1950 East Pakistan riots

Riots in East Pakistan

1950 East Pakistan riots

Syama Prasad Mukherjee talking to Bengali Hindu refugees at a refugee camp in Dhubulia, West Bengal

Location| East Pakistan
Date| February to March 1950
Target| Bengali Hindus, Santhals,

Attack type

| Massacre, forced conversion, plunder, arson, abduction and rape
Perpetrators| Police, Ansars, Army, East-Pakistan Rifles
Part of a series on

Persecution of Bengali Hindus

Part of Bengali Hindu history

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* Bargi atrocities
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* 1950 East Pakistan riots
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Opposition

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The 1950 East Pakistan riots (Bengali: পঞ্চাশের পূর্ব পাকিস্তান দাঙ্গা, Urdu: پچاس کی دہائی کے مشرقی پاکستان کے فسادات ) took place between Hindus and Muslims in East Pakistan, which resulted in several thousands of Hindus being killed in pogroms.[citation needed]

## Background

[edit]

Part of a series on

Violence against Hindus
in East Pakistan
and Bangladesh
Issues

* Religious persecution
* Ethnic relations
* Freedom of religion
* Religious violence
* Secularism
* Religious intolerance

Incidents after 1947 - East Pakistan

* 1950 Barisal Riots
* 1962 Rajshahi massacres
* 1964 East-Pakistan riots
* Anderson Bridge massacre
* Muladi massacre

Incidents in 1971

* Adityapur massacre
* Akhira massacre
* Bagbati massacre
* Baria massacre
* Barguna massacre
* Bhimnali massacre
* Dakra massacre
* Demra massacre
* Dhapdhup massacre
* Gabha Narerkathi massacre
* Galimpur massacre
* Golahat massacre
* Hasamdia massacre
* Ishangopalpur massacre
* Jandi massacre
* Jathibhanga massacre
* Jogisho and Palsha massacre
* Ketnar Bil massacre
* Krishnapur massacre
* Nikli massacre
* Pomara massacre
* Ramna massacre
* Satanikhil massacre
* Sendia massacre
* Shankharibazar massacre
* Shankharikathi massacre
* Sree Angan massacre
* Suryamani massacre
* Sutrapur massacre

Incidents after 1971 - Bangladesh

* 1989 Bangladesh pogroms
* Nidarabad murder case
* 1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
* 1992 Bangladesh violence
* 2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
* 2014 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
* 2016 Nasirnagar Violence
* 2021 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
* 2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence

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* e

In August 1947, British India was partitioned into the Dominions of India and Pakistan on the basis of religion. Pakistan was to become the homeland for the Muslims of former British India with a majority Muslim population. The province of Bengal with a marginal Muslim majority was also partitioned with the Muslim majority East Bengal going to Pakistan and Hindu majority West Bengal going to India. The Sylhet district of Assam was added to East Bengal after the Sylhet Referendum, where the majority voted for Pakistan. According to the 1941 census, East Bengal had 28% non-Muslim population, the majority of them being Bengali Hindus.[1] West Bengal has a 30.2% Muslim population, the rest were Hindus.

The area comprising East Bengal, especially the Dhaka and Chittagong Divisions, had been witness to numerous instances of ethnic violence in the decades preceding the Partition. In the 1940s, the frequency and intensity of the riots increased as the movement for Pakistan gained momentum. In the last quarter of 1946, the Bengali Hindus of Noakhali and Tippera districts were subjected to a series of massacres, loot, arson, rape, abduction. They forced conversion to Islam, which came to be known as the Noakhali riots.

Within a month after the Partition, the Janmashtami procession was attacked in Dhaka.[1] In 1948, the Dhamrai rathyatra and the Janmashtami procession was not allowed to be held.[1] In 1949, there were posters all over Dhaka against the Durga Puja.[1] The number of community pujas got drastically reduced. On the day of Vijayadashami hundreds of Hindu households were set on fire rendering around 750 Hindu families homeless.[1] Santosh Chatterjee, a Press Trust of India (PTI) correspondent, was imprisoned on 25 November 1949 without any charges and released after a month.[2]

## Atrocities (Aug 1949 - Jan 1950)

[edit]

In August 1949, atrocities on non-Muslims began all over East Pakistan and continued for three months.[3] In August, Muslim mobs along with the police and the Ansars attacked some Hindu villages in Beanibazar and Barlekha police station areas of Sylhet District. Houses were looted, destroyed and set on fire. Hindu villagers were assaulted and murdered. Hindu women were raped by the policemen.[4] Soon after the Hindus were attacked in the village of Bhandaria in Barisal District.[4] In Rajshahi District, Father Thomas Cattaneo reported that the Santhal villages were attacked, Santhal villagers were arrested and Santhal women were raped.[3] On 10 December, a Muslim mob attacked the Puthia Rajbari Palace in Rajshahi Division and forcibly took possession of the house and its treasures.[4]

### Kalshira massacre

[edit]

