1972 Summer Olympics

Multi-sport event in Munich, Germany

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German.  (September 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions.

* View a machine-translated version of the German article.
* Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
* Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
* You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is `Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Olympische Sommerspiele 1972]]; see its history for attribution.`
* You may also add the template `{{Translated|de|Olympische Sommerspiele 1972}}` to the talk page.
* For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

|

Games of the XX Olympiad

Emblem of the 1972 Summer Olympics

Location| Munich, West Germany
Motto| The Cheerful Games
(German: Heitere Spiele)
Nations| 121
Athletes| 7,134 (6,075 men, 1,059 women)
Events| 195 in 21 sports (28 disciplines)
Opening| 26 August 1972
Closing| 11 September 1972
Opened by|

Gustav Heinemann
President of West Germany[1]

Closed by|

Avery Brundage
President of the International Olympic Committee

Cauldron|

Günther Zahn[1]

Stadium| Olympiastadion

Summer

<- Mexico City 1968

Montreal 1976 ->

Winter

<- Sapporo 1972

Innsbruck 1976 ->

1972 Summer Paralympics

Part of a series on
1972 Summer Olympics

* Bid process (bid details)
* Development (venues, torch relay)
* Marketing (mascot)
* Broadcasters
* Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
* Chronological summary
* Medal table (medalists)
* Olympic records
* World records
* Controversies
* Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
* Paralympics

* IOC
* DOSB
* MUNOOC

* v
* t
* e

The 1972 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1972), officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad (German: Spiele der XX. Olympiade) and officially branded as Munich 1972 (German: München 1972; Bavarian: Minga 1972), were an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. It was the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany, after the 1936 Games in Berlin, which had taken place under the Nazi rule. Germany became only the second country at that point after the United States to have two different cities host the Summer Olympics.[2]

The West German government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world, as shown by the Games' official motto, "Die Heiteren Spiele",[3] or "the cheerful Games".[4] The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo (the "Bright Sun") by Otl Aicher, the designer and director of the visual conception commission.[5] The hostesses wore sky-blue dirndls as a promotion of Bavarian cultural heritage.[6] The Olympic mascot, the dachshund "Waldi", was the first officially named Olympic mascot. The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein.[7] The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals.

The Olympic Park (Olympiapark) was based on Frei Otto's plans and became a Munich landmark after the Games. The competition sites, designed by architect Günther Behnisch, included the Olympic swimming hall, the Olympics Hall (Olympiahalle, a multipurpose facility) and the Olympic Stadium (Olympiastadion), and an Olympic village very close to the park. The design of these stadia was considered revolutionary, with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes, used on such a large scale for the first time.[8]

The event was overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week, in which 11 Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at the Olympic Village were killed by the Palestinian militant organisation Black September.

## Host city selection

[edit]

1972 Summer Olympics bidding results[9] City  | Country  | Round

|
|

1  | 2
Munich |  West Germany | 29 | 31
Madrid |  Spain | 16 | 16
Montréal |  Canada | 6 | 13
Detroit |  United States | 6 |

Munich won its Olympic bid on 26 April 1966, at the 64th IOC Session in Rome, Italy, over bids presented by Detroit, Madrid, and Montréal. Montréal would eventually host the following Olympic Games in 1976.[10]

## Munich massacre

[edit]

Main article: Munich massacre

The Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the "Munich massacre". Just before dawn on 5 September, a group of eight members of the Palestinian Black September militant organization broke into the Olympic Village and took eleven Israeli athletes, coaches and officials hostage in their apartments. Two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in; the subsequent standoff in the Olympic Village lasted for almost 18 hours.

Late in the evening of 5 September that same day, the terrorists and their nine remaining hostages were transferred by helicopter to the military airport of Fürstenfeldbruck, ostensibly to board a plane bound for an undetermined Arab country. The German authorities planned to ambush them there, but underestimated the numbers of their opposition and were thus undermanned. During a botched rescue attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting. The 5 remaining hostages were then shot and killed with a machine gun.

> "Our worst fears have been realized tonight. They have now said that there were 11 hostages. Two were killed in their rooms, yesterday morning. Nine were killed at the airport, tonight. They're all gone."

—After a series of conflicting reports and rumours, Jim McKay of ABC brought the news at 3:24 a.m. local time.[11]

All but three of the terrorists were killed as well. Although arrested and imprisoned pending trial, they were released by the West German government on 29 October 1972, in exchange for the hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615. Two of those three were supposedly hunted down and assassinated later by the Mossad.[12] Jamal Al-Gashey, who is believed to be the sole survivor, is still living today in hiding in an unspecified African country with his wife and two children. The Olympic events were suspended several hours after the initial attack for the first time in the modern Olympic Games history, but once the incident was concluded, Avery Brundage, the International Olympic Committee president, declared that "the Games must go on". A memorial ceremony was then held in the Olympic stadium, and the competitions resumed after a stoppage of 34 hours. Due to the suspension, the Games that were originally to close on 10 September were rescheduled to 11 September.[13] The attack prompted heightened security at subsequent Olympics beginning with the 1976 Winter Olympics.[citation needed]

