sir J. Causton & sons, Limited, printers. p. 77\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
110. ^ a b Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 324\. ISBN 978-0-8108-7579-1.
111. ^ Anderson, Ross (2002). "8". The Battle of Tanga 1914. Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-2349-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
112. ^ Lüdke, Tilman (December 17, 2018). "Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)". International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1). Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
113. ^ Brasillach, Robert (2002). A Translation of Notre Avant-guerre/Before the War by Robert Brasillach. Mellen Press. p. 172\. ISBN 978-0-7734-7158-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
114. ^ Digikoivikko: Joensuun uuden kaupungintalon vihkijuhlat – Vaarakirjastot Archived July 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
115. ^ Michelin Travel Publications (2000). Yale University and New Haven. Michelin Travel Publications/Michelin North America. p. 51\. ISBN 978-2-06-155201-8. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
116. ^ Silbey, Joel H. (1994). Encyclopedia of the American Legislative System: Legislatures and public policy. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 1428\. ISBN 978-0-684-19600-8. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
117. ^ Collier, Richard (1971). Duce!: A Biography of Benito Mussolini. Viking Press. p. 47\. ISBN 978-0-670-28603-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
118. ^ Alexander, C. (1998). The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition. New York: Knopf. pp. 12 15. ISBN 978-0-375-40403-0.
119. ^ "Egypt: a constitution". Time. April 28, 1923. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
120. ^ The Journal of Military History. Virginia Military Institute and the George C. Marshall Foundation. 1997. p. 481.
121. ^ Layman, R. D. (1996). Naval Aviation in the First World War: Its Impact and Influence. Chatham. p. 83\. ISBN 978-1-86176-007-4.
122. ^ Chan, Charis (1999). China. Odyssey. p. 157\. ISBN 978-962-217-604-1.
123. ^ Miller, Ronald D.; Cucchiara, Roy F. (1994). Anesthesia. Churchill Livingstone. p. 346\. ISBN 978-0-443-08906-0.
124. ^ Stikkers, Andre (2014). Glycine Airman Book - Play it again Sam! Airman History and Overview (3rd ed.). The Netherlands: Adr. Heinen. pp. 15, 66. ISBN 978-90-8680-157-2.
125. ^ Schmittroth, Linda; Rosteck, Mary Kay (1998). People of the Holocaust. UXL. p. 259\. ISBN 978-0-7876-1745-5.
126. ^ Jeffrey, Connie (January 2, 2019). "Teacher, Traveler, Social Worker, Friend: Anita Johnson Mackey Turns 105". Southern California Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
127. ^ Kritzman, Lawrence D.; Reilly, Brian J.; DeBevoise, M. B. (2006). The Columbia History of Twentieth-century French Thought. Columbia University Press. p. 673\. ISBN 978-0-231-10790-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
128. ^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Rowman & Littlefield. September 24, 2019. p. 73\. ISBN 978-1-64143-316-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
129. ^ Hennessey, Mike (1994). Klook: The Story of Kenny Clarke. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 6\. ISBN 978-0-8229-5809-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
130. ^ Current World Leaders. International Academy. 1980. p. 236\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
131. ^ United States. Congress. House Appropriations (1967). Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1968: Hearings ... 90th Congress, 1st Session. p. 468\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
132. ^ Dod's Parliamentary Companion. Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Limited. 2002. p. 520\. ISBN 978-0-905702-36-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
133. ^ Littler, Margaret (1991). Alfred Andersch (1914-1980) and the Reception of French Thought in the Federal Republic of Germany. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 346\. ISBN 978-0-7734-9679-8. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
134. ^ Hawkins, Joan; Wermer-Colan, Alex (May 17, 2019). William S. Burroughs Cutting Up the Century. Indiana University Press. p. 11\. ISBN 978-0-253-04136-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
135. ^ Schlager, Neil (2000). Science and Its Times: 1950-present. Gale Group. p. 153\. ISBN 978-0-7876-3939-6. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
136. ^ Kernfeld, Barry, ed. (2002). "Adler, Larry". The new Grove dictionary of jazz. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 16\. ISBN 1-56159-284-6.
137. ^ McLellan, Dennis (February 15, 1914). "Kevin McCarthy obituary: 'Body Snatchers' actor McCarthy dies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
138. ^ "Mahmoud Zulfikar | Director, Actor, Writer". IMDb. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
139. ^ Burgess, Patricia; Burgess, Trish (August 1989). Annual Obituary, 1986. Saint James Press. p. 287\. ISBN 978-1-55862-013-1. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
140. ^ Atkins, Guy; Andersen, Troels (1977). Asger Jorn, the Crucial Years, 1954-1964. Lund Humphries. p. 13\. ISBN 978-0-85331-398-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
141. ^ Jaffé, Daniel (March 8, 2012). Historical Dictionary of Russian Music. Scarecrow Press. p. 183\. ISBN 978-0-8108-7980-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
