1941 Odessa massacre

Romanian massacre of Jews during World War II

1941 Odessa massacre

Part of the Holocaust in Romania

Column of Jewish civilians deported to Transnistria escorted by Romanian soldiers

Location| Odessa
Date| 22–24 October 1941

Attack type

| Mass murder, genocide, ethnic cleansing
Deaths| 34,000–100,000
Injured| Unknown
Victims| Mainly Jews, also Romani people
Perpetrators|  Kingdom of Romania
Support:
Nazi Germany
Map of the Holocaust in Ukraine. Odessa ghetto marked with gold-red star. Transnistria massacres marked with red skulls.

The Odessa massacre was the mass murder of the Jewish population of Odessa and surrounding towns in the Transnistria Governorate during the autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 while it was under Romanian control. It was one of the worst massacres in Ukrainian territory.[1]

Depending on the accepted terms of reference and scope, the Odessa massacre refers either to the events of 22–24 October 1941 in which some 25,000 to 34,000 Jews were shot or burned, or to the murder of well over 100,000 Jews in the town and the areas between the Dniester and Bug rivers, during the Romanian and German occupation which took place following the massacre. As of 2018, it was estimated that up to 30,000 people, mostly Ukrainian Jews, were murdered in the actual massacre, which occurred 22–23 October 1941.[2] The primary perpetrators were Romanian soldiers, Einsatzgruppe SS and local ethnic Germans.[3][4]

## Background

[edit]

Before the war, Odessa had a large Jewish population of approximately 200,000, or 30% of the city's total population. By the time the Romanians had taken the city, between 80,000 and 90,000 Jews remained, the rest having fled or been evacuated by the Soviets. As the massacres occurred, Jews from surrounding villages were interned in Odessa and Romanian concentration camps set up in the surrounding areas.

On 16 October, following a two-month siege of Odessa, the Germans and Romanians captured the city.[citation needed]

## Mass killings of hostages and Jews on 22–24 October

[edit]

Plaque on the wall of the Odessa-Sortuvalna railway station, commemorating the Holocaust

### Destruction of the Romanian commandant's office

[edit]

On 22 October 1941, in the building of the NKVD on the Marazlievskaya street where the Romanian military commander's office and the headquarters of the Romanian 10th Infantry Division had settled to occupy the city, a radio-controlled mine exploded. The mine had been planted there by the sappers of the Red Army before the surrender of the city by Soviet troops. The building collapsed, and under its rubble, 67 people were killed, including 16 officers, among whom was the military commander of the city, Romanian General Ioan Glogojeanu. Responsibility for the explosion was placed on the Jews and Communists.[citation needed]

### The execution of hostages

[edit]

In response to the explosion at the commandant's office, General Nicolae Tătăranu received a direct order from Marshal Ion Antonescu, ordering "immediate reprisals" be carried out on the Jewish population.[5] The Romanian troops and the German "Einsatzgruppe" arrived in Odessa on 23 October to kill from 5,000 to 10,000[6]: 151 hostages, many of whom were Jews.[7]

Across the Marazlievskaya street, occupiers broke into the apartments of Odessa citizens and shot or hanged all residents found, without exception. They raided the streets and markets of the city and suburbs, and people who knew nothing of the bombing were shot on sight against fences or the walls of houses. Nearly 100 men were seized and shot at the Big Fountain, about two hundred people were executed in the Slobodka neighborhood near the market, 251 residents were shot in Moldavanka, Near and Far Windmills and in Aleksandrovsky Prospekt about 400 townspeople were executed. The columns of the captured hostages were driven to the area of artillery warehouses on Lustdorf Road, where they were shot or burned alive.[6]: 145

After the war, more than 22,000 corpses were found in mass graves.[8]

### The beginning of the Holocaust

[edit]

On 23 October, an order was issued threatening all Jews with death on the spot and ordering them to report to the village of Dalnyk on 24 October. In the afternoon of 24 October, about 5,000 Jews were gathered near the outpost of Dalnyk. The first 50 people were brought to the anti-tank ditch and shot by the commander of the 10th machine-gun battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Nicolae Deleanu.[9]