On 20 December 1949, four police constables raided the house of one Joydev Brahma in the village of Kalshira under Mollahat police station in Bagerhat sub-division in the district of Khulna, in search of some suspected communists, late in the night.[5] Having failed to find any suspects, the constables tried to rape the wife of Brahma.[6] Her cry alerted him and his companions, who in a desperate bid to save her attacked two constables, one of whom died on the spot. The remaining two raised an alarm and the neighbouring people came to their rescue.[7]

On the next day, the District Superintendent of Police arrived in Kalshira accompanied by armed police contingent and the Ansars and attacked Kalshira and other neighbouring Hindu villages mercilessly.[8][9] They encouraged Muslims from neighbouring villages to loot the Hindu properties. A number of Hindus were killed, men and women were forcibly converted. Images were broken and shrines were desecrated.[7] All the 350 homesteads in the village, except three, were demolished. The cattle and boats were forcibly taken away.[10] Within a month of the massacre, 30,000 Hindus fled from Khulna to India.[9]

### Nachole massacre

[edit]

Nachole was a police station in the Nawabganj sub-division of the Rajshahi district. During the Partition of India, the entire Nawabganj sub-division was transferred from Malda district, which went to India, to Rajshahi district that fell in Pakistan. The area under Nachole police station was the non-Muslim majority. It was inhabited by Santals and Bengali Hindu castes like the Kshatriyas, Bhuindas and Kaibartas. After partition, the Tebhaga Movement was brutally suppressed in the newly formed state of Pakistan. However, in Nachole, the movement was still alive through the covert activities of the leading operating from underground. From the autumn of 1949, the leaders began to succeed in implementing the Tebhaga principles through persuasion, coercion and in some cases, force.[citation needed]

On 5 January 1950, five policemen from the Nachole police station were killed by the Santals in Chandipur village after they opened fire to disperse the villagers who had gathered to protest the arrest of one of the villagers. The government of Pakistan responded to this incident by sending a 2,000 strong army contingent and the police and the Ansars on 7 January. They set fire to twelve villages, ransacked the huts and killed many villagers on their way to Chandipur. In Chandipur, they tortured the men, raped the women and set fire to the dwellings. Hundreds of Santals and Hindus were killed. At Rohanpur, Ila Mitra, one of the movement leaders, was arrested with hundreds of peasants. After being taken to the Nachole police station, they were tortured by the police to extract the name of the leaders. Around 70 to 100 peasants died of police excesses.[11] Ila Mitra was tortured and raped for four days before being transferred to Nawabganj police station.[11]

## Prelude

[edit]

In the Feni sub-division of Noakhali, Hindus were attacked on 2 February, even before the attacks had actually broken out in Dhaka.[12] One Hindu was killed and seven injured. Nine Hindu shops were looted.[13]

## Killings

[edit]

Bahadurabad

Bausi

Bhairab Bridge

Sararchar

Santahar

Suryanagar

Sitakunda

Tongi

class=notpageimage|

Locations:  - Site of railway massacres

### Dhaka District

[edit]

In February 1950, Sukumar Sen, the Chief Secretary of West Bengal, had travelled to Dhaka to hold the Chief Secretary level dialogue with his East Bengal counterpart Aziz Ahmed. On 10 February, at around 10 A.M., when the talks were in progress, a Muslim woman in blood-stained clothes was paraded in the Secretariat building. It was alleged that she had been raped in Kolkata. The Secretariat employees immediately struck work and started a procession shouting anti-Hindu slogans. As they progressed towards Nawabpur, many others joined the procession, which ended at Victoria Park. At 12 noon, a rally was held at the park where the speakers, some of the employees of the Secretariat, made fierce anti-Hindu speeches. At around 1 P.M., as soon as the rally broke, the crowd began to loot Hindu shops and houses and set them on fire. The Hindus were killed wherever they were found.[10] By the evening, 90% of Hindu shops in Dhaka were looted, and many burnt. The Hindu jewellery shops were looted in the presence of police officers. An estimated 50,000 Hindus were displaced in seven hours of murder, loot, and arson.[14] According to the PTI reports, the worst affected areas were Banagram and Makims Lane. Most of the houses in the two predominantly Hindu localities were completely looted, many completely burnt down and places of worship desecrated.[15] Tajuddin Ahmed, who travelled in the different parts of Dhaka between 1 pm to 6 pm acknowledged the destruction and loss inflicted upon the Hindus by the Muslims in the localities of Nawabpur, Sadarghat, Patuatuli, Islampur, Digbazar, English Road, Bangshal and Chowk Bazaar.[16] On the afternoon of 12 February, 60 India-bound Hindu passengers were attacked at the Kurmitola airport.[14] All the non-Muslim passengers arriving at the Tejgaon airport were stabbed.[17] Three days after the massacre started in Dhaka, the villages of Vikrampur and Lohajang were attacked.[15] On 15 February, the Simulia market was set on fire, and the Hindu shops were looted. Between 15 February and 1 March, there were 15 instances of stabbing on Hindus reported from Dighali and Lohajang. On 28 February, the Dighali market was burnt down; the Hindu shops were gutted.[15] In Parulla village under Kaliganj police station, all the Hindu houses were looted.[18] All the Hindu houses in the villages of Khsawala, Gazaria, Karar Char, Char Sindur, Palas and Sadhar Char were looted.[18] According to Indian government sources, the bodies of 200 Hindu victims were cremated in the first two days of violence.[19] They also claimed that 50,000 out of Dhaka's 80,000 Hindus had to flee their homes during the attacks.[20] On 24 February 1950, the U.S. ambassador to India wrote to the U.S. Secretary of State that between 600 and 1,000 Hindus were killed and thousands injured in Dhaka area.[21]