The massacre led the German federal government to re-examine its anti-terrorism policies, which at the time were dominated by a pacifist approach imposed after World War II. This led to the creation of the elite counter-terrorist unit GSG 9, similar to the British SAS. It also led Israel to launch the Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre, in which those suspected of involvement were systematically tracked down and assassinated.[citation needed]

The events of the Munich massacre were chronicled in the Oscar-winning documentary, One Day in September.[14] An account of the aftermath is also dramatized in three films: the 1976 made-for-TV movie 21 Hours at Munich, the 1986 made-for-TV movie Sword of Gideon[15], Steven Spielberg's 2005 film Munich.[16] In her film 1972, Artist Sarah Morris interviews Georg Sieber, a former police psychiatrist who advised the Olympics' security team, about the events and aftermath of Black September.[17] September 5 historical drama thriller was released in 2024.

## Highlights

[edit]

Otl Aicher's signage pictograms designed for the Munich Olympic Games Procession of athletes in the Olympic Stadium- 1972 Summer Olympics, Munich, Germany

* These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Avery Brundage.
* American Mark Spitz set a world record when he won seven gold medals (while on the way to setting a new world record for each of his seven gold medals) in a single Olympics, bringing his lifetime total to nine (he had won two golds in Mexico City's Games four years earlier). Being Jewish, Spitz was asked to leave Munich before the closing ceremonies for his own protection, after fears arose that he would be an additional target of those responsible for the Munich massacre. Spitz's record stood until 2008, when it was beaten by Michael Phelps who won eight gold medals in the pool.
* Olga Korbut, a Soviet gymnast, became a media star after winning a gold medal in the team competition event, failing to win in the individual all-around after a fall (she was beaten by teammate Lyudmilla Turischeva), and finally winning two gold medals in the balance beam and the floor exercise events.
* In the final of the men's basketball, the United States lost to the Soviet Union in what is widely considered as the most controversial game in international basketball history.[18] In a close-fought match, the U.S. team appeared to have won by a score of 50–49. However, the final three seconds of the game were replayed three times by judges until the Soviet team came out on top and claimed a 51–50 victory.[19] Ultimately the U.S. team refused to accept their silver medals, which are believed to be held in a vault in Lausanne, Switzerland.[citation needed] It has come to light since that five of the medals are missing and believed to be in the hands of a German Olympic official with Nazi ties.[20]
* Lasse Virén of Finland won the 5,000 and 10,000 m (the latter after a fall), a feat he repeated in the 1976 Summer Olympics.
* Valeriy Borzov of the Soviet Union won both the 100 m and 200 m in track and field.
* The 100 metres event was notable for the absence of favorites and world record holders Eddie Hart and Rey Robinson for their quarterfinal heats. American sprint coach Stan Wright, had been given the wrong starting time. All three qualified American athletes were at the ABC television headquarters watching what they thought were replays of their morning preliminary races. In fact, they were watching live coverage of the races they should have been in. Hart and Robinson, scheduled in the first two races, missed their heats. The athletes rushed to the stadium, with Robert Taylor hurrying to take off his warm up uniform before running the later heat.
* Two American 400 m runners, Vincent Matthews (gold medalist) and Wayne Collett (silver medalist), staged a protest on the victory podium, talking to each other and failing to stand at attention during the medal ceremony.[21] They were banned by the IOC, as Tommie Smith and John Carlos had been in the 1968 Summer Olympics. Since John Smith had pulled a hamstring in the final and had been ruled unfit to run, the United States were forced to scratch from the 4×400 m relay where they would have been heavily favored to win.[22]
* Dave Wottle won the men's 800 m, after being last for the first 600 m, at which point he started to pass runner after runner up the final straightaway, finally grabbing the lead in the final 18 metres to win by 0.03 seconds ahead of the favorite, the Soviet Yevgeny Arzhanov. At the victory ceremony, Wottle forgot to remove his golf cap. This was interpreted by some as a form of protest against the Vietnam War, but Wottle later apologized.
* Australian swimmer Shane Gould won three gold medals, a silver, and a bronze medal at the age of 15.
* Hurdler Abdalá Bucaram carried the Ecuadorian flag at the opening ceremony. 24 years later he became the President of Ecuador. In Munich, he had to pull out of his event due to injury.
* Handball (last held in 1936) and Archery (last held in 1920) returned as Olympic sports after a long absence.
* Slalom canoeing was held for the first time at the Olympics.
* Dan Gable won the gold medal in wrestling without having a single point scored against him. No other athlete has ever accomplished such a feat in Olympic wrestling.
* Wim Ruska became the first judoka to win two gold medals.
* For the first time, the Olympic Oath was taken by a representative of the referees.
* American Frank Shorter, who was born in Munich, became the first from his country in 64 years to win the Olympic marathon. As Shorter was nearing the stadium, German student Norbert Sudhaus entered the stadium wearing a track uniform, joined the race and ran the last kilometre; thinking he was the winner, the crowd began cheering him before officials realized the hoax and security escorted Sudhaus off the track. Arriving seconds later, Shorter was understandably perplexed to see someone ahead of him and to hear the boos and catcalls meant for Sudhaus. This was the third time in Olympic history that an American had won the marathon (after Thomas Hicks 1904 and Johnny Hayes 1908) — and in none of those three instances did the winner enter the stadium first.

