1978 North American Soccer League season

Soccer league season

Football league season

North American Soccer LeagueSeason| 1978

|

Champions| Cosmos
(3rd title)
Premiers| Cosmos
(2nd title)
Matches played| 360
Goals scored| 1,240 (3.44 per match)
Top goalscorer| Giorgio Chinaglia
(34 goals)
Biggest home win| DET 10–0 SJ
(July 12)[1]
Biggest away win| LA 0–5 MIN
(August 2)[2]
Highest scoring| DET 10–0 SJ
(July 12)[3]
TOR 8–2 OAK
(June 30)[4]
Longest winning run| 13, Vancouver
(June 22 – August 6)[5]
Longest losing run| 13, San Jose
(May 31 – July 19)[6]
Highest attendance| 71,219
Seattle at Cosmos
(May 21)[7]
Lowest attendance| 1,538
N.E. at Chicago (May 7)[8]
Average attendance| 13,084[9]

← 1977

1979 →

The 1978 North American Soccer League season was the 66th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer, the 11th with a national first-division league, in the United States and Canada.

## Changes from the previous season

[edit]

### New teams

[edit]

* Colorado Caribous
* Detroit Express
* Houston Hurricane
* Memphis Rogues
* New England Tea Men
* Philadelphia Fury

### Teams folding

[edit]

* None

### Teams moving

[edit]

* Connecticut Bicentennials to Oakland Stompers
* Las Vegas Quicksilver to San Diego Sockers
* St. Louis Stars to California Surf
* Team Hawaii to Tulsa Roughnecks

### Name changes

[edit]

* None

## Map of clubs

[edit]

Strikers

Tea Men

Fury

Rowdies

Sting

Express

Hurricane

Rogues

Surf

Stompers

Sockers

Earth
quakes

Cosmos

Lancers

Metros-Croatia

Diplomats

Cosmos

Caribous

Tornado

Kicks

Rough
necks

Aztecs

Timbers

Sounders

Whitecaps

American East Division  American Central Division  American West Division
National East Division  National Central Division  National West Division

## Season recap

[edit]

Bolstered by the success of the previous season, the league added six teams to reach 24 in total.[10] The Colorado Caribous launched in Denver,[11] the Detroit Express[12] and Houston Hurricane[13] became the second and third teams to play in fully enclosed indoor stadiums, the Philadelphia Fury brought soccer back to Philadelphia,[14] the New England Tea Men would be the third attempt to have NASL soccer succeed in the Boston area and the Memphis Rogues would bring pro soccer to Tennessee.

There were also the usual franchise movements. Team Hawaii became the Tulsa Roughnecks,[15] the Las Vegas Quicksilver became the San Diego Sockers, the Connecticut Bicentennials became the Oakland Stompers and the St. Louis Stars moved to Anaheim to become the California Surf.

With so many new clubs, the NASL realigned into a six-division format while expanding the playoffs to include 16 teams. The new alignment was a direct copy of the NFL's setup, as the new three-division conferences were called the 'American Soccer Conference' and the 'National Soccer Conference', respectively. Each conference had East, Central and West divisions as well.[16]

The top two teams in each division would quality for the playoffs. The other spots would go to the next best two teams in the conference, regardless of division. The top three seeds went to the division winners, seeds 4-6 went to the second place teams and the last two seeds were known as 'wild-cards' – another nod to the NFL. The winners of each successive round would be reseeded within the conference. The first round and the Soccer Bowl were single games, while the conference semifinals and championships were two-game series. As in the 1977 playoffs, if both teams were tied at one win apiece at the conclusion of Game 2, there would be a 30-minute sudden-death mini-game and a shootout if necessary.[17]

The Cosmos would set records for most wins and points in an NASL season, thanks to their 24-6 regular-season mark (shared with the Vancouver Whitecaps) and 212 points. The Cosmos beat the Ft. Lauderdale Strikers, 7–0, on opening day[18] and never looked back, scoring 88 times while losing just three games in regulation. Giorgio Chinaglia scored 34 goals and 79 points, setting league records in the process. He did not win regular season MVP honors, however. That award went to New England's Mike Flanagan, who scored 30 goals and 68 points while leading the Tea Men to an unlikely ASC East title. At the age of 36, Alan Hinton of Vancouver set a league record of his own with 30 assists.[19]

Still, the Cosmos needed a major rally to beat the Minnesota Kicks in the NSC playoffs. The Kicks won the first game by an extraordinary 9–2 score behind Alan Willey's five goals,[20] but the Cosmos won Game 2, 4–0, back at Giants Stadium. The resulting mini-game went to a shootout, and Carlos Alberto and Franz Beckenbauer scored goals to keep the Cosmos alive.[21] The Portland Timbers were shut out over both games of the National Conference final,[22] and the Tampa Bay Rowdies were beaten before 74,901 fans at Giants Stadium in the Soccer Bowl.[23] The Cosmos became the first back-to-back champions in NASL history.