### Barisal District

[edit]

See also: Muladi massacre

In Barisal, riots started on 13 February. Hindus were killed, raped and abducted indiscriminately.[22] According to the press note of the government of East Bengal, two unidentified youths began to spread provocative rumours on the afternoon of 13 February in the town of Barisal. As a result, many of the shops in the market closed down. Another rumour was spread that Fazlul Haque had been murdered in Kolkata. At nightfall, eight places were set on fire. 30 houses and shops were reduced to ashes, and ten persons were severely burnt. The situation further deteriorated after 16 February when indiscriminate loot and arson of Hindu properties started in Gournadi, Jhalakati and Nalchiti under Sadar sub-division of Barisal District.[22] The Hindu passengers on the water route between Barisal and Dhaka were killed within the steamer and thrown in the river.[23]

In the river port of Muladi in Barisal District, several hundred Hindus took shelter in the police station after their homes were torched. They were later attacked within the police station compound, and most of them were killed within the precincts of the police station. A Hindu school teacher was roasted alive by his Muslim students, who danced around the fire.[24] In the village of Madhabpasha, under Babugunge police station presently Babuganj Upazila, two to three hundred Hindus were rounded up by a Muslim mob. They were made to squat in a row, and their heads were chopped off one by one with a ramda.[24] In the Madhabpasha zamindar house, 200 Hindus were killed and 40 injured.[25]

Ilsaghat is a steamer station on the Meghna, on the island of Bhola, 7 miles from Bhola town. It falls on the steamer route between Barisal and Chittagong. On 16 February 1950, the S.S.Sitakunda of the Royal Steam Navigation Company anchored at Ilsaghat on her way to Chittagong.[26] At Ilsaghat, several Hindu passengers from S.S. We've Gone boarded S.S.Sitakunda due to atrocities perpetrated on them by the crew. Around 8 P.M. that night, hundreds of Muslims attacked S.S.Sitakunda while still anchored at the steamer station. They massacred the unarmed Hindu passengers and threw them into the river. 30 Hindus were killed in the massacre, while three survived.[26]

According to contemporary Muslim eyewitnesses a few thousand Hindus were killed and about two thousand Hindus went missing from Barisal district alone.[22] Researcher Subhasri Ghosh has put the number of Bengali Hindus killed in Barisal District at around 2,500.[27] Documentary filmmaker Supriyo Sen estimated that as many as 650,000 Hindus attempted to flee from Barisal to India and on their way were looted, killed and abducted.[28]

### Chittagong District

[edit]

On 12 February anti-Hindu riots started in Chittagong. The riots were instigated and organized by Fazlul Quader Chowdhury.[29] At night the city went up in flames. Hindus were killed in Chittagong proper and adjoining areas such as Noapara, Chowdhury Hat, Patiya, Boalkhali and Sitakunda.[29] In one incident, almost all the Hindu passengers of a train were killed in Pahartali.[29] The Hindu pilgrims who had assembled in Sitakunda on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri were attacked by Muslim mobs.[13] Nellie Sengupta, member of East Bengal assembly from Chittagong wrote to the Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan about the anti-Hindu riots in Chittagong.[13]

In Chittagong District, four persons from the Buddhist community, including a police inspector, were stabbed, and monasteries were demolished.[13] The residences of some Buddhist families in Fatickchari police station area and that of a Buddhist zamindar in Lamburhat under Rowjan police station was burnt to ashes.[13] As a consequence large numbers of Buddhist people migrated to the Lushai Hills in India.[13]

After the pogroms, Prafulla Chandra Ghosh, the erstwhile Chief Minister of West Bengal went to visit Chittagong.[30] Sanjib Prasad Sen, a former anti-British revolutionary took him on a tour of the affected areas. With the help from former revolutionaries Binod Bihari Chowdhury and Birendra Lal Chowdhury, Sen prepared a list of persons killed in the riots.[30]

### Noakhali District

[edit]

On 10 February, the Hindus were attacked in Noakhali town. On the afternoon of 13 February, the Hindus were attacked in broad daylight in Feni, within 200 yards of the S.D.O., the police station and the courts.[13] The Hindu quarters of the town like Masterpara, Ukilpara, Daktarpara, Sahadebpur, Barahaipur and Sultanpur were attacked, looted and then set on fire. Gurudas Kar, an influential member of the Hindu community, was killed. After the destruction of the Hindu areas of the Feni town, the violence spread to the nearby villages under the Feni and Chhagalnaiyan police stations, mainly inhabited by the Nath community. The villages of Banspara, Rampur, Madhupur, Srichandrapur, Basikpur, Chakbasta, Shibpur, Baligaon were burnt to ashes.[12] In the attacks, 45 Hindus were killed, 205 Hindu houses were burnt to ashes, and huge amounts of assets were looted.[31]