> Military Command of the mountains. Odessa brings to the attention of the population of Odessa and its surroundings that after the terrorist act committed against the Military Command on 22 October, on the day of 23 October 1941, were shot: for every German or Romanian officer and civilian official 200 Bolsheviks, and for every German or Romanian soldier 100 Bolsheviks. All the communists in Odessa will be taken hostage, which, if repeated such acts, will be shot together with their families. [10]

— Commander of troops: Gendarmerie Lieutenant Colonel Mihail Niculescu

To speed up the process of destruction, the Jews were driven into four barracks, in which holes were made for machine guns, and the floor was pre-filled with gasoline. People in two barracks were shot with machine guns on the same day. At 17:00 the barracks were set on fire. The next day, the prisoners were shot, placed in the remaining two barracks, and in one of the barracks grenades were thrown.[11]

Meanwhile, the Jews who were not selected for the first group, and who had already arrived in Dalnyk, were told that they were "forgiven". They were sent to various military headquarters and Gendarmerie stations for "registration", where they were detained for different lengths of time. When they were released, they discovered that their houses had been occupied and their property plundered.

During the first week of Romanian occupation of Odessa, the city lost about 10% of its inhabitants.[6][12]

## Subsequent events

[edit]

See also: Bogdanovka concentration camp

Aftermath of the Odesa Massacre: Jewish deportees killed outside Birzula (now Podilsk).

The registration carried out by the Romanian administration in late 1941 counted about 60,000 Jews in Odessa. This number included persons having only one Jewish ancestor. Jews were required to wear a special distinctive badge, a yellow hexagram (Magen David, the Star of David, a symbol of Judaism) on a black background.[13]

On 7 November 1941, an order was issued, making it mandatory for all male Jews from 18 to 50 years old to report to the city prison.

> I order:

> Art. 1 All men of Jewish origin, aged 18 to 50 years, are obliged within 48 hours from the date of publication of this order to report to the city prison (Bolshefontanskaya road), having with them the essentials for existence. Their families are obliged to deliver food to them in prison. Those who did not obey this order and found after the expiration of the indicated 48-hour period will be shot on the spot.

> Art. 2 All residents of the city of Odessa and its suburbs are required to notify the relevant police units of every Jew of the above category who has not complied with this order. Coverers, as well as persons who know about this and do not report, are punishable by death.

— Head of the Military Police: Hor. Odessa Lieutenant Colonel M. Niculescu

From that day on, the entire Jewish population of the city was sent to concentration camps, organized by Romanians in the countryside, primarily to the village of Bogdanovka [uk] (now in the Mykolaiv Oblast). Later, a ghetto was arranged in Odessa itself.[6]: 172

The Romanian administration took measures to seize the property of future victims. In mid-November, a new order was issued clarifying the authorities' demands for Jews. It said:[6]: 171

> ... All persons of Jewish origin are obliged at the registration to the Military Command or police officials to voluntarily declare all their precious objects, stones and metals. Those guilty of violating this order will be punished with the death penalty

By the middle of December, about 55,000 Jews were gathered in Bogdanovka, though some of them were not from Odessa. From 20 December 1941, until 15 January 1942, each of them was shot by a team of the Einsatzgruppe SS, Romanian soldiers, Ukrainian police and local German colonists.[3][4]

A month later, a death march of 10,000 Jews was organized in three concentration camps in Golta. [citation needed]

In January 1942, about 35,000-40,000 of the Jews left in Odessa were evicted and sent to the ghetto that had been created on 10 January 1942, in the poor area of Slobodka. The evicted endured terrible conditions; with inadequate housing for all and severe crowding, many were forced out into the open winter air, which led to mass mortality from hypothermia.[14][15][16]