Munich Olympics commemorative 10-mark coin, 1972

* Rick DeMont of the United States originally won the gold medal in the men's 400 metre freestyle swimming. Following the race, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) stripped DeMont of his gold medal[23] after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the 400-meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was not permitted to swim in any other events at the 1972 Olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder. Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) had not cleared them with the IOC's medical committee.[24] The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) has recognized his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics in 2001, but only the IOC has the power to restore his medal, and it has refused to do so as of 2020.[25]
* The men's pole vault field event at the games took place on 1 & 2 September.[24] Controversy arose when the new Cata-Pole, used by defending champion American Bob Seagren and Sweden's Kjell Isaksson, was declared to be illegal, by the IAAF, on 25 July. The pole was banned based on the fact that the pole contained carbon fibers; after an East German-led protest revealed that it contained no carbon fibers, the ban was lifted on 27 August. Three days later the IAAF reversed itself again, reinstating the ban. The poles were then confiscated from the athletes. Seagren and Isaksson believed this gave other athletes, like the eventual gold medalist, Wolfgang Nordwig, an unfair advantage. Seagren and Isaksson were given substitute poles which they had never used before to jump with. Isaksson, who had lost the world record to Seagren only two months earlier, didn't clear a height in the qualifying round and was eliminated. After Seagren's last vault he was so incensed by the way IAAF officials handled the event, he took the pole he had been forced to vault with and handed it back to IAAF President Adriaan Paulen.[24] This was the first Olympics where the pole vault had not been won by an American. Prior to 1972, the United States had won 16 straight. Since 1972, the United States has won the men's pole vault only twice, equalling the record of Poland and former republics of the Soviet Union. France has won three times since 1984.
* Badminton and water skiing were demonstration sports.

## Venues

[edit]

Main article: Venues of the 1972 Summer Olympics

Aerial view of the Olympiapark in 2014.

* Munich Olympic Park (Olympiapark)
* Olympic Stadium (Olympiastadion) – opening/closing ceremonies, athletics, equestrian (jumping team), football (final), modern pentathlon (running), memorial service for Israeli athletes
* Boxing Hall (Boxhalle) – boxing, judo (final)
* Cycling Stadium (Radstadion) – cycling (track)
* Olympic Sports Hall (Sporthalle) – gymnastics, handball (final)
* Hockey Facility (Hockeyanlage) – field hockey
* Swimming Hall (Schwimmhalle) – swimming, diving, water polo (final), modern pentathlon (swimming)
* Volleyball Hall (Volleyballhalle) – volleyball
* Olympic Village (Olympisches Dorf)
* Venues in Greater Munich
* Regatta Course (Regattastrecke), Oberschleißheim – canoe sprint, rowing
* Basketball Hall (Basketballhalle), Siegenburger Straße – basketball, judo
* Fairgrounds, Fencing Hall 1 (Messegelände, Fechthalle 1) – fencing (final)
* Fairgrounds, Fencing Hall 2 (Messe München#1972 Summer Olympics, Fechthalle 2) – fencing, modern pentathlon (fencing)
* Fairgrounds, Weightlifting Hall (Messe München#1972 Summer Olympics, Gewichtheberhalle) – weightlifting
* Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall (Messe München#1972 Summer Olympics, Judo- und Ringerhalle) – judo, wrestling
* Dante Swimming Pool (Dantebad) – water polo
* Shooting Facility (Schießanlage), Hochbrück – shooting, modern pentathlon (shooting)
* Archery Facility (Bogenschießanlage), Englischer Garten – archery
* Riding Facility, Riem – equestrian (jumping individual, eventing cross-country), modern pentathlon (riding)
* Dressage Facility Nymphenburg – equestrian (dressage)
* Grünwald – cycling (individual road race)
* Other venues
* Olympic Yachting Center, Kiel-Schilksee – water skiing, sailing
* Urban Stadium (Nuremberg) – football/soccer preliminaries
* Jahnstadion (Regensburg) – football/soccer preliminaries
* Dreiflüssestadion (Passau) – football/soccer preliminaries
* ESV-Stadion (Ingolstadt) – football/soccer preliminaries
* Augsburg – canoe slalom (Eiskanal), football/soccer preliminaries (Rosenaustadion), handball preliminaries (Sporthalle Augsburg)
* Donauhalle Ulm – handball preliminaries
* Hohenstaufenhalle Göppingen (Göppingen) – handball preliminaries
* Böblingen Sportshalle – handball preliminaries
* Bundesautobahn 96 – cycling (road team time trial)

## Cost

[edit]

The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics at US$1.0 billion in 2015-dollars.[26] This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Munich 1972 compares with costs of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$15 billion for London 2012 (the most costly Summer Olympics to date) and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014 — the most expensive Olympic Games in history.[27] Average cost for Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion.