The Hindu women were abducted and forcefully married to Muslims. Harendra Kar's teenage daughter Mila Kar was forcefully married to Sultan Mian, a civil supply contractor, after her father, grandfather and son were slaughtered. A married Hindu woman named Ranubala was forcefully married to Rahmat Ali, the son of Honorary Magistrate Barik Mian.[12]

The attacks continued till 23 February, and by then, 4,500 Hindus had taken shelter at the refugee camp at Feni College. Another 2,500 were scattered in various refugee camps across the Noakhali district.[12] The Hindus who were trying to flee to the Indian state of Tripura were looted and assaulted on the way. Hindu women and children were held at the Chandpur and Akhaura railway stations. The Ansars, the police and the Muslim mobs, refused to allow them to flee to Agartala or Kolkata. According to an Amrita Bazar Patrika report, 5,000 Hindus fled to Belonia, in the Indian state of Tripura.[12]

### Sylhet District

[edit]

In Sylhet, the arson, loot and massacre were perpetrated in an extensive manner. 203 villages were devastated and more than 800 Hindu religious places were desecrated.[13] In the villages of Dhamai, Baradhami, Pubghat and Baraitali about 500 Manipuri families were affected by the riots.[22]

Even since the Sylhet Referendum, it was propagated that the Hindus had voted against Pakistan and, therefore, they were the enemies of Pakistan. On 6 February 1950, the verdict of Bagge Tribunal was declared. The Muslims of Sylhet had anticipated that Karimganj would fall within Pakistan, but it was awarded to India. Some Muslim lawyers of Sylhet Bar Association and Muslim mukhtars of Karimganj threatened that there would be terrible violence.[32] On 10 February, a huge poster was hung at Bandar Bazar, the city centre of Sylhet. The poster titled Atrocities on Mussulmans by Hindus in Hindusthan depicted the Muslims being dragged using ropes tied around their necks by Hindus armed with sticks and other weapons. Rivers of blood were flowing in Lumding and Kolkata because of the Muslim killings. Local Muslims were poring over the poster and inciting fellow Muslims to take revenge on the Hindus. On 11 February, at a rally at Gobinda Park, there was a cry for Hindu blood. It was rumoured that Fazlul Haque had been murdered in Kolkata. The situation deteriorated rapidly in Sylhet. On 13 February, Section 144 was imposed in Sylhet, by the decision taken by the Chief Secretaries of East Bengal and West Bengal at Dhaka. A Hindu youth named Prithwish Das was stabbed at Zinda Bazar. On 14 February, a rumour spread that the Muslims were being massacred at Karimganj. The Deputy Commissioner of Sylhet, addressing a meeting of lawyers, made an irresponsible statement that 5,000 Muslims were killed in Karimganj and that Muslims arrived in large numbers from Karimganj into Sylhet. In the evening, Moti Das, a Bengali Hindu youth, was killed near Jallapar. Three Manipuris were stabbed, two of whom died later.[32]

On the afternoon of 14 February, the Namabazar market was looted by a Muslim mob. From the morning of 15 February, loot and murder began to spread in the villages. At 9 A.M., the village of Murti was attacked. Hundreds of outsider Muslims attacked the Dutta Senapati family, raising anti-Hindu slogans. They looted cash, jewelry, utensils and furniture. The images in the family shrine and the temple were destroyed or thrown in the water bodies. After that, the mob went to the villages of Azmatpur, Daspara, Nasianji and Maheshpur. At 8 P.M., the house of Gurucharan Dhar, in the village of Noagram, only six miles from Sylhet was attacked. The next day at 7 A.M., a heavily armed Muslim mob surrounded the village. About 1,500 Hindus who inhabited the village fled to the nearby jungle. The mob looted the entire village, desecrated the Tulsi manchas and the family shrines. Some of the houses were set on fire. In the nearby village of Mamrathpur, the houses of many Hindus, including those of Mahendra Chandra De, Kamakanta Dhar and Ashwini Kumar De were looted. The mob abducted one of the daughters of Ashwini Kumar De. The next day she ravished, and the senseless body was returned home. In Dhakadakshin, the mobs abducted two unmarried daughters of Bharat Dutta on the night of 15 February. On the morning of 18 February, they returned home in a state of shock. When the family went to complain with the police, the police suggested an out of court settlement for a sum of 1,000 rupees. Numerous Hindu girls from the villages under Sylhet Sadar police station were raped.[32]