After the season the Colorado Caribous would move to Atlanta,[24] while the Oakland Stompers would move to Edmonton just two months before the start of the 1979 NASL season.[25] The Stompers had drawn over 32,000 for their opening game at the Oakland Coliseum,[26] but were drawing crowds under 10,000 by the end of the season. The Caribous had the worst record in the league and only drew one crowd bigger than 10,000 the entire year.

## Regular season

[edit]

W = Wins, L = Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, BP = Bonus Points, Pts = Point System

6 points for a win, 0 points for a loss, 1 point for each regulation goal scored up to three per game.

-Premiers (most points).  -Other playoff teams.

### American Conference

[edit]

| Eastern Division  | W  | L  | GF  | GA  | BP  | Pts  | Home  | Road

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

New England Tea Men (2) | 19 | 11 | 62 | 39 | 51 | 165 | 10-5 | 9-6
Tampa Bay Rowdies (4) | 18 | 12 | 63 | 48 | 57 | 165 | 11-4 | 7-8
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (7) | 16 | 14 | 50 | 59 | 47 | 143 | 12-3 | 4-11
Philadelphia Fury (8) | 12 | 18 | 40 | 58 | 39 | 111 | 7-8 | 5-10
Central Division  | W  | L  | GF  | GA  | BP  | Pts  | Home  | Road

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Detroit Express (1) | 20 | 10 | 68 | 36 | 56 | 176 | 10-5 | 10-5
Chicago Sting (5) | 12 | 18 | 57 | 64 | 51 | 123 | 7-8 | 5-10
Memphis Rogues | 10 | 20 | 43 | 58 | 41 | 101 | 8-7 | 2-13
Houston Hurricane | 10 | 20 | 37 | 61 | 36 | 96 | 5-10 | 5-10
Western Division  | W  | L  | GF  | GA  | BP  | Pts  | Home  | Road

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

San Diego Sockers (3) | 18 | 12 | 63 | 56 | 56 | 164 | 12-3 | 6-9
California Surf (6) | 13 | 17 | 43 | 49 | 37 | 115 | 9-6 | 4-11
Oakland Stompers | 12 | 18 | 34 | 59 | 31 | 103 | 7-8 | 5-10
San Jose Earthquakes | 8 | 22 | 36 | 81 | 35 | 83 | 4-11 | 4-11

### National Conference

[edit]

| Eastern Division  | W  | L  | GF  | GA  | BP  | Pts  | Home  | Road

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Cosmos (1) | 24 | 6 | 88 | 39 | 68 | 212 | 14-1 | 10-5
Washington Diplomats (5) | 16 | 14 | 55 | 47 | 49 | 145 | 11-4 | 5-10
Toronto Metros-Croatia (7) | 16 | 14 | 58 | 47 | 48 | 144 | 9-6 | 7-8
Rochester Lancers | 14 | 16 | 47 | 52 | 47 | 131 | 10-5 | 4-11
Central Division  | W  | L  | GF  | GA  | BP  | Pts  | Home  | Road

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Minnesota Kicks (3) | 17 | 13 | 58 | 43 | 54 | 156 | 11-4 | 6-9
Tulsa Roughnecks (6) | 15 | 15 | 49 | 46 | 42 | 132 | 11-4 | 4-11
Dallas Tornado | 14 | 16 | 51 | 53 | 47 | 131 | 9-6 | 5-10
Colorado Caribous | 8 | 22 | 34 | 66 | 33 | 81 | 5-10 | 3-12
Western Division  | W  | L  | GF  | GA  | BP  | Pts  | Home  | Road

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Vancouver Whitecaps (2) | 24 | 6 | 68 | 29 | 55 | 199 | 13-2 | 11-4
Portland Timbers (4) | 20 | 10 | 50 | 36 | 47 | 167 | 13-2 | 7-8
Seattle Sounders (8) | 15 | 15 | 50 | 45 | 48 | 138 | 11-4 | 4-11
Los Angeles Aztecs | 9 | 21 | 36 | 69 | 34 | 88 | 3-12 | 6-9