## Sports

[edit]

The 1972 Summer Olympic programme featured 195 events in the following 21 sports:

* Aquatics
* Diving (4)
* Swimming (29)
* Water polo (1)
* Archery (2)
* Athletics (38)
* Basketball (1)
* Boxing (11)
* Canoeing
* Flatwater (7)
* Slalom (4)
* Cycling
* Road (2)
* Track (5)
* Equestrian
* Dressage (2)
* Eventing (2)
* Show jumping (2)
* Fencing (8)
* Field hockey (1)
* Football (1)
* Gymnastics (14)
* Handball (1)
* Judo (6)
* Modern pentathlon (2)
* Rowing (7)
* Sailing (6)
* Shooting (8)
* Volleyball (2)
* Weightlifting (9)
* Wrestling
* Freestyle (10)
* Greco-Roman (10)

### Demonstration sports

[edit]

* Badminton
* Water skiing

## Participating National Olympic Committees

[edit]

Participants Number of competitors per nation.

Eleven nations made their first Olympic appearance in Munich: Albania, Dahomey (now Benin), Gabon, North Korea, Lesotho, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Swaziland, Togo, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso).

Rhodesia's invitation to take part in the 1972 Summer Games was withdrawn by the International Olympic Committee four days before the opening ceremony, in response to African countries' (such as Ethiopia and Kenya) protests against the Rhodesian government. (Rhodesia did, however, compete in the 1972 Summer Paralympics, held a little earlier in Heidelberg.)[28][29] The People's Republic of China last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute with the Republic of China over the right to represent China.[30]

Participating National Olympic Committees

* Afghanistan (8)
* Albania (5)
* Algeria (5)
* Argentina (92)
* Australia (168)
* Austria (111)
* Bahamas (20)
* Barbados (13)
* Belgium (88)
* Bermuda (9)
* Bolivia (11)
* Brazil (81)
* British Honduras (1)
* Bulgaria (130)
* Burma (18)
* Cameroon (11)
* Canada (208)
* Ceylon (4)
* Chad (4)
* Chile (11)
* Republic of China (21)
* Colombia (59)
* Republic of the Congo (6)
* Costa Rica (3)
* Cuba (137)
* Czechoslovakia (181)
* Dahomey (3)
* Denmark (126)
* Dominican Republic (5)
* Ecuador (2)
* Egypt (23)
* El Salvador (11)
* Ethiopia (31)
* Fiji (2)
* Finland (96)
* France (227)
* Gabon (1)
* East Germany (297)
* West Germany (423) (host)
* Ghana (35)
* Great Britain (284)
* Greece (60)
* Guatemala (8)
* Guyana (3)
* Haiti (7)
* Hong Kong (10)
* Hungary (232)
* Iceland (25)
* India (41)
* Indonesia (6)
* Iran (50)
* Ireland (59)
* Israel (14)
* Italy (224)
* Ivory Coast (11)
* Jamaica (33)
* Japan (184)
* Kenya (57)
* Khmer Republic (9)
* North Korea (37)
* South Korea (42)
* Kuwait (4)
* Lebanon (19)
* Lesotho (1)
* Liberia (5)
* Liechtenstein (6)
* Luxembourg (11)
* Madagascar (11)
* Malawi (16)
* Malaysia (45)
* Mali (3)
* Malta (5)
* Mexico (174)
* Monaco (5)
* Mongolia (39)
* Morocco (35)
* Nepal (2)
* Netherlands (119)
* Netherlands Antilles (2)
* New Zealand (89)
* Nicaragua (8)
* Niger (4)
* Nigeria (25)
* Norway (112)
* Pakistan (25)
* Panama (7)
* Paraguay (3)
* Peru (20)
* Philippines (53)
* Poland (290)
* Portugal (29)
* Puerto Rico (53)
* Romania (159)
* San Marino (7)
* Saudi Arabia (10)
* Senegal (38)
* Singapore (7)
* Somalia (3)
* Soviet Union (371)
* Spain (123)
* Sudan (26)
* Suriname (2)
* Swaziland (2)
* Sweden (131)
* Switzerland (151)
* Syria (5)
* Tanzania (15)
* Thailand (33)
* Togo (7)
* Trinidad and Tobago (19)
* Tunisia (35)
* Turkey (43)
* Uganda (33)
* United States (400)
* Upper Volta (1)
* Uruguay (13)
* Venezuela (23)
* Vietnam (2)
* Virgin Islands (16)
* Yugoslavia (126)
* Zambia (11)

### Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

[edit]