From 12 January to 20 February 1942, the remaining 19,582 Jews were deported to Berezivka Raion of Odessa Oblast. They were transported in unheated echelons, and many died on the road. In Berezivka, groups were forced to walk to Domanevka, Bogdanovka, Golta and other concentration camps. Many died of hunger and cold along the way. The guards, consisting of Romanian and German soldiers, organized mass executions of Jews during the journeys. In 18 months, almost all the prisoners of Golta died.[14]

## The survivors of the Holocaust

[edit]

Some Jews were sent to work in the villages, and about half of them survived the occupation. The situation in the ghetto of Domanevka and other ghettos in Transnistria improved in 1943 after the Jews began to receive assistance from Jewish organizations in Romania.[17] About 600 Odessa residents in these ghettos lived to be released. Several hundred Jews who were hiding in Odessa itself also survived. Jews participated in the struggle of the Odessa underground and constituted a significant part of the guerrilla units, based in the Odesa catacombs.[3]

## Trials and punishment of the main perpetrators

[edit]

At the Bucharest People's Tribunal, set up in 1946 by the new Romanian government in conjunction with the Allied Control Council, one of the charges brought against Marshal Ion Antonescu, the Governor of Transnistria, Gheorghe Alexianu, and the commander of the Odessa garrison, General Nicolae Macici, was "the organization of repressions against the civilian population of Odessa autumn of 1941". For these crimes, they were sentenced to death. The first two were shot on 1 July 1946. Later, King Michael commuted Macici's death sentence to life imprisonment. Macici died in prison in 1950.

In response to the appeal of the verdict filed by the son of Alexianu, on 5 November 2006, Bucharest Court of Appeal confirmed the verdict of war criminals to death, dated 17 May 1946. In response to the appeal filed by the Prosecutor General, on 6 May 2008, the case was re-examined and the judges of the High Court of Cassation and Justice finally rejected the application for revision of the 1946 sentence.[18]

## Commemoration

[edit]

### Memorial in Prokhorovsky Square

[edit]

In the early 1990s in Odessa's Prokhorovsky Square, where the "road of death" to the extermination camps for Odessa's Jews and Gypsies had begun on the outskirts of the city in 1941, a memorial commemorating the victims of the Holocaust was created. A memorial sign was installed, along with the "Alley of the Righteous Among the World", featuring trees planted in honor of each Odessa citizen who had harbored and saved the Jews. The complex was completed in 2004 with the erection of a monument to the victims of the Holocaust in Odessa by sculptor Zurab Tsereteli.[19][20]

* Memorial to the victims of the Holocaust

* Monument by Zurab Tsereteli

* Alley of the "Righteous Among the World".

* Memorial sign

* Memorial sign

### The Holocaust Museum in Odessa

[edit]

See also: Holocaust Museum in Odesa

The Museum of the Holocaust in Odesa was created in accordance with the decision of the Council of the Odesa Regional Association of Jews, former prisoners of the ghetto and Nazi concentration camps. The chairman of the association is Roman Shvartsman. The opening of the museum took place on 22 June 2009.[21]

### Other

[edit]

In January 2015, the authorities of the Italian town of Ceriano Laghetto, in the province of Monza-e-Brianza in the Lombardy region, named a city square "Martyrs Square of Odesa" in memory of the victims of the occupation regimes in Odesa: Jews killed 22–24 October 1941, as well as anti-Maidan activists, rescuers and accidental victims who died on 2 May 2014, in the Odesa Trade Union House.[22][23]

On 2 May 2015, the first anniversary of the events in the House of Trade Unions, a commemorative monument dedicated to the "Martyrs of Odesa" was opened at this square. The monument is a tongue of flame with a silhouette of a dove, a symbol of the world, inside.[24]

The 2018 tragicomic Romanian film I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians deals with the massacre and historical memory among modern Romanians.