On 15 February, the house of Dinendra Chandra Deb Purakayastha in the village of Gangajal was looted and forcefully occupied by Muslim miscreants. At 9 A.M., the village of Silani under Bahubal police station of the erstwhile Karimganj sub-division was attacked. The mob raised provocative slogans and set fire to Hindu houses. Many Hindus fled to the nearby jungles to save their lives while the others were forcibly converted to Islam. Those who refused to convert were killed. In Dhakadakshin and Kachuadi, girls were abducted from eminent Brahmin families. In Chunarughat police station area of Habiganj sub-division, many Hindu families, including those of Ketan Das, Ashwini Nath and Birendra Nath, were forcibly converted to Islam. In Fenchuganj, the factory of the steamer company was looted and set on fire. Pulin De, a Hindu, was murdered near Ilaspur. In Majigaon, under Fenchuganj police station, the houses of Ambika Kabiraj and Makhan Sen were looted and set on fire. In Balaganj police station area, in Rukanpur village, the houses of Digendra Sen, Gopesh Sen and Shib Charan Das were looted, and the members were beaten up. In Madhurai and Kathalkhoi, the Hindus were beaten up and forcibly converted to Islam. In Golapganj police station area, the houses of Baikuntha Roy and Rashbehari Roy, in the village of Phulsain, were looted. In Bishwanath police station area, all the Hindu houses were looted in the village of Dandapanipur. A cow was slaughtered, and the Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam. In Tukerkandi village, the Ghosh house was looted, Jogendra Ghosh was killed, and many Hindus were stabbed. In Sijerkachh, the Pal Chowdhury and the Brahmin houses were looted, and everybody was forced to convert to Islam. Bimala Smrititirtha, a Hindu scholar, refused to convert. His sacred thread was torn and stamped upon, and he was stabbed repeatedly. The shikha of the Brahmins were torn by force. Idols were broken and thrown into nearby ponds.[32]

On 16 February, a 300 strong Muslim mob attacked the village of Akhra. They destroyed the images and went after the priest who fled. The mob then looted the entire village, including the houses of Haripada Chowdhury and Bimala Bhattacharya. On 17 February, the goondas went from house to house and attacked the Brahmins. Their sacred threads were torn and stamped upon, and they were forcibly converted to Islam. In the villages of Sunaita and Kurma, the Hindu women were attacked. Their sindur and conch shell bangles were broken. In the village of Rajaganj Akhra, the houses of Nir Bhatta and Ram Chandra Bhatta were looted. On 17 February, a 500 to 600 strong-armed mob attacked the village of Lakeshwar under Chhatak police station. The Brahmin houses were looted. Two of them were severely beaten up. The sacred threads of the Brahmins were torn, and their shikhas were cut off. They were forcibly converted to Islam. In Markul, the entire village was looted and forcibly converted to Islam. On 19 February, the village of Sadarpur, under Zakiganj police station was attacked. The house of Shuklal Namashudra was looted. When his brother went to lodge a complaint with the police, the police stabbed him, then wounded him with bayonet and finally kicked him out of the police station. During the night, the villagers swam across the river to safety. At Pargram, the houses of Akrur Namashudra and Ramesh Namashudra were looted and forcibly occupied by the Muslims.[32]

### Rajshahi District

[edit]

On 28 February, the Kolkata-bound Assam Mail was attacked.[23] On 28 February, disturbances erupted again in Rajshahi district. There were widespread incidents of murder, loot and arson in the villages under Tanore, Nachole and Gomastapur police stations.[33] Forcible occupation of Hindu houses and rape and molestation of Hindu women led to the exodus of Hindus to Maldah district in the Indian Union. In some cases, the Bihari Muslims forcibly ejected the Bengali Hindus from their houses and occupied them.[33] During their journey to India, the Hindus were subjected to all kinds of harassment. The Ansars seized almost every belonging that the refugees had in their possession. They made the Hindu women suffer great indignities in the pretext of search.[33]

On 17 March, the Pakistan police and the Ansars opened fire on the Santal refugees who were crossing over to India near Balurghat. 17 were killed, and 14 were injured in the firing.[33] The Pakistan armed forces and the Ansars drove away 20 Hindu families from Hariharpur village, very near to the border and adjacent to Balurghat in Indian Union. They broke open the roofs of the houses and took away the corrugated iron sheets, along with large quantities of rice, paddy, mustard, jute and utensils. In Jahanpur village, they forcibly take possession of the ornaments of the Hindu refugee women.[33] At the meeting between the District Magistrates and the Superintendents of Police of West Dinajpur district and Rajshahi district held at Farshipara, within Pakistan, the Pakistani authorities demonstrated their determination to pursue strong action against the Bengali Hindus, Santals and other tribals. Large numbers of Baloch soldiers were posted along the border near Balurghat.[33]

### Mymensingh District

[edit]

See also: Anderson Bridge massacre

In the Jamalpur and Kishoreganj sub-divisions of Mymensingh district, rioting started on 11 February and continued till 15th.[22] The neighbouring Hindu villages around Sherpur, namely Lakshmanpur, Mucherer Char, Char Sherpur Jhankata, Bhatsana and Sapmari, were attacked. Hindu houses were looted and burnt.[18] The Hindu houses in the villages of Atkapara, Firozpur and Budda villages were burnt.[18] In Jumpur village, three members of the family of Tarak Saha were killed and their residence burnt.[18]