142. ^ "FREDERICK MODISE AND THE INTERNATIONAL PENTECOST CHURCH". October 2, 2014. Archived from the original on October 2, 2014.
143. ^ Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson Company. 1969. p. 292\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
144. ^ Britannica Educational Publishing (October 1, 2009). The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 292\. ISBN 978-1-61530-058-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
145. ^ The Strad. Orpheus. 1991. p. 201\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
146. ^ Saari, Peggy; Allison, Stephen; Ellavich, Marie C. (1996). Scientists: A-F. U-X-L. p. 105\. ISBN 978-0-7876-0960-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
147. ^ United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (1973). Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60: Watergate and Related Activities: Hearings, Ninety-third Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 4865–. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
148. ^ Townsend, Henry; Greensmith, Bill (1999). A Blues Life. University of Illinois Press. p. 2\. ISBN 978-0-252-02526-6. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
149. ^ Quiroga, Jose; Hardin, James (1999). Understanding Octavio Paz. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 2\. ISBN 978-1-57003-263-9. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
150. ^ Read, Piers Paul (June 21, 2005). Alec Guinness: The Authorised Biography. Simon and Schuster. p. 16\. ISBN 978-0-7432-4498-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
151. ^ Field Marshal KM Kariappa Memorial Lectures, 1995-2000. Lancer Publishers. 2001. p. 21\. ISBN 978-81-7062-119-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
152. ^ Mucina, Ladislav; Podani, Janos; Feoli, Enrico (2018). "David W. Goodall (1914-2018): An ecologist of the century". Community Ecology. 19 (1): 93–101\. Bibcode:2018ComEc..19...93M. doi:10.1556/168.2018.19.1.10. hdl:10831/67075.
153. ^ Gunther, Renate (July 5, 2002). Marguerite Duras. Manchester University Press. p. 2\. ISBN 978-0-7190-5757-1. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
154. ^ Mejia, Carolina (April 8, 2019). "Maria Feliz: 10 datos intimos de la diva del cine mexicano" [Maria Feliz: 10 intimate facts about the diva of Mexican Cinema] (in Spanish). El Universal de10.mx. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
155. ^ Horn, Maurice (1999). The World Encyclopedia of Cartoons. Chelsea House. p. 461\. ISBN 978-0-7910-5187-0.
156. ^ Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2004). Current Biography Yearbook. H.W. Wilson. p. 673.
157. ^ Trosky, Susan M. (August 1989). Contemporary Authors. Gale Research International, Limited. p. 8\. ISBN 978-0-8103-1952-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
158. ^ "Professor dr. Adriaan Blaauw turns ninety". April 1, 2004. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
159. ^ Facts on File World News Digest Yearbook. Facts on File News Services. 2000. p. 512\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
160. ^ Davis, Philip (September 13, 2007). Bernard Malamud: A Writer's Life. OUP Oxford. p. 27\. ISBN 978-0-19-160843-8. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
161. ^ Wise, James E.; Rehill, Anne Collier (1999). Stars in the Corps: Movie Actors in the United States Marines. Naval Institute Press. p. 167\. ISBN 978-1-55750-949-9. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
162. ^ Schoolcraft, Ralph (May 26, 2012). Romain Gary: The Man Who Sold His Shadow. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0-8122-0320-2. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
163. ^ Gramophone. General Gramophone Publications Limited. 2005. p. 19\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
164. ^ Krampert, Peter (March 23, 2016). The Encyclopedia of the Harmonica. Mel Bay Publications. p. 164\. ISBN 978-1-61911-577-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
165. ^ Morrison, Ian (1988). Boxing: The Records. Guinness Books. p. 85\. ISBN 978-0-85112-345-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
166. ^ "Hideko Maehata". Olympic.org. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021.
167. ^ Bozhkov, Atanas (1991). Boris Christoff: An Authorized Biography. Robson. p. 14\. ISBN 978-0-86051-731-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
168. ^ Martin, Ed (1995). Contemporary Fashion. St. James Press. p. 35\. ISBN 978-1-55862-173-2. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
169. ^ Manchester Memoirs. The Society. 1999. p. 113\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
170. ^ Horowitz, Daniel (November 9, 2000). Vance Packard and American Social Criticism. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 11\. ISBN 978-0-8078-6211-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
171. ^ May, Hal; Evory, Ann (February 1986). Contemporary Authors. Gale Research International, Limited. p. 369\. ISBN 978-0-8103-1916-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
172. ^ Poets of Tomorrow. Hogarth Press. 1939. p. 45\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
173. ^ Soviet Life. Embassy of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics in the USA. 1984. p. 3\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
174. ^ Friends Journal. Friends Publishing Corporation. 1997. p. 18.
175. ^ "Lee, (Wilfred) Jack Raymond". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/77340. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