## See also

[edit]

* List of massacres in the Soviet Union
* List of massacres in Ukraine
* History of the Jews in Odesa
* Hostages Trial
* Romania in World War II
* The Holocaust in Romania
* Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II
* Bibliography of Ukrainian history § Holocaust

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ugo Poletti. The Forgotten Holocaust: The Massacre of Odesa’s Jews Kyiv Post. Retrieved 18 December 2022
2. ^ "The Odessa massacre: Remembering the 'Holocaust by bullets'". Deutsche Welle. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
3. ^ a b c Kotlyar, Yuri. "Bogdanov tragedy - Holocaust against the Jewish population" (PDF). KBY Kiev. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
4. ^ a b "Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Ukraine (Vaad of Ukraine)". Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
5. ^ Simion, Adrian (2014). "Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis, 6, 2014, p. 529-549. PROBLEMA HOLOCAUSTULUI REFLECTATĂ ÎN PAGINILE REVISTEI ROMÂNIA MARE ÎN PERIOADA ANILOR 1990-2000" (PDF). Journal of the Sabesian Museum. 6: 533. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
6. ^ a b c d e Cherkasov, Alexander Anatolievich (2007). Occupation of Odessa. Year 1941. Odessa: Optimum. p. 264\. ISBN 978-966-344-144-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
7. ^ "Shoah in Transnistria: tragedy of Odessa Jewry". Yad Vashem. Holocaust Memorial Complex. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
8. ^ Vishnevskaya, Irina. "Memory ... past ... occupation". Odesskiy.com. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
9. ^ Umrikhin, Alexander (3 February 2015). "Odessa: unbroken hero city". TV Center. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
10. ^ Traşcă, Ottmar. "OCUPAREA ORAŞULUI ODESSA DE CĂTRE ARMATA ROMÂNĂ ŞI MĂSURILE ADOPTATE FAŢĂ DE POPULAŢIA EVREIASCĂ, OCTOMBRIE 1941 – MARTIE 1942" (PDF). Institutul de Istorie. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
11. ^ Cohricht, Felix. "Odessa, October, 1941. Memory…". Odesskiy.com. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
12. ^ "The Romanian Jewry: Historical Destiny, Tolerance, Integration, Marginalisation". JSRI. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
13. ^ Borovoi, S. Ya.; Volsky, S.A.; Glyadkovskaya, A.I.; Gotlov-Gotlib, A.G.; Dobrolyubsky, K.P.; Sosnovsky, I.A. (2011). Odessa. An outline of the history of the city-hero to the 150th anniversary of the foundation. Essays. Odessa: Optimum. p. 322.
14. ^ a b "Chronologie Geschichtein". Geschichteinchronologie. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
15. ^ "Memorable dates of Jewish history". Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
16. ^ Hasin, Arkady. "January 10, 1942 Odessa, the Slobodka district". Purely Odessa site. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
17. ^ Rozen, Marcu. "The General Demographic Balance of the Jewish Population From the Former Greater Romania and Transnistria". Archive Today. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
18. ^ "Instanta Suprema a respins reabilitarea maresalului Antonescu". ZIUA. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
19. ^ "Holocaust Memorial". Otdyhaem (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 14 May 2018.
20. ^ "Zurab Konstantinovich Tsereteli". Russian Academy of Arts (in English). Retrieved 21 February 2022.
21. ^ "A museum of the Holocaust was opened in Odessa". Dumskaya. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
22. ^ Tumanova, Anna (11 February 2015). Площадь Мучеников Одессы есть и будет: интервью с мэром города Чериано Лагетто [The Martyrs' Square of Odesa is and will be: an interview with the mayor of the city of Ceriano Lagetto]. Regnum. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
23. ^ Suchkov, Eugene (19 January 2015). В Италии появилась площадь Мучеников Одессы [In Italy appeared the Martyrs' Square of Odesa]. Komsomolskaya true. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
24. ^ "Un monumento ricorda i 'Martiri di Odessa'". Сeriano Laghetto. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2018.