On 12 February, the Hindu passengers in the Akhaura - Bhairab Bazar rail route between Comilla and Mymensingh were massacred.[34] Taya Zinkin the reporter of the London Economist and the Manchester Guardian reported that the Mymensingh bound trains from Ashuganj were stopped on the Bhairab Bridge on the Meghna. The Muslim mobs attacked the Hindu passengers from both sides of the bridge. Those who dived into the river and tried to swim ashore were hit by brickbats and forcefully drowned. According to eyewitness Pierre Dillani about 2,000 Hindus were massacred on the Bhairab Bridge.[23] On the same day, the Hindu passengers on board were attacked near Sararchar, a railway station between Bhairab Bazar and Kishoreganj.[18]

### Jessore District

[edit]

On 10 March, Muslim refugees who had arrived from West Bengal, led by the Ansars began to terrorize the Hindus. In Jhenaidah sub-division, the Hindus were forcefully evicted from their houses and their houses occupied. The entire Hindu population of Teghari village emigrated to Kolkata. On their way, all their belongings were forcefully taken away by the Ansars and the Muslim refugees from West Bengal.[35] On 19 March, a batch of about 400 Hindu refugees from Jinjira village under Maheshpur police station, reached Hazarkhal village under Hanskhali police station of Nadia district in West Bengal. While the group was crossing the Ichhamati, three armed Pakistani policemen fired at them, in which one person died.[36]

## Imprisonment of Hindu leaders

[edit]

When the massacres were going on, the District Magistrate of Barisal asked Satindranath Sen, freedom fighter and Member of Legislative Assembly (M.L.A.) of East Bengal from Barisal, to sign a declaration stating that there existed peace and normalcy in the district. Sen refused to sign the document.[37] On 15 February, Satindranath Sen, was arrested under Section 307 C.C.P. and B.S.P.O. 1946 and imprisoned as an ordinary prisoner. On 18 February, Sen wrote to Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, appraising him of the situation in Barisal, without any avail.[23] On 11 March, Suresh Chandra Biswas, a Member of Legislative Assembly (M.L.A.) of East Bengal from Sylhet was arrested for addressing a public gathering where he protested against the arson on Hindu houses. Biswas was handcuffed and paraded through the streets, and locked up. A charge of arson was framed against him. He was imprisoned.[38] On 16 March, the five Hindu members of the seven-member non-official inquiry committee investigating into the Kalshira massacre were arrested. The committee had submitted a report, mostly corroborating the origin and extent of the violence as reported in the Indian press.[38] On 23 March, 30 leading Hindus, including 72-year-old Mohini Mohan Kar, the zamindar of Kulaura and prominent Congress leaders like Kripesh Chandra Bhattacharjee were arrested from Maulvibazar in Sylhet district.[38]

## Press censorship

[edit]

In February, several attempts were made on Indian newspaper correspondents in Feni sub-division in Noakhali. Dr Dhirendra Kumar Dutta, the younger brother of PTI correspondent Jadugopal Dutta, was stabbed to death.[12] On 2 March 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, in a session in the Parliament, acknowledged that all correspondents attached to Indian newspapers and the PTI, working in East Pakistan were discredited and prevented from sending any news.[2]

## Exodus of Bengali Hindus

[edit]

No. of Hindu students in schools of Dhaka

School  | Type  | Jan 1950  | Dec 1950
Priyanath High School  | Boys  | 187  | 9
Pogose School | Boys  | 580  | 50
K. L. Jubilee School | Boys  | 719  | 52
Gandaria High School  | Boys  | 245  | 10
East Bengal High School  | Boys  | 204  | 16
Nabakumar Institution | Boys  | 51  | 5
Nari Shiksha Mandir  | Girls  | 275  | 8
Banglabazar Girls High School  | Girls  | 606  | 2
Anandamayee Girls High School  | Girls  | 75  | 5
Gandaria Girls High School  | Girls  | 227  | 10

There was a huge exodus of Hindus from East Bengal to different parts of the India including West Bengal, Assam and Tripura. There was a major influx of Bengali Hindu refugees in West Bengal after the Kalshira massacre.[39] Thousands of Hindu refugees were stranded at railway stations, steamer stations and at the Dhaka airport. Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy took the responsibility of bringing the refugees to India. He arranged 16 chartered planes to airlift the stranded evacuees from Dhaka airport. He further arranged 15 big passenger steamers to rescue the stranded refugees from Faridpur and Barisal.[40] In March 1950, an estimated 75,000 Bengali Hindu refugees from East Bengal were admitted in the refugee camps of West Bengal.[41] Around 200,000 refugees arrived in Tripura in March, 1950.[42] An estimated 110,000 refugees arrived in Karimganj district in Assam from Sylhet district till 2 April 1950.[42] On 11 April 1950, 2,500 Hindu refugees arrived at Shalimar in Howrah from Barisal in four chartered steamers. 20,000 refugees were still awaiting evacuation in Barisal.[43] Till 12 April 1950, 120,000 refugees arrived in West Dinajpur district of West Bengal.[43] Thus more than 500,000 refugees had arrived in West Bengal since the exodus began in January 1950.[43]

The total figure of refugees ran into millions. On 4 April 1950, Bidhan Chandra Roy stated that 2 million refugees from East Bengal had already taken shelter in India.[43] According to Rabindranath Trivedi, a total of 3.5 million Hindu refugees arrived in India in 1950.[1] According to researcher A. Roy, 500,000 Hindus were killed in the pogroms, which resulted in the exodus of 4.5 million Hindus into India.[44] About a million Hindu refugees from Sindh arrived in India.[45]

## Protests in India

[edit]

The government of West Bengal lodged a strong protest with the Pakistan government.