176. ^ Ahmadullah, Hafez; Qadir, Ridwanul (2018). মাশায়েখে চাটগাম [Mashayekh-e Chatgam] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Ahmad Publication. pp. 162–185\. ISBN 978-984-92106-4-1.
177. ^ Nigeria, Sheroes (February 10, 2018). "Chief Mrs. Margaret Affiong Ekpo (27th June 1914-21st September 2006)". Sheroes Nigeria. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
178. ^ Marco, Guy A. (1993). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound in the United States. Garland Pub. p. 377\. ISBN 978-0-8240-4782-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
179. ^ Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson Company. 1976. p. 15\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
180. ^ Jenkins, Everett (1996). Pan-African Chronology: 1914-1929. McFarland & Company. p. 12\. ISBN 978-0-7864-0835-1. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
181. ^ "Buscan convertir en museo la casa de Troilo" [They seek to turn the house of Troilo into a museum] (in Spanish). parlamentario.com. May 17, 2007. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
182. ^ Sutherland, Ben (November 27, 2018). "The Prince And I: The story of the last Thai F1 driver". BBC. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
183. ^ "Cals, Jozef Maria Laurens Theo (1914–1971)" (in Dutch). Huygens ING. November 12, 2013. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
184. ^ American Men of Medicine. The Institute. 1961. p. 357\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
185. ^ Who's who in European Institutions and Organizations. Who's Who, the International Red Series Verlag GmbH. 1982. p. 390\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
186. ^ Gussow, Mel (April 11, 2001). "Beatrice Straight, Versatile Star, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
187. ^ St James Press (1994). Reference Guide to Short Fiction. St. James Press. p. 276\. ISBN 978-1-55862-334-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
188. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (April 24, 2009). "Ken Annakin, 'Magnificent' Director, Dies at 94". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
189. ^ Behrens, Roy R. (September–October 1999). "Paul Rand". Print. p. 68 ff.
190. ^ NATO Letter. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Information Division. 1957. p. 3\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
191. ^ Stavans, Ilan (1996). Julio Cortázar: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne Publishers. p. 7\. ISBN 978-0-8057-8293-6. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
192. ^ Launius, Roger D. (2004). Frontiers of Space Exploration. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113\. ISBN 978-0-313-32524-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
193. ^ Elvert, Jürgen (1994). Nordirland in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 184\. ISBN 978-3-515-06102-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
194. ^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2006. McGraw-Hill. September 2005. p. 469\. ISBN 978-0-07-146110-8. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
195. ^ Tapol. Tapol, the British Campaign for the Release of Indonesian Political Prisoners. 2004. p. 23\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
196. ^ Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson Company. 1979. p. 471\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
197. ^ Murphy, Robert (July 25, 2019). Directors in British and Irish Cinema: A Reference Companion. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 260\. ISBN 978-1-83871-532-8. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
198. ^ Donnelley, Paul (2000). Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries. Omnibus. p. 117\. ISBN 978-0-7119-7984-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
199. ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. The Branch. 2006. p. 27\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
200. ^ Hall, Richard (1978). The Real John Kerr: His Brilliant Career. Angus & Robertson. p. 13\. ISBN 978-0-207-13791-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
201. ^ Luther, Claudia (January 23, 2011). "Jack LaLanne obituary: Jack LaLanne dies at 96; spiritual father of U.S. fitness movement". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
202. ^ United States Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules and Administration (1975). Nomination of Daniel J. Boorstin of the District of Columbia to be Librarian of Congress: Hearings Before the Committee on Rules and Administration, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 24\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
203. ^ United States Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere (1972). International Conference on Ocean Pollution: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 42\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
204. ^ The Illustrated Weekly of India. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1975. p. 39\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
205. ^ Young, Robyn V.; Sessine, Suzanne (2000). World of Chemistry. Gale Group. p. 295\. ISBN 978-0-7876-3650-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
206. ^ Official Associated Press Almanac. New York Times, Book & Educational Division. 1970. p. 544\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