## Sources

[edit]

* Dallin A. (1998). Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors. Romanian Historical Studies. Iasi-Oxford-Portland. p. 296\. ISBN 9739839118. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
* Cherkasov A.A. (2006). Defense of Odessa. Pages of truth. Great literary and artistic series "All Odessa" Issue 15. Odessa: Optimum. p. 296\. ISBN 966-344-012-0. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
* Cherkasov A.A. (2007). Occupation of Odessa. Year 1941. Essays. Great literary and artistic series "All Odessa" Issue 15, Issue 18. Odessa: Optimum. p. 270\. ISBN 978-966-344-144-3.
* Jewish. communities. center "Migdal" (2006). History of the Holocaust in the Odessa region. Collection of articles and documents. Great literary and artistic series "All Odessa" Issue 18. Odessa: Optimum. pp. 372 + [136] with illustrations, 22 tables. ISBN 966-344-144-5.
* Aleksandrovich I.A. (2014). The ways of death. Notes gettovtsa. Odessa: Art-Brand. pp. 240 with illustrations. ISBN 978-5-9901362-2-9.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Weinberg, Robert; John D. Klier; Shlomo Lambroza (1992). "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study excerpts". Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History: 248–89\. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2006.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to The Holocaust in Romania at Wikimedia Commons
* "Report on the role of Romania in the Holocaust" (PDF). www.ushmm.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2006. (PDF)
* "The US Holocaust Museum on the Odessa Massacres". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 30 July 2006.
* "Nuovi nomi per vie, piazze, sale ed edifici comunali". www.ceriano-laghetto.org. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
* E. Bloshtein. Features of the Holocaust in Odessa
* Official site of the Museum of the Holocaust in Odessa
* "The US Holocaust Museum on the Odessa Massacres". www.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2006.
* Book-trailer literary and documentary novel The Ways of Death. Notes ghetovtsa »IA Alexandrovich about the Holocaust in Odessa

* v
* t
* e

The Holocaust in Ukraine

Main article
The Holocaust
Related articles by country
Belarus
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Poland
Romania
Russia

People|

| Perpetrators|

* Gheorghe Alexianu
* Ion Antonescu
* Paul Blobel
* Werner Braune
* Kurt Eberhard
* Hermann Fegelein
* Lothar Fendler
* Hans Frank
* Günther Herrmann
* Friedrich Jeckeln
* Ernst Kaltenbrunner
* Fritz Katzmann
* Erich Koch
* Felix Landau
* Gustav Adolf Nosske
* Hans von Obstfelder
* Otto Ohlendorf
* Hans-Adolf Prützmann
* Paul Otto Radomski
* Otto Rasch
* Walter von Reichenau
* Walter Schimana
* Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
* Heinz Schubert
* Erwin Schulz
* Heinrich Seetzen
* Hans Graf von Sponeck
* Otto Wächter
* Dieter Wisliceny

|

Collaborators|

* John Demjanjuk
* Feodor Fedorenko
* Anatoliy Kabayda
* Vladimir Katriuk
* Vasyl Meleshko
* Hryhoriy Vasiura
* Petro Voinovsky
* Petro Zakhvalynsky

Victims|

* Tatiana Markus

Rescuers|

* Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations
* Aleksei Glagolev
* Hermann Friedrich Graebe
* Omelyan Kovch
* Traian Popovici
* Klymentiy Sheptytsky
* Yurii Sokolov

Organizations|

| Perpetrators|

* Einsatzgruppen
* Nachtigall Battalion
* Police Regiment South
* Royal Romanian Army
* Schutzmannschaft
* Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya

|

Events|

* Artemivsk
* Babi Yar
* memorials
* Bila Tserkva massacre
* Drobytsky Yar
* Durchgangsstrasse IV
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Lviv pogroms
* Odessa massacre
* Pripyat Marshes massacres
* Sarny massacre

Places|

* Bogdanovka concentration camp
* Drohobycz Ghetto
* Mizocz Ghetto
* Syrets concentration camp
* Vapniarka concentration camp
* Pechora concentration camp
* Janowska concentration camp
* Priest's Grotto