Jawaharlal Nehru, then Prime Minister of India, visited Kolkata on 6 March and later on 16 March. After seeing the plight of the Bengali Hindu refugees, he made an appeal to Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to stop the atrocities.[46]

## See also

[edit]

* Noakhali riots
* 1964 East Pakistan riots
* Resignation letter of Jogendra Nath Mandal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Trivedi, Rabindranath (20 July 2007). "The Legacy of the plight of Hindus in Bangladesh Part IV". Asian Tribune. 11 (460). World Institute for Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
2. ^ a b Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. pp. 80–81\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
3. ^ a b Mukhopadhyay, Kali Prasad (2007). Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India. New Delhi: Reference Press. p. 28\. ISBN 978-81-8405-034-9.
4. ^ a b c Mukhopadhyay, Kali Prasad (2007). Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India. New Delhi: Reference Press. p. 40\. ISBN 978-81-8405-034-9.
5. ^ Indian Commission of Jurists, ed. (1965). Recurrent exodus of minorities from East Pakistan and disturbances in India: A report to the Indian Commission of Jurists by its Committee of Enquiry. Indian Commission of Jurists. p. 360.
6. ^ Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 108\. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.
7. ^ a b Roy, Tathagata (2002). "Appendix: Letter of Resignation of Jogendra Nath Mandal, dated 8 October 1950, Minister of Law and Labour, Government of Pakistan". My People, Uprooted. Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan. p. 362\. ISBN 81-85709-67-X.
8. ^ Ray, Jayanta Kumar (1968). Democracy and Nationalism on Trial: A Study of East Pakistan. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 33.
9. ^ a b Nehru, Jawaharlal (1992). Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru (Part 1: 15 November 1949 – 8 April 1950). Vol. 14\. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund. p. 38\. ISBN 9780195630961.
10. ^ a b Roy, Tathagata (2002). "Appendix: Letter of Resignation of Jogendra Nath Mandal, dated 8 October 1950, Minister of Law and Labour, Government of Pakistan". My People, Uprooted. Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan. p. 363\. ISBN 81-85709-67-X.
11. ^ a b Panjabi, Kavita (14 August 2010). "Otiter Jed or Times of Revolution: Ila Mitra, the Santals and Tebhaga Movement". Economic & Political Weekly. XLV (33). Mumbai: Sameeksha Trust. ISSN 2349-8846. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
12. ^ a b c d e f Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. pp. 71–72\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 112\. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.
14. ^ a b Mukhopadhyay, Kali Prasad (2007). Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India. New Delhi: Reference Press. p. 30\. ISBN 978-81-8405-034-9.
15. ^ a b c Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. pp. 60–61\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
16. ^ Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. pp. 74–75\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
17. ^ Lahiri, Prabhas Chandra. পাক-ভারতের রূপরেখা (Pak-Bharater Rooprekha). Kolkata. p. 222.
18. ^ a b c d e f Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. pp. 64–65\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
19. ^ "Frontier Riots - Hundreds Reported Killed". Cairns Post. 23 February 1950. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
20. ^ "Hundreds Die on Frontier". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 February 1950. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
21. ^ "The Ambassador in India ( Henderson ) to the Secretary of State". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, the Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume V. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
22. ^ a b c d e Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 113\. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.
23. ^ a b c d Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 114\. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.
24. ^ a b Roy, Tathagata (2002). My People, Uprooted. Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan. p. 178\. ISBN 81-85709-67-X.
25. ^ Indian Commission of Jurists, ed. (1965). Recurrent exodus of minorities from East Pakistan and disturbances in India: A report to the Indian Commission of Jurists by its Committee of Enquiry. Indian Commission of Jurists. p. 364.
26. ^ a b Sinha, Dinesh Chandra, ed. (2012). ১৯৫০: রক্তরঞ্জিত ঢাকা বরিশাল এবং [1950: Bloodstained Dhaka Barisal and more] (in Bengali). Kolkata: Codex. p. 85.
27. ^ Ghosh, Subhasri (12 March 2013). "Representation of forced migrants: a case study of the east Bengali migrants to West Bengal". Conserveries mémorielles (13). Paris: Revues.org. ISSN 1718-5556. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
28. ^ Bhatia, Nandi (2008). Gera Roy, Anjali; Bhatia, Nandi (eds.). Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement and Resettlement. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. p. 78\. ISBN 978-81-317-1416-4.
29. ^ a b c Chowdhury, Farooque (31 October 2015). "The Dagger: Dominating Interests' Class War In East Bengal, 1946 And After - Part IV: Denial & Silence". Countercurrents.org. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
30. ^ a b Ahmed, Nechhar (15 March 2012). বিপ্লবী সঞ্জীব প্রসাদ সেন. Dainik Azadi (in Bengali). Dhaka. Retrieved 16 July 2017.[permanent dead link]
31. ^ Patowari, RK Shamim (2012). "Chhagalnaiya Upazila". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
32. ^ a b c d e Sinha, Dinesh Chandra, ed. (2012). ১৯৫০: রক্তরঞ্জিত ঢাকা বরিশাল এবং [1950: Bloodstained Dhaka Barisal and more] (in Bengali). Kolkata: Codex. pp. 72–77.
33. ^ a b c d e f Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. pp. 78–79\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
34. ^ Baixas, Lionel (2008). "Thematic Chronology of Mass Violence in Pakistan, 1947-2007". Online Encyclopaedia of Mass Violence. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
35. ^ Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. p. 73\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
36. ^ Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. p. 142\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
37. ^ Sengupta, Subhodh Chandra; Basu, Anjali, eds. (January 2002). "Sansad Bangali charitabhidhan" সতীন্দ্রনাথ সেন [Satindranath Sen]. Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) (in Bengali). Vol. 1 (4th ed.). Kolkata: Shishu Sahitya Samsad. pp. 544–545\. ISBN 81-85626-65-0.
38. ^ a b c Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. pp. 94–95\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
39. ^ Basu Raychaudhury, Anasua (2004), "Life After Partition: A Study on the Reconstruction of Lives in West Bengal", 18th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies (PDF), European Association for South Asian Studies, Swedish South Asian Studies Network, Lund University, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016
40. ^ Chakrabarti, Prafulla Kumar (1990). The Marginal Men: The Refugees and the Left Political Syndrome in West Bengal. Kalyani: Lumière Books. p. 27\. OCLC 24269063.
41. ^ Gibney, Matthew J. (2005). Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present (Entries A to I, Volume 1). ABC-CLIO. p. 305. ISBN 1-57607-796-9.
42. ^ a b Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. p. 136\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
43. ^ a b c d Kamra, A.J. (2000). The Prolonged Partition and its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence Against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64. New Delhi: Voice of India. p. 137\. ISBN 81-85990-63-8.
44. ^ Roy, A. (1980). Genocide of Hindus and Buddhists in East Pakistan and (Bangladesh). Delhi: Kranti Prakashan. p. 94\. OCLC 13641966.
45. ^ Ray, Mohit (October 2009). "Illegal Migration and Undeclared Refugees - Idea of West Bengal at Stake". Dialogue. 11 (2). Delhi: Astha Bharati. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
46. ^ Roy, Tathagata (2002). My People, Uprooted. Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan. p. 173\. ISBN 81-85709-67-X.