## NASL League Leaders

[edit]

### Scoring

[edit]

GP = Games Played, G = Goals (worth 2 points), A = Assists (worth 1 point), Pts = Points

Player  | Team  | GP  | G  | A  | Pts

|
|
|
|
|

Giorgio Chinaglia | Cosmos | 30 | 34 | 11 | 79
Mike Flanagan | New England Tea Men | 28 | 30 | 8 | 68
Trevor Francis | Detroit Express | 20 | 22 | 10 | 54
Kevin Hector | Vancouver Whitecaps | 28 | 21 | 10 | 52
Rodney Marsh | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 26 | 18 | 16 | 52
Jeff Bourne | Dallas Tornado | 30 | 21 | 8 | 50
Karl-Heinz Granitza | Chicago Sting | 22 | 19 | 9 | 47
Alan Willey | Minnesota Kicks | 30 | 21 | 3 | 45
Ivan Lukačević | Toronto Metros-Croatia | 17 | 16 | 5 | 37
David Irving | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 28 | 16 | 5 | 37
Bob Lenarduzzi | Vancouver Whitecaps | 29 | 10 | 17 | 37
Vladislav Bogićević | Cosmos | 30 | 10 | 17 | 37

### Goalkeeping

[edit]

Note: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; W = Wins; L = Losses; SO = Shutouts

Player  | Team  | GP  | Min  | GA  | GAA  | W  | L  | SO

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Phil Parkes | Vancouver Whitecaps | 29 | 2650 | 28 | 0.95 | 23 | 6 | 10
Erol Yasin | Cosmos | 22 | 1916 | 24 | 1.13 | 17 | 5 | 6
Mick Poole | Portland Timbers | 30 | 2783 | 36 | 1.16 | 20 | 10 | 9
Steve Hardwick | Detroit Express | 30 | 2734 | 36 | 1.19 | 20 | 10 | 9
Kevin Keelan | New England Tea Men | 29 | 2609 | 36 | 1.24 | 18 | 11 | 7
Winston DuBose | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 15 | 1352 | 19 | 1.27 | 8 | 7 | 4
Željko Bilecki | Toronto Metros-Croatia | 17 | 1550 | 23 | 1.34 | 10 | 7 | 6
Dave Jokerst | California Surf | 17 | 1574 | 24 | 1.37 | 9 | 8 | 6
Colin Boulton | Tulsa Roughnecks | 28 | 2531 | 39 | 1.39 | 17 | 11 | 10
Tony Chursky | Seattle Sounders | 28 | 2617 | 41 | 1.41 | 14 | 14 | 9

## NASL All-Stars

[edit]

First Team |  Position  | Second Team | Honorable Mention

|
|
|

Kevin Keelan, New England  | G |  Alan Mayer, San Diego  |  Bill Irwin, Washington
Carlos Alberto, Cosmos  | D |  Bruce Wilson, Chicago  |  Maurice Whittle, Fort Lauderdale
Mike England, Seattle  | D  |  Arsene Auguste, Tampa Bay  |  Werner Roth, Cosmos
Ray Evans, California  | D  |  John Craven, Vancouver  |  Jim Steele, Washington
Chris Turner, New England  | D  |  Alan Merrick, Minnesota  |  Dave D'Errico, New England
Franz Beckenbauer, Cosmos  | M |  Vladislav Bogićević, Cosmos  |  Ace Ntsoelengoe, Minnesota
Gerry Daly, New England  | M  |  Alan Ball, Philadelphia  |  George Best, Fort Lauderdale
Rodney Marsh, Tampa Bay  | M  |  Ray Hudson, Fort Lauderdale  |  József Horváth, Rochester
Mike Flanagan, New England  | F |  Steve Hunt, Cosmos  |  Dennis Tueart, Cosmos
Trevor Francis, Detroit  | F  |  Steve Wegerle, Tampa Bay  |  Karl-Heinz Granitza, Chicago
Giorgio Chinaglia, Cosmos  | F  |  Kevin Hector, Vancouver  |  Clyde Best, Portland •  Jorgen Kristensen, Chicago

## Playoffs

[edit]