IOC Letter Code | Country  | Athletes

|
|

AFG |  Afghanistan | 8
ALB |  Albania | 5
ALG |  Algeria | 5
ARG |  Argentina | 92
AUS |  Australia | 168
AUT |  Austria | 111
BAH |  Bahamas | 20
BAR |  Barbados | 13
BEL |  Belgium | 88
BER |  Bermuda | 9
BOL |  Bolivia | 11
BRA |  Brazil | 81
HBR |  British Honduras | 1
BUL |  Bulgaria | 130
BIR |  Burma | 18
CMR |  Cameroon | 11
CAN |  Canada | 208
CEY |  Ceylon | 4
CHA |  Chad | 4
CHI |  Chile | 11
ROC |  Republic of China | 21
COL |  Colombia | 59
CGO |  Republic of the Congo | 6
CRC |  Costa Rica | 3
CUB |  Cuba | 137
TCH |  Czechoslovakia | 181
DAH |  Dahomey | 3
DEN |  Denmark | 126
DOM |  Dominican Republic | 5
ECU |  Ecuador | 2
EGY |  Egypt | 23
SAL |  El Salvador | 11
ETH |  Ethiopia | 31
FIJ |  Fiji | 2
FIN |  Finland | 96
FRA |  France | 227
GAB |  Gabon | 1
GDR |  East Germany | 297
GER |  West Germany | 423
GHA |  Ghana | 35
GBR |  Great Britain | 284
GRE |  Greece | 60
GUA |  Guatemala | 8
GUY |  Guyana | 3
HAI |  Haiti | 7
HKG |  Hong Kong | 10
HUN |  Hungary | 232
ISL |  Iceland | 25
IND |  India | 41
INA |  Indonesia | 6
IRN |  Iran | 50
IRL |  Ireland | 59
ISR |  Israel | 14
ITA |  Italy | 224
CIV |  Ivory Coast | 11
JAM |  Jamaica | 33
JPN |  Japan | 184
KEN |  Kenya | 57
KHM |  Khmer Republic | 9
PRK |  North Korea | 37
COR |  South Korea | 42
KUW |  Kuwait | 4
LIB |  Lebanon | 19
LES |  Lesotho | 1
LBR |  Liberia | 5
LIE |  Liechtenstein | 6
LUX |  Luxembourg | 11
MAD |  Madagascar | 11
MAW |  Malawi | 16
MAS |  Malaysia | 45
MLI |  Mali | 3
MLT |  Malta | 5
MEX |  Mexico | 174
MON |  Monaco | 5
MGL |  Mongolia | 39
MAR |  Morocco | 35
NEP |  Nepal | 2
HOL |  Netherlands | 119
AHO |  Netherlands Antilles | 2
NZL |  New Zealand | 89
NCA |  Nicaragua | 8
NIG |  Niger | 4
NGR |  Nigeria | 25
NOR |  Norway | 112
PAK |  Pakistan | 25
PAN |  Panama | 7
PAR |  Paraguay | 3
PER |  Peru | 20
PHI |  Philippines | 53
POL |  Poland | 290
POR |  Portugal | 29
PUR |  Puerto Rico | 53
ROU |  Romania | 159
SMR |  San Marino | 7
ARS |  Saudi Arabia | 10
SEN |  Senegal | 38
SIN |  Singapore | 7
SOM |  Somalia | 3
URS |  Soviet Union | 371
ESP |  Spain | 123
SUD |  Sudan | 26
SUR |  Suriname | 2
SWZ |  Swaziland | 2
SWE |  Sweden | 131
SUI |  Switzerland | 151
SYR |  Syria | 5
TAN |  Tanzania | 15
THA |  Thailand | 33
TOG |  Togo | 7
TRI |  Trinidad and Tobago | 19
TUN |  Tunisia | 35
TUR |  Turkey | 43
UGA |  Uganda | 33
USA |  United States | 400
VOL |  Upper Volta | 1
URU |  Uruguay | 13
VEN |  Venezuela | 23
VNM |  Vietnam | 2
ISV |  Virgin Islands | 16
YUG |  Yugoslavia | 126
ZAM |  Zambia | 11
Total | 7,134

## Calendar

[edit]

All times are in Central European Time (UTC+1)
−8  | OC | Opening ceremony  | ● | Event competitions  | 1 | Gold medal events  | CC | Closing ceremony  | ● | Suspended event competitions  | MS | Memorial service