Evidence|

* Graebe affidavit
* Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph
* Katzmann Report
* Generalplan Ost
* Sonderaktion 1005
* The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
* Deutsche Volksliste

Trials|

* Einsatzgruppen trial
* Kharkov Trial
* Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission

Books & films|

* Luboml: My Heart Remembers
* No Place on Earth
* She Paid the Ultimate Price
* The Lemberg Mosaic
* The White Hotel
* Word of the Righteous

See also
History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
Transnistria Governorate

* v
* t
* e

Massacres or pogroms against Jews

1st – 13th century|

| 1–999|

* Alexandrian pogrom (38)
* 2nd Alexandrian pogrom (66)

| Jewish revolts|

* The Great Revolt (66–73)
* Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136)
* Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus (351–352)
* Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617)
* Battle of Khaybar (628 CE)

|

1000–1299|

* Córdoba massacre (1013)
* Fez massacre (1033)
* Granada massacre (1066)

| Rhineland massacres (1096)|

* Worms
* Speyer
* Mainz

|

* Ham massacre (1143)
* Massacres at London and York (1189–1190)
* Rintfleisch massacres (1298)

14th – 19th century|

| 1300–1599|

* Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
* Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
* Navarre pogrom (1328)
* Armleder persecutions (1336–1339)

| Persecution of Jews during the Black Death (1348–1350)|

* Erfurt
* Basel
* Speyer
* Strasbourg
* Zurich

|

* Toledo massacre (1355)
* Brussels massacre (1370)
* 1391 pogroms (1391)
* Schaffhausen Massacre (1401)
* Moroccan revolution (1465)
* Córdoba pogrom (1473)
* Massacre of the Assumption (1474)
* Spanish Inquisition (1478)
* Arles pogrom (1484)
* Lisbon massacre (1506)
* Hebron pogrom (1517)
* Safed pogrom (1517)
* Portuguese Inquisition (1536)

1600–1899|

* Chmielnicki massacres (1648–1657)
* Safed massacre (1660)
* Mawza Exile (1679)
* Meknes pogrom (1728)
* Massacre of Uman (1768)
* Tétouan pogrom (1790)
* Algiers massacre (1805)
* Hep-Hep riots (1819)
* First Odessa pogrom (1821)
* Baghdad massacre (1828)
* Tzfat pogrom (1834)
* Hebron pogrom (1834)
* Safed massacre (1838)
* Allahdad (1839)
* Damascus affair (1840)
* Second Odessa pogrom (1859)
* Tétouan massacre (1860)
* Third Odessa pogrom (1871)

| Russian Empire (1881–1884)|

* Kiev
* Warsaw
* Fourth Odessa pogrom

|

* Corfu pogrom (1891)
* 1898 Algerian riots (1898)

20th century|

| 1900–1937|

* Częstochowa pogrom (1902)
* First Kishinev pogrom (1903)
* Zablotov pogrom (1903)
* Kiev pogrom (1905)
* Fifth Odessa pogrom (1905)
* Second Kishinev pogrom (1905)
* Białystok pogrom (1906)
* Siedlce pogrom (1906)
* Casablanca massacre (1907)
* Shiraz pogrom (1910)
* The Tritl (1912)
* Lwów pogrom (1914)
* Skver pogrom (1917)
* Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation (1917)
* Kielce pogrom (1918)
* Lwów pogrom (1918)
* Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)
* 1920 Nebi Musa riots

| Russian Civil War (1918–1920)|

* Lida
* Radomyshl
* Justingrad
* Skver
* Zviahel
* Pinsk
* Fastov
* Proskurov
* Kiev

|

* Zavirtcha pogrom (1921)
* Oradea pogrom [hu] (1927)
* Safed massacre (1929)
* Hebron massacre (1929)
* Campbell pogrom (1931)
* Constantine riots (1934)
* Thrace pogroms (1934)
* The Bloody Day in Jaffa (1936)
* Przytyk pogrom (1936)
* Brest pogrom [de; pl] (1937)