207. ^ Thompson, Clifford (December 1999). Current Biography Yearbook: 1999. Hw Wilson Company. p. 217\. ISBN 978-0-8242-0988-9. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
208. ^ Travisano, Thomas J. (December 29, 1999). Midcentury Quartet: Bishop, Lowell, Jarrell, Berryman, and the Making of a Postmodern Aesthetic. University of Virginia Press. p. 73\. ISBN 978-0-8139-2918-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
209. ^ Karney, Robyn (1984). The Movie Stars Story. Crescent Books. p. 54\. ISBN 978-0-517-43736-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
210. ^ Perkins, Derek Cyril (1995). Dylan Thomas and His World. Domino Books (Wales). p. 13\. ISBN 978-1-85772-160-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
211. ^ Harman, Oren; Dietrich, Michael R. (July 20, 2018). Dreamers, Visionaries, and Revolutionaries in the Life Sciences. University of Chicago Press. p. 83\. ISBN 978-0-226-56990-1. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
212. ^ Shetty, Prabhakara H. (October 30, 1993). "Richard Laurence Millington Synge". In James, Laylin K. (ed.). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 356\. ISBN 978-0-8412-2690-6. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
213. ^ Olinick, Michael (1978). An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 164\. ISBN 978-0-201-05448-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
214. ^ Haefner, Laura (May 11, 2021). "Norman Lloyd, Actor in 'St. Elsewhere' and Hitchcock's 'Saboteur,' Dies at 106". Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
215. ^ Nichols, Sam (November 15, 2024). "Dance 'trailblazer', believed to be the oldest woman in NSW, dies aged 110". ABC News. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
216. ^ Amory, Cleveland (1959). International Celebrity Register. Celebrity Register. p. 248.
217. ^ Rondi, Gian Luigi (1967). Italian Cinema Today: 1952-1965. Dobson. p. 120\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
218. ^ Williams, C. J. (June 9, 2017). "Bill Phillips, World-Changing Economist". NZEDGE. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
219. ^ Sakany, Lois (November 2002). Joe DiMaggio. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 11\. ISBN 978-0-8239-3779-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
220. ^ Amory, Cleveland (1959). International Celebrity Register. Celebrity Register. p. 420.
221. ^ Staff of The New York Public Library (November 6, 2001). The New York Public Library Literature Companion. Simon and Schuster. p. 551\. ISBN 978-1-4391-3721-5. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
222. ^ Cullen, Frank; Hackman, Florence; McNeilly, Donald (2007). Vaudeville old & new: an encyclopedia of variety performances in America. Psychology Press. p. 432\. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
223. ^ Lentz, Harris M. (February 4, 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 311\. ISBN 978-1-134-26490-2. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
224. ^ Polner, Murray (1982). American Jewish Biographies. Facts on File, Incorporated. p. 445\. ISBN 978-0-87196-462-5.
225. ^ Science Chronicle. Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1974. p. 67\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
226. ^ The Australian Journal of Science. Australian National Research Council. 1964. p. 254\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
227. ^ Amory, Cleveland; Blackwell, Earl (1963). Celebrity Register. Simon and Schuster. p. 656\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
228. ^ Sons of the American Revolution (1914). National Year Book. Sons of the American Revolution. p. 98\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
229. ^ M, WC (1915). "Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased. A. C. L. G. Günther, 1830–1914". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 88 (608): xi–xxvi. doi:10.1098/rspb.1915.0016.
230. ^ Telgen, Diane (1993). Something about the Author. Cengage Gale. p. 232\. ISBN 978-0-8103-2284-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
231. ^ Grolier Incorporated (1996). The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. p. 213\. ISBN 978-0-7172-0130-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
232. ^ American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1927). Year Book. The Society. p. xcv.
233. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1990). The Letters of Rudyard Kipling: 1911-19. University of Iowa Press. p. 223\. ISBN 978-0-87745-657-5.
234. ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1914). Minutes of the Meetings of the Board of Trustees and Executive Committee. The Endowment. p. 176.
235. ^ "Prof. G. Mercalli Burned To Death; Famous Director of Vesuvian Observatory Upsets Oil Lamp Upon Himself". The New York Times. March 20, 1914. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
236. ^ Atlantic Brief Lives. 1971. p. 532\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
237. ^ Wachsmuth, Guenther (1955). The Life and Work of Rudolf Steiner from the Turn of the Century to His Death. Whittier Books. p. 221\. ISBN 978-0-89345-249-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
238. ^ John Parker (1967). Who's who in the Theatre. Pitman. p. 1640\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
239. ^ "Eaton, Edith Maud". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