Main article: 1978 North American Soccer League playoffs

The first round and the Soccer Bowl were single game match ups, while the conference semifinals and championships were all two-game series.[27]

### Bracket

[edit]

| Conference Quarterfinals | | | Conference Semifinals | | | Conference Championships | | | Soccer Bowl '78 |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  | | |  |  |  | | |  |  |  | | |  |  |  |
| A1 | Detroit Express | 1 | | | |
| A8 | Philadelphia Fury | 0 |
| | A1 | Detroit Express | 1 |
|  |
| | | A7 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 2 |
| A2 | New England Tea Men | 1 |

| A7 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 3 |
| | A7 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 1 |
| American Conference |
| | | A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 2 |
| A3 | San Diego Sockers | 2 | |

| A6 | California Surf | 1 |
| | A3 | San Diego Sockers | 1 |
|  |
| | | A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 2 |
| A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 3 |

| A5 | Chicago Sting | 1 |
| | A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 1 |
|  |
| | | N1 | Cosmos | 3 |
| N1 | Cosmos | 5 | | |

| N8 | Seattle Sounders | 2 |
| | N1 | Cosmos | 2 |
|  |
| | | N3 | Minnesota Kicks | 1 |
| N3 | Minnesota Kicks | 3 |

| N6 | Tulsa Roughnecks | 1 |
| | N1 | Cosmos | 2 |
| National Conference |
| | | N4 | Portland Timbers | 0 |
| N2 | Vancouver Whitecaps | 4 | |

| N7 | Toronto Metros-Croatia | 0 |
| | N2 | Vancouver Whitecaps | 0 |
|  |
| | | N4 | Portland Timbers | 2 |
| N4 | Portland Timbers | 2 |

| N5 | Washington Diplomats | 1 |

### Conference Quarterfinals

[edit]

August 8  | Detroit Express | 1–0 | Philadelphia Fury | Pontiac Silverdome • 22,456

|
|
|
|

|  |

* * *

August 9  | New England Tea Men | 1–3 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | Schaefer Stadium • 18,672

|
|
|
|

|  |

* * *

August 8  | San Diego Sockers | 2–1 | California Surf | San Diego Stadium • 6,238

|
|
|
|

|  |

* * *

August 8  | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 3–1 | Chicago Sting | Tampa Stadium • 26,596

|
|
|
|

|  |

* * *

August 9  | Cosmos | 5–2 | Seattle Sounders | Giants Stadium • 47,780

|
|
|
|

|  |

* * *

August 10  | Minnesota Kicks | 3–1 | Tulsa Roughnecks | Metropolitan Stadium • 36,478

|
|
|
|

|  |

* * *

August 9  | Vancouver Whitecaps | 4–0 | Toronto Metros-Croatia | Empire Stadium • 30,811

|
|
|
|

|  |

* * *

August 9  | Portland Timbers | 2–1 (OT) | Washington Diplomats | Civic Stadium • 14,230

|
|
|
|

|  |

### Conference semifinals

[edit]

In 1978, if a playoff series was tied after two games, a 30 minute, golden goal, mini-game was played. If neither team scored in the mini-game, they would move on to a shoot-out to determine a series winner. *Teams were re-seeded for the Conference Semifinals based on regular season point totals. This affected only one of the four series; Tampa Bay versus San Diego.[28]

Higher seed  |  | Lower seed  | Game 1  | Game 2  | Mini-game  | (lower seed hosts Game 1)

|
|
|
|
|
|

Detroit Express | - | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 3–4 (SO, 2–3) | 1–0 | 0–1 | August 13 • Lockhart Stadium • 11,517
August 16 • Pontiac Silverdome • 32,219
*Tampa Bay Rowdies | - | San Diego Sockers | 1–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | August 14 • San Diego Stadium • 8,014
August 17 • Tampa Stadium • 32,495
Cosmos | - | Minnesota Kicks | 2–9 | 4–0 | 1– 0 (SO, 2–1) | August 14 • Metropolitan Stadium • 45,863
August 16 • Giants Stadium • 60,199
Vancouver Whitecaps | - | Portland Timbers | 0–1 | 1–2 | x | August 12 • Civic Stadium • 16,437
August 16 • Empire Stadium • 32,266

### Conference Championships

[edit]