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* Noakhali riots (1946)
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| Afghanistan|

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|

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India|

*     * Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Azamgarh
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Others|

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* Jamaat ul-Fuqra
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Leaders|

* Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
* Abdul Wahid Bengali
* Habibullah Qurayshi
* Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi
* Peer Jamaat Ali Shah
* Abdullahil Baqi
* Hamid Raza Khan
* Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri
* Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni
* Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari (Justice)
* Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
* Ahmad Saeed Kazmi
* Majduddin
* Amjad Ali Aazmi
* Maulana Sardar Ahmad
* Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
* Asjad Raza Khan
* Ibrahim Chatuli
* Ahmad Sirhindi
* Shah Turab ul Haq
* Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari
* Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi
* Shah Ahmad Noorani
* Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
* Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi
* Arshadul Qaudri
* Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi
* Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi
* Sahibzada Haji Muhammad Fazal Karim
* Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani
* Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad
* Syed Hayatullah
* Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi
* Mian Tufail Mohammad
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri
* Mahmud al-Hasan
* Ubaidullah Sindhi
* Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi
* Mohammad Ali Jouhar
* Shaukat Ali
* Muhammad Iqbal
* Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
* Abul A'la Maududi
* Shah Ahmad Noorani
* Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
* Fazl-ur-Rehman
* Ghulam Azam
* Ilyas Qadri
* Motiur Rahman Nizami
* Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Najafi
* Grand Ayatollah Bashir Hussain Najafi
* Taqi Usmani
* Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib
* Safdar Nagori
* Jalaluddin Umri
* Israr Ahmed
* Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
* Qazi Hussain Ahmad
* Arif Hussain Hussaini
* Delwar Hossain Sayeedi
* Syed Nazeer Husain
* Khalid Mehmood Soomro
* Siddiq Hasan Khan
* Ihsan Ilahi Zahir
* Ibtisam Ilahi Zahir
* Sanaullah Amritsari
* Saifullah Muhammadi
* Maulana Azad
* Azizul Haque
* Fazlul Haque Amini
* Nurul Islam Farooqi
* Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir
* Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria
* Sheikh Ahmadullah
* Maulana Sardar Ahmad
* Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
* Asjad Raza Khan

* Events

* Direct Action Day
* Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
* Hudood Ordinances
* Shah Bano case
* Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum, 1984
* Babri Masjid
* Noakhali riots

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in South Asia

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