240. ^ Cadwallader, Thomas C. (1974). "Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914): The first American experimental psychologist". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 10 (3): 291–8\. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197407)10:3<291::AID-JHBS2300100304>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 11609224.
241. ^ The Bay View Magazine. J. M. Hall. 1914. p. 467\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
242. ^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (1998). Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-twentieth Century. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 61\. ISBN 978-0-941901-27-7. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
243. ^ Institution of Electrical Engineers (1915). Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 722\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
244. ^ Hammerton, Sir John Alexander (1975). Concise Universal Biography: A Dictionary of the Famous Men and Women of All Countries and All Times... Gale Research Company. p. 1288\. ISBN 978-0-8103-4209-5.
245. ^ New Perspectives. Information Centre of the World Peace Council. 1983. p. 31\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
246. ^ Snyder, Timothy (May 27, 2009). The Red Prince: The Fall of a Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Europe. Random House. p. 284\. ISBN 978-1-4070-2080-8. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
247. ^ Hill, Cuthbert William (1973). Joseph Chamberlain: An Illustrated Life of Joseph Chamberlain, 1836-1914. Shire Publications. p. 45\. ISBN 978-0-85263-174-4. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
248. ^ "Legaganeux, Georges Theophile LH//1554/17". Léonore database (in French). French Ministry of Culture.
249. ^ Liang, Hsi-Huey (July 11, 2002). The Rise of Modern Police and the European State System from Metternich to the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 205\. ISBN 978-0-521-52287-8.
250. ^ United States. Naval History Division. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. p. 346.
251. ^ "Fédération Française de Football: Daniel Mercier". www.fff.fr. 2025. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
252. ^ PN Review. Department of English, University of Manchester. 1983. p. 12.
253. ^ Rodica Zafiu, "Demetriade Mircea", in Aurel Sasu (ed.), Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, Vol. I, p. 471. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2004. ISBN 973-697-758-7
254. ^ Magill, Frank Northen (1997). Cyclopedia of World Authors. Salem Press. p. 31\. ISBN 978-0-89356-435-3.
255. ^ Torrey, Glenn E. (1998). Romania and World War I: A Collection of Studies. Center for Romanian Studies. p. 65\. ISBN 978-973-98391-6-7.
256. ^ Halpern, Paul G. (2004). "Cradock, Sir Christopher George Francis Maurice (1862–1914), naval officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32607. Retrieved June 29, 2019. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
257. ^ Austrian Information. Information Department of the Austrian Consulate General. 1987. p. 6.
258. ^ United States Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1915. p. 19.
259. ^ "Rugby Union Footballers are Doing their Duty. Over 90% Have Enlisted. British Athletes! Will You Follow this Glorious Example?". World Digital Library. 1915. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
260. ^ Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911: 'The Love for Freedom Has No Fatherland'. Westview Press. p. 154.
261. ^ Chemical Society (Great Britain) (1915). Journal of the Chemical Society. The Society. p. 582\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
262. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1954). 1914-1919. Harvard University Press. p. 861\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
263. ^ Hitler, Adolf; Domarus, Max (1990). Speeches and Proclamations, 1932-1945: The years 1939 to 1940. Bolchazy-Carducci. p. 2285\. ISBN 978-0-86516-230-3. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
264. ^ Modern Music and Musicians for Vocalists: Opera and oratorio excerpts. University Society. 1918. p. 653\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
265. ^ New Zealand Slavonic Journal. Department of Russian, Victoria University of Wellington. 1978. p. 7\. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
266. ^ this Day. "Obituary: John Muir". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2007.

### Primary sources and year books

[edit]

* New International Year Book 1914, Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 913pp

## Further reading

[edit]

* Beatty, Jack. The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began (1912) excerpt; argues the war was not inevitable
* Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933 (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 297–349; emphasis on World War I

## External links

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to 1914.

* European newspapers from 1914

* v
* t
* e

Events by month

1918|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1917|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1916|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1915|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1914|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1913|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1912|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1911|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1910|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

1909|

* Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template