Higher seed  |  | Lower seed  | Game 1  | Game 2  | Mini-game  | (lower seed hosts Game 1)

|
|
|
|
|
|

Tampa Bay Rowdies | - | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 2–3 | 3–1 | 1–0 (SO, 2–1) | August 20 • Lockhart Stadium • 16,286
August 23 • Tampa Stadium • 37,249
Cosmos | - | Portland Timbers | 1–0 | 4–0 | x | August 18 • Civic Stadium • 24,515
August 23 • Giants Stadium • 65,287

### Soccer Bowl '78

[edit]

Main article: Soccer Bowl '78

August 27

4:00 pm EDT

Cosmos| 3–1| Tampa Bay Rowdies

|
|

Tueart 30:42' (Iarusci, Hunt)
Chinaglia 44:38'
Tueart 76:49' (Iarusci, Roth) | Report | Mirandinha 73:34' (Robb)

Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, NJ

Attendance: 74,901

Referee: Jim Highet (Canada)

1978 NASL Champions: Cosmos

## Playoff Statistics

[edit]

Mini-games are not counted as games played when compiling individual statistics. They are included in the minutes played category.

### Scoring

[edit]

GP = Games Played, G = Goals (worth 2 points), A = Assists (worth 1 point), Pts = Points

Player  | Team  | GP  | G  | A  | Pts

|
|
|
|
|

Dennis Tueart | Cosmos | 6 | 6 | 5 | 17
Alan Willey | Minnesota Kicks | 3 | 7 | 0 | 14
Giorgio Chinaglia | Cosmos | 6 | 5 | 2 | 12
David Irving | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 5 | 5 | 0 | 10
Rodney Marsh | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 5 | 3 | 3 | 9

### Goalkeeping

[edit]

Note: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; W = Wins; L = Losses; SO = Shutouts

Player  | Team  | GP  | Min  | GA  | GAA  | W  | L  | SO

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Phil Parkes | Vancouver Whitecaps | 3 | 270 | 3 | 1.00 | 1 | 2 | 1
Alan Mayer | San Diego Sockers | 3 | 225 | 3 | 1.00 | 1 | 1 | 0
Steve Hardwick | Detroit Express | 3 | 306 | 4 | 1.33 | 2 | 1 | 2
Mick Poole | Portland Timbers | 5 | 457 | 8 | 1.60 | 3 | 2 | 1
Winston DuBose | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 6 | 574 | 10 | 1.67 | 3 | 3 | 1

## Post season awards

[edit]

* Most Valuable Player: Mike Flanagan, New England
* Coach of the Year: Tony Waiters, Vancouver
* Rookie of the Year: Gary Etherington, Cosmos
* North American Player of the Year: Bob Lenarduzzi, Vancouver[29]

## Team attendance totals

[edit]

| Games  | Total  | Average[30]

|
|
|

Cosmos | 15  | 717,842  | 47,856
Minnesota Kicks | 15  | 462,904  | 30,860
Seattle Sounders | 15  | 338,677  | 22,578
Tampa Bay Rowdies | 15  | 271,856  | 18,124
Vancouver Whitecaps | 15  | 235,866  | 15,724
San Jose Earthquakes | 15  | 214,777  | 14,318
Detroit Express | 15  | 182,906  | 12,194
New England Tea Men | 15  | 180,954  | 12,064
Oakland Stompers | 15  | 178,941  | 11,929
Portland Timbers | 15  | 177,049  | 11,803
Tulsa Roughnecks | 15  | 168,834  | 11,256
California Surf | 15  | 167,569  | 11,171
Washington Diplomats | 15  | 161,741  | 10,783
Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 15  | 157,188  | 10,479
Los Angeles Aztecs | 15  | 139,514  | 9,301
Memphis Rogues | 15  | 135,482  | 9,032
Dallas Tornado | 15  | 128,149  | 8,543
Philadelphia Fury | 15  | 121,127  | 8,075
Houston Hurricane | 15  | 116,247  | 7,750
Colorado Caribous | 15  | 111,266  | 7,418
Rochester Lancers | 15  | 101,402  | 6,760
Toronto Metros-Croatia | 15  | 93,501  | 6,233
San Diego Sockers | 15  | 77,185  | 5,146
Chicago Sting | 15  | 69,267  | 4,618
OVERALL | 360 | 4,710,244 | 13,084