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

August/September 1972  | August  | September  | Events

|
|
|

26th
Sat  | 27th
Sun  | 28th
Mon  | 29th
Tue  | 30th
Wed  | 31st
Thu  | 1st
Fri  | 2nd
Sat  | 3rd
Sun  | 4th
Mon  | 5th
Tue | 6th
Wed  | 7th
Thu  | 8th
Fri  | 9th
Sat  | 10th
Sun  | 11th
Mon
Ceremonies | OC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | MS |  |  |  |  | CC | —
Aquatics
Diving |  | ●  | 1 | ●  | 1 |  | ●  | 1 | ●  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34
Swimming |  |  | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water polo |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Archery |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 2 |  | 2
Athletics |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 3 |  |  | 7 | 2 | 3 | 8 |  | 38
Basketball |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 1 |  |  | 1
Boxing |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  |  |  | 11 |  | 11
Canoeing |  Slalom  |  |  | 1 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11
Sprint  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ●  |  | ●  | ●  | 7 |  |
Cycling |  Road cycling |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 7
Track cycling |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 2 | 1 | ●  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equestrian |  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 2 |  |  | 1 | ●  |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 | 6
Fencing |  |  |  | ●  | 1 | 1 |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | ●  | 1 | ●  | 1 | 1 |  |  | 8
Field hockey |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  |  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 1 |  | 1
Football |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  |  | ●  |  | ●  | ●  |  | ●  |  | 1 |  | 1
Gymnastics |  | ●  | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14
Handball |  |  |  |  | ●  |  | ●  |  | ●  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 1 |  | 1
Judo |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Modern pentathlon |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2
Rowing |  | ●  |  | ●  |  | ●  | ●  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Sailing |  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  |  |  | ●  | ●  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 6
Shooting |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ●  | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Volleyball |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  |  | ●  | ●  | 1 | ●  | 1 |  |  | 2
Weightlifting |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | ●  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Wrestling |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 10 |  |  |  |  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | ●  | 10 |  | 20
Daily medal events |  | 2 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 27 | 16 | 23 | 14 | 13 | ‡ | 2 | 16 | 3 | 15 | 34 | 1 | 195
Cumulative total |  | 2 | 10 | 18 | 31 | 58 | 74 | 97 | 111 | 124 |  | 126 | 142 | 145 | 160 | 194 | 195
August/September 1972  | 26th
Sat  | 27th
Sun  | 28th
Mon  | 29th
Tue  | 30th
Wed  | 31st
Thu  | 1st
Fri  | 2nd
Sat  | 3rd
Sun  | 4th
Mon  | 5th
Tue | 6th
Wed  | 7th
Thu  | 8th
Fri  | 9th
Sat  | 10th
Sun  | 11th
Mon  | Total events
August  | September

‡ No medals were awarded on 5 September as all Olympic competitions were suspended during that day although events that were being held at the time of the suspension were allowed to finish to their conclusion.

Note: The Memorial service was held in the Olympic Stadium on 6 September which was attended by 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes. Following this all Olympic competitions were then allowed to resume after a 34-hour suspension.

## Medal count

[edit]

Main article: 1972 Summer Olympics medal table

Gold medal awarded to Mary Peters for the 1972 Olympic women's pentathlon.

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1972 Games.

Rank| Nation| Gold| Silver| Bronze| Total

|
|
|
|
|

1|  Soviet Union| 50| 27| 22| 99
2|  United States| 33| 31| 30| 94
3|  East Germany| 20| 23| 23| 66
4|  West Germany*| 13| 11| 16| 40
5|  Japan| 13| 8| 8| 29
6|  Australia| 8| 7| 2| 17
7|  Poland| 7| 5| 9| 21
8|  Hungary| 6| 13| 16| 35
9|  Bulgaria| 6| 10| 5| 21
10|  Italy| 5| 3| 10| 18
Totals (10 entries)| 161| 138| 141| 440

Key

* Host nation (West Germany)

## Doping

[edit]

The report, titled "Doping in Germany from 1950 to today", details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping program.[31] Doping of East German athletes also, by the GDR government, was systematic and prevalent at the Munich Games of 1972.[32]

## See also

[edit]

* Germany portal

* Olympic Games portal

* 1972 Summer Paralympics
* 1972 Winter Olympics
* Olympic Games held in Germany
* 1936 Winter Olympics - Garmisch-Partenkirchen
* 1936 Summer Olympics - Berlin
* 1972 Summer Olympics - Munich

* List of IOC country codes
* 1972 Summer Olympics – Munich, Bavaria, West Germany — Munich massacre
* 1972 Summer Olympics medal table
* The Rt. Hon. The 3rd Baron Killanin