1938–1945|

| 1938|

* Tiberias massacre
* Kristallnacht

|

1939|

* Częstochowa
* Krasnosielc
* Będzin
* Wyszków
* Koźmice Wielkie
* Dynów
* Ostrów Mazowiecka

|

1940|

* Dorohoi pogrom

|

1941|

* Bucharest
* Antwerp
* Gabès
* Kaunas (June)
* Dobromil
* Szczuczyn
* Białystok
* Iași
* Lviv
* Wąsosz
* Jedwabne
* Farhud
* Ponary
* Tykocin
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Babi Yar
* Odessa
* Švenčionėliai
* Kaunas (October)
* Rumbula
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)

|

1942|

* Dünamünde Action
* Dzyatlava
* Łużki
* Iwieniec
* Marków
* Horodziej
* Mereczowszczyzna
* Sarny

|

1943|

* Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
* Kielce cemetery massacre
* Operation Harvest Festival

|

1944|

* Ardeatine massacre
* Luduș massacre
* Sărmașu massacre
* Kremnička and Nemecká massacres (1944–1945)

|

1945|

* Stary Jaromierz
* Leśno
* Deutsch Schützen
* Kraków
* Topoľčan
* Cairo
* Tripolitania

|

1946–1999|

| 1946|

* Kielce
* Kunmadaras
* Miskolc

|

1947|

* Fajja bus attacks
* Haifa Oil Refinery
* Aden
* Aleppo
* Manama

|

1948|

* Tripoli
* Djerada
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing
* Cairo bombings
* Kfar Etzion massacre

|

1949|

* Menarsha synagogue attack

|

1950s–1960s|

* Night of the Murdered Poets (1952)
* Scorpion Pass massacre (1954)
* Istanbul pogrom (1955)
* Shafrir synagogue shooting (1956)
* Tripoli pogrom (1967)
* Purge of Polish Jews (1968)

|

1970s|

* Avivim school bus bombing (1970)
* Munich massacre (1972)
* Lod Airport massacre (1972)
* Ma'alot massacre (1974)
* Kiryat Shmona massacre (1974)
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing (1975)
* Coastal Road massacre (1978)
* Nahariya massacre (1979)

|

1980s|

* Paris synagogue bombing (1980)
* Antwerp summer camp attack (1980)
* Antwerp bombing (1981)
* Vienna synagogue attack (1981)
* Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack (1982)
* Ras Burqa massacre (1985)
* Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre (1986)
* Purim stabbing (1989)

|

1990s|

* Cairo bus attack (1990)
* Crown Heights riot (1991)
* AMIA bombing (1994)
* Dizengoff Street bus bombing (1994)
* Beit Lid massacre (1995)
* Purim massacre (1996)
* Island of Peace massacre (1997)
* Mahane Yehuda Market bombings (1997)

|

21st century|

| 2000–2009|

| 2001|

* Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
* Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing

|

2002|

* Ghriba synagogue bombing
* Hadera attack
* Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
* Passover massacre
* Matza restaurant suicide bombing
* Hebrew University bombing
* Rishon LeZion bombing
* Matzuva attack
* Hebron ambush

|

2003|

* Istanbul
* Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
* Davidka Square bus bombing
* Café Hillel bombing
* Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
* Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
* Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing

|

2004–2009|

* Beersheba bus bombings (2004)
* Ashdod Port bombings (2004)
* Tel Aviv shawarma bombing (2006)
* Jerusalem yeshiva attack (2008)

|

2010–2019|

* Itamar attack (2011)
* Burgas bus bombing (2012)
* Toulouse and Montauban shootings (2012)
* Jerusalem synagogue massacre (2014)
* Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting (2014)
* Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (2014)
* January 2015 Île-de-France attacks (2015)
* Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (2015)
* Tel Aviv shooting (2016)
* Halamish stabbing (2017)
* Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (2018)
* Poway synagogue shooting (2019)
* Jersey City shooting (2019)
* Monsey Hanukkah stabbing (2019)