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Francis steals Express' show". Windsor Star. July 13, 1978. p. 26. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
2. ^ NASL: A Complete Record Of The North American Soccer League. 1989. p. 196.
3. ^ 1979 Official North American Soccer League Guide. 1979. p. 152.
4. ^ NASL: A Complete Record Of The North American Soccer League. 1989. p. 199.
5. ^ "NASL prepares for playoff wars". St. Petersburg Times. August 7, 1978. p. 7C. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
6. ^ NASL: A Complete Record Of The North American Soccer League. 1989. p. 204.
7. ^ "Chinaglia powers Cosmos". The Spokesman-Review. May 22, 1978. p. 20. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
8. ^ NASL: A Complete Record Of The North American Soccer League. 1989. p. 188.
9. ^ "Attendance Project: NASL". Kenn Tomasch. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
10. ^ Soccer In A Football World. 2008. pp. 186–187.
11. ^ "NASL May Add Six Teams". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. August 31, 1977. p. 3-C. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
12. ^ "Soccer League Eyes Expansion". The Spokesman-Review. October 13, 1977. p. 26. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
13. ^ "Houston May Be Alive And Kicking In NASL". Evening Independent. January 5, 1978. p. 2-C. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
14. ^ "NASL Song: Rock Stars Get In Act". Evening Independent. November 16, 1977. p. 2-C. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
15. ^ "Tulsa Gets Team Hawaii". Milwaukee Sentinel. November 16, 1977. p. 16. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
16. ^ Tierney, Mike (January 10, 1978). "Rowdies, Strikers Mates – But Not Cosmos". St. Petersburg Times. p. 1C. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
17. ^ 1979 Official North American Soccer League Guide. 1979. p. 367.
18. ^ "Minus A Star, Cosmos Shine". Evening Independent. April 3, 1978. p. 2-C. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
19. ^ Pentz, Matt (February 13, 2015). "In his own endearing way, Alan Hinton deals with cancer battle". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
20. ^ "Willey's Five Goals Propel Kicks". Ocala Star-Banner. August 15, 1978. p. 5B. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
21. ^ "Express Fall To Strikers In OT". Lakeland Ledger. August 17, 1978. p. 4D. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
22. ^ "Cosmos Cut Up Timbers". Evening Independent. August 24, 1978. p. 2-C. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
23. ^ Tierney, Mike (August 28, 1978). "Cosmos Spoil Rowdies' Bid For Crown". St. Petersburg Times. p. 1A. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
24. ^ "Sale Of NASL Caribous Approved". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. October 4, 1978. p. 4-D. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
25. ^ "NASL owners okay move to Edmonton". Lewiston Morning Tribune. February 23, 1979. p. 7B. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
26. ^ "Shootout Thriller: 32,000 See Stompers Edge Earthquakes". The Modesto Bee. April 3, 1978. p. B-3. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
27. ^ 1979 Official North American Soccer League Guide. 1979. p. 367.
28. ^ Rosenblatt, Richard (August 16, 1978). "Complicated Playoffs May Kick Out Best NASL Team". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 1-C. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
29. ^ "NASL all-star team picked". Ellensburg Daily Record. August 26, 1978. p. 8. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
30. ^ "Attendance Project: NASL". Kenn Tomasch. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

1979 Official North American Soccer League Guide. New York: North American Soccer League. 1979.

Jose, Colin (1989). NASL: A Complete Record of the North American Soccer League. Derby, England: Breedon Books.

Jose, Colin (2003). North American Soccer League Encyclopedia. Haworth, New Jersey: St. Johann Press.

Wangerin, David (2008). Soccer In A Football World. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

## External links

[edit]

* The Year in American Soccer – 1978
* Chris Page's NASL Archive

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* Oakland Clippers
* Oakland Stompers
* Philadelphia Spartans2
* Philadelphia Atoms
* Philadelphia Fury
* Pittsburgh Phantoms2
* Portland Timbers
* Rochester Lancers
* San Antonio Thunder
* San Diego Jaws
* San Diego Sockers
* San Diego Toros
* San Francisco Golden Gate Gales1
* San Jose Earthquakes
* Seattle Sounders
* St. Louis Stars
* Tampa Bay Rowdies
* Team America
* Team Hawaii
* Toronto Blizzard
* Toronto City1
* Toronto Metros
* Toronto Metros-Croatia
* Tulsa Roughnecks
* Vancouver Royals
* Vancouver Whitecaps
* Washington Darts
* Washington Diplomats
* Washington Whips

1 United Soccer Association team that did not join NASL upon merger with NPSL.
2 National Professional Soccer League team that did not join NASL upon merger with USA.
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