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
2. ^ "List of Olympic Host Cities – Architecture of the Games". Retrieved 14 August 2024.
3. ^ "Ein Geschenk der Deutschen an sich selbst". Der Spiegel (in German). No. 35/1972. 21 August 1972. pp. 28–29\. "… für die versprochene Heiterkeit der Spiele, die den Berliner Monumentalismus von 1936 vergessen machen und dem Image der Bundesrepublik in aller Welt aufhelfen sollen"28-29&rft.date=1972-08-21&rft_id=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42872049.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1972+Summer+Olympics" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Digitized version of the Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972 (Volume 2) (in German). proSport GmbH & Co. KG. München Ed. Herbert Kunze. 1972. p. 22\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2015. "… the theme of the "cheerful Games"…"
5. ^ "Official Emblem – Munich 1972 Olympics". Retrieved 8 April 2013.
6. ^ Strassmair, Michaela (September 2019). "Typisch Oktoberfest? Darum gehört ein Dirndl eigentlich nicht auf die Wiesn". www.focus.de (in German). Retrieved 9 May 2020.
7. ^ "Herbert Rehbein: Olympic Fanfare Munich 1972 (TV Intro)". Retrieved 7 May 2023.
8. ^ Uhrig, Klaus (20 March 2014). "Die gebaute Utopie: Das Münchner Olympiastadion" (in German). Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
9. ^ "Past Olympic host city election results". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
10. ^ "IOC VOTE HISTORY". aldaver.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
11. ^ "Transcend – Munich Massacre". Bleacher Report Media Lab. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
12. ^ Countering Terrorism: The Israeli Response To The 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre And The Development Of Independence Covert Action Teams, M.A. thesis by Alexander B. Calahan at Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 1995.
13. ^ "1972 Olympics – Munich Summer Games results & highlights". International Olympic Committee. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
14. ^ Deming, Mark (2014). "Movies – One Day in September (1999)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
15. ^ "Television – Sword of Gideon". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
16. ^ Dargis, Manohla (23 December 2005). "An Action Film About the Need to Talk". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
17. ^ Herbert, Martin. "Sarah Morris". frieze.com. Frieze Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
18. ^ "USA Basketball". Archived from the original on 22 August 2007.
19. ^ "120 years, 120 stories (Part 15) : Soviets beat the Americans amidst controversies involving communist judges". 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
20. ^ Vardon, Joe. "Stolen gold and forgotten silver: 50 years after Americans refused medals, some are missing". The Athletic. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
21. ^ Schiller, K.; Young, C. (2010). The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany. Weimar and now. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26213-3. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
22. ^ "400 metres, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
23. ^ Neil Amdur, "Of Gold and Drugs," The New York Times (4 September 1972). Retrieved 16 March 2015.
24. ^ a b c "Athletics at the 1972 Munich Summer Games: Men's Pole Vault". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
25. ^ "Better late than never". sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Associated Press. 30 January 2001. Archived from the original on 7 May 2001.
26. ^ Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016). The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games. Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 9–13\. arXiv:1607.04484. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2804554. S2CID 156794182. SSRN 2804554.9-13&rft.pub=Saïd+Business+School+Working+Papers+(Oxford:+University+of+Oxford)&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info:arxiv/1607.04484&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156794182#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2804554#id-name=SSRN&rft_id=info:doi/10.2139/ssrn.2804554&rft.aulast=Flyvbjerg&rft.aufirst=Bent&rft.au=Stewart,+Allison&rft.au=Budzier,+Alexander&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1972+Summer+Olympics" class="Z3988">
27. ^ "Sochi 2014: the costliest Olympics yet but where has all the money gone?". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
28. ^ "1972: Rhodesia out of Olympics". 22 August 1972. Retrieved 7 May 2023 - via news.bbc.co.uk.
29. ^ "The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
30. ^ Xiao, Li. "China and the Olympic Movement". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
31. ^ "Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes". USA Today. 3 August 2013.
32. ^ "Report exposes decades of West German doping". France 24. 5 August 2013.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1972 Summer Olympics.

* "Munich 1972". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
* The main theme of the 1972 Summer Olympics by Gunther Noris and the Big Band of Bundeswehr "Munich Fanfare March-Swinging Olympia Video on YouTube

## Further reading

[edit]

* Schiller, Kay, and Christopher Young. The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany (University of California Press; 2010) 348 pages
* Preuss, Holger. The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games, 1972–2008 (2006)
* Oxlade, Chris, et al. Olympics. Rev. ed. London: DK, 2005. Print.

Summer Olympics

Preceded by

Mexico City

|  XX Olympiad
Munich
1972  | Succeeded by

Montreal

* v
* t
* e

Olympic Games

* Olympic sports
* Olympism

| IOC|

* Charter
* Olympic Congress
* IOC meetings
* International sports federations

|

Medals|

* Medal table
* All-time medal table
* youth
* Medal table leaders by Olympic Games
* Medalists
* youth
* Medal ties
* Incentives by country
* Stripped medals
* Olympic diploma
* Olive wreath

Nations|

* Summer Olympics
* Winter Olympics
* tropical nations
* country codes

Host cities|

* Bids
* youth
* Venues
* youth
* Olympic Stadium

Ceremonies|

* Olympic Mass
* People who opened the Olympics
* Torch relays
* lighters of the Olympic cauldron
* Keepers of the Olympic flag

Media|

* Television
* Olympic Broadcasting Services
* Olympic Channel
* American
* Social media
* Films
* summer
* winter
* Video games

Symbols|

* Flame
* Olympiad
* Oath
* Songs and anthems
* Hymn
* Emblem
* Poster
* Mascots
* Tattoo
* Coins
* summer (pre-2000)
* summer (2000-present)
* winter
* Pierre de Coubertin Medal
* Olympic Cup
* Olympic Diploma of Merit
* Olympic Laurel
* Olympic Order
* Olive wreath

Other|

* Art competitions at the Olympics
* medalists
* Scandals and controversies
* antisemitism
* colonialism
* doping
* Deaths
* WWI
* WWII
* Participation of women