2020–present|

* Israel riots (2021)
* Beersheba attack (2022)

| October 7 attacks|

* Be'eri
* Ein HaShlosha
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nahal Oz
* Netiv HaAsara
* Nir Oz
* Nirim
* Re'im
* Yakhini

|

* Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus (2023)
* Dagestan attacks (2024)
* Amsterdam riots (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Einsatzgruppen and Einsatzkommandos

People|

| Director|

* Reinhard Heydrich
* Ernst Kaltenbrunner

|

Commanders of
Einsatzgruppen|

* Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
* Walther Bierkamp
* Horst Böhme
* Erich Ehrlinger
* Wilhelm Fuchs
* Heinz Jost
* Bruno Müller
* Erich Naumann
* Arthur Nebe
* Otto Ohlendorf
* Friedrich Panzinger
* Otto Rasch
* Heinrich Seetzen
* Franz Walter Stahlecker
* Bruno Streckenbach
* Max Thomas
* Josef Witiska

Commanders of
Einsatzkommandos,
Sonderkommandos|

* Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
* Gerhard Bast
* Rudolf Batz
* Ernst Biberstein
* Wolfgang Birkner
* Helmut Bischoff
* Paul Blobel
* Walter Blume
* Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock
* Otto Bradfisch
* Werner Braune
* Karl Brunner
* Friedrich Buchardt
* Ernst Damzog
* Gerhard Flesch
* Ludwig Hahn
* Erich Isselhorst
* Karl Jäger
* Friedrich Jeckeln
* Waldemar Klingelhöfer
* Wolfgang Kügler
* Walter Kutschmann
* Rudolf Lange
* Josef Meisinger
* Gustav Adolf Nosske
* Hans-Adolf Prützmann
* Walter Rauff
* Martin Sandberger
* Emanuel Schäfer
* Hermann Schaper
* Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
* Erwin Schulz
* Franz Six
* Eugen Steimle
* Eduard Strauch
* Martin Weiss
* Udo von Woyrsch

Other members|

* August Becker
* Lothar Fendler
* Joachim Hamann
* Emil Haussmann
* Felix Landau
* Heinz Schubert
* Albert Widmann

Collaborators|

* Viktors Arājs
* Herberts Cukurs
* Antanas Impulevičius
* Konrāds Kalējs
* Algirdas Klimaitis

Groups|

| German|

* Schutzstaffel (SS)
* Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
* Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo)
* Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
* Ordnungspolizei (Orpo)
* 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
* Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
* Sonderdienst

|

Non-German|

* Schutzmannschaft (Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian)
* Arajs Kommando
* Lithuanian Security Police
* Rollkommando Hamann
* TDA
* Ypatingasis būrys

Crimes|

| Belarus|

* Łachwa Ghetto
* Minsk Ghetto
* Slutsk Affair

|

Estonia|

* Kalevi-Liiva

Latvia|

* Burning of the Riga synagogues
* Dünamünde Action
* Jelgava
* Pogulianski
* Rumbula
* Liepāja (Šķēde)

Lithuania|

* Ninth Fort
* Kaunas June 1941
* Kaunas 29 October 1941
* Ninth Fort November 1941
* Ponary

Poland|

* Operation Tannenberg
* Intelligenzaktion
* AB-Aktion

Russia|

* Gully of Petrushino
* Zmievskaya Balka

Slovakia|

* Kremnička and Nemecká

Ukraine|

* Babi Yar
* Drobytsky Yar
* Drohobycz
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Lviv pogroms
* Mizocz Ghetto
* Odesa

Records|

* List of Einsatzgruppen
* The Black Book
* Commissar Order
* Einsatzgruppen trial
* Jäger Report
* Korherr Report
* Special Prosecution Book-Poland
* Einsatzgruppen reports

46°27′58″N 30°43′59″E﻿ / ﻿46.466°N 30.733°E﻿ / 46.466; 30.733
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