Related|

* Paralympic Games
* Continental
* African
* Asian
* European
* Pacific
* Pan-American
* Olympic Esports Series
* Olympic Esports Games
* Deaflympics
* Special Olympics
* 1906 Intercalated Games
* Ancient Olympic Games

Olympic Games

Summer|

* 1896 Athens
* 1900 Paris
* 1904 St. Louis
* 1908 London
* 1912 Stockholm
* 1916 Berlin[a]
* 1920 Antwerp
* 1924 Paris
* 1928 Amsterdam
* 1932 Los Angeles
* 1936 Berlin
* 1940 Tokyo[b]
* 1944 London[b]
* 1948 London
* 1952 Helsinki
* 1956 Melbourne
* 1960 Rome
* 1964 Tokyo
* 1968 Mexico City
* 1972 Munich
* 1976 Montreal
* 1980 Moscow
* 1984 Los Angeles
* 1988 Seoul
* 1992 Barcelona
* 1996 Atlanta
* 2000 Sydney
* 2004 Athens
* 2008 Beijing
* 2012 London
* 2016 Rio
* 2020 Tokyo[c]
* 2024 Paris
* 2028 Los Angeles
* 2032 Brisbane
* 2036 TBD

Winter|

* 1924 Chamonix
* 1928 St. Moritz
* 1932 Lake Placid
* 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
* 1940 Sapporo[b]
* 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo[b]
* 1948 St. Moritz
* 1952 Oslo
* 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
* 1960 Squaw Valley
* 1964 Innsbruck
* 1968 Grenoble
* 1972 Sapporo
* 1976 Innsbruck
* 1980 Lake Placid
* 1984 Sarajevo
* 1988 Calgary
* 1992 Albertville
* 1994 Lillehammer
* 1998 Nagano
* 2002 Salt Lake
* 2006 Torino
* 2010 Vancouver
* 2014 Sochi
* 2018 PyeongChang
* 2022 Beijing
* 2026 Milano Cortina
* 2030 French Alps
* 2034 Salt Lake City–Utah

Youth Olympic Games

Summer|

* 2010 Singapore
* 2014 Nanjing
* 2018 Buenos Aires
* 2026 Dakar
* 2030

Winter|

* 2012 Innsbruck
* 2016 Lillehammer
* 2020 Lausanne
* 2024 Gangwon
* 2028 Dolomiti Valtellina

1. ^ Cancelled due to World War I
2. ^ a b c d Cancelled due to World War II
3. ^ Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

* Portal
* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

National Olympic Committees at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany

Africa|

* Algeria
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Congo
* Dahomey
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* Ghana
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Morocco
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* Somalia
* Sudan
* Swaziland
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Upper Volta
* Zambia

America|

* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bermuda
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* British Honduras
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Netherlands Antilles
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Puerto Rico
* Suriname
* Trinidad-Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
* Virgin Islands

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Burma
* Ceylon
* Republic of China
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Khmer Republic
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Syria
* Thailand
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Czechoslovakia
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* East Germany
* West Germany
* Great Britain
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* San Marino
* Soviet Union
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Yugoslavia

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

* v
* t
* e

Events at the 1972 Summer Olympics (Munich)

* Archery
* Athletics
* Basketball
* Badminton (demonstration)
* Boxing
* Canoeing
* Cycling
* Diving
* Equestrian
* Fencing
* Field hockey
* Football
* Gymnastics
* Handball
* Judo
* Modern pentathlon
* Rowing
* Sailing
* Shooting
* Swimming
* Volleyball
* Water polo
* Water skiing (demonstration)
* Weightlifting
* Wrestling

* v
* t
* e

Venues of the 1972 Summer Olympics (Munich)

Olympiapark|

* Boxhalle
* Hockeyanlage
* Olympiahalle
* Olympiastadion
* Olympisches Dorf
* Olympiaturm
* Radstadion
* Schwimmhalle
* Volleyballhalle

Greater Munich|

* Basketballhalle
* Bogenschießanlage
* Dantebad
* Dressage Facility Nymphenburg
* Grünwald
* Messegelände, Fechthalle 1
* Messegelände Fechthalle 2
* Messegelände, Gewichtheberhalle
* Messegelände, Judo- und Ringerhalle
* Oberschleißheim Regatta Course
* Riding Facility, Riem
* Schießanlage

Football venues|

* Dreiflüssestadion (Passau)
* ESV-Stadion (Ingolstadt)
* Jahnstadion (Regensburg)
* Rosenaustadion (Augsburg)
* Urban Stadium (Nuremberg)

Handball venues|

* Böblingen Sportshalle
* Donauhalle Ulm
* Hohenstaufenhalle Göppingen
* Sporthalle Augsburg

Other venues|

* Bay of Kiel
* Bundesautobahn 96
* Eiskanal (Augsburg)

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Geographic|

* Structurae

Portals:

* Olympics
* Germany
* Sports
* 1970s

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template