1980 Summer Olympics boycott

International protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Countries that boycotted the 1980 Games are shaded blue

Part of a series on
1980 Summer Olympics

* Bid process (bid details)
* Boycott
* Development (venues, torch relay)
* Marketing (mascot)
* Broadcasters
* Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
* Chronological summary
* Medal table (medalists)
* Olympic records
* World records
* Controversies
* Closing ceremony (flag bearers)

* IOC
* NOC USSR (ROC)
* OCOG-80)

* v
* t
* e

The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott was the largest boycott in Olympic history and one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[1] The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and its satellite states later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[2]

## Background

[edit]

The Western governments first considered the idea of boycotting the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics in response to the situation in Afghanistan at the 20 December 1979 meeting of NATO representatives. The idea was not completely new to the world: in the mid-1970s, proposals for an Olympic boycott circulated widely among human rights activists and groups as a sanction for Soviet violations of human rights.[3] At that time, very few member governments expressed interest in the proposal. However, this idea gained popularity in early January 1980 when Soviet nuclear scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov called for a boycott. On 14 January 1980, the Carter Administration joined Sakharov's appeal and set a deadline by which the Soviet Union must pull out of Afghanistan or face the consequences, including an international boycott of the games. On 26 January 1980, Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark announced that Canada, like the US, would boycott the Olympic Games if Soviet forces did not leave Afghanistan by 20 February 1980.[4] Carter also proposed moving the Olympics to Greece on a permanent basis to eliminate the issue of politicisation of the Games' hosting, but the International Olympic Committee (IOC) rejected this idea.[5]

When the deadline passed a month later without any change to the situation in Central Asia, Carter pushed U.S. allies to pull their Olympic teams from the upcoming games.[6][7]

In late January, the Soviet regime prepared to face down this "hostile campaign". As Soviet Central Committee documents show, in addition to its own propaganda efforts, it was relying on the IOC and its 89 members to behave as in the past (e.g. after the Soviet invasions of Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968), and not give in to pressure from national governments. It noted that the government and the National Olympic Committee of France had already stated a willingness to participate.[8]

After its 24 April meeting, the head of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) Robert Kane told the IOC that the USOC would be willing to send a team to Moscow if there were a "spectacular change in the international situation" in the coming weeks.[9]

In an attempt to save the Games, Lord Killanin, then president of the IOC, arranged to meet and discuss the boycott with Jimmy Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, before the new 24 May deadline. Killanin insisted that the Games should continue as scheduled, while President Carter reaffirmed the US position to boycott the Games unless the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan.[10]

The IOC protested, claiming that the "pressures by the US and other supporting countries for the boycott were an inappropriate means to achieve a political end, and the victims of this action would be the athletes."[11] West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt said that the American attitude that the allies "should simply do as they are told" was unacceptable,[12] although West Germany did join the boycott.[13]

Several interventions at the late April 1980 Bilderberg meeting in Aachen included discussion of the implications of the boycott. The world would perceive a boycott, it was argued, as little more than a sentimental protest, not a strategic act. An African representative at the Bilderberg meeting voiced a different view: whether there was additional support outside the US or not, he believed a boycott would be an effective symbolic protest and be dramatically visible to those within the Soviet Union.[citation needed] Some Soviet dissidents expressed an opinion that a boycott would be a strong message to the Soviet Union who breached the Olympic rules (using state-sponsored doping and professional athletes despite the fact that the rules of the time only allowed amateurs) to achieve their political goals.[14][15]

### Responses by country and continent

[edit]

Boxer Muhammad Ali traveled to Tanzania, Nigeria, and Senegal to unsuccessfully convince their leaders to join the boycott.[16][17][18] He did, however, successfully convince the Kenyan government to do so.[19]

Many countries ultimately joined the U.S. in a full boycott of the Games. These included Japan and West Germany, where Chancellor Schmidt was able to convince the West German Olympic Committee to support the boycott. China,[20] the Philippines, Chile, Argentina and Norway also boycotted the Games entirely. Some of these countries competed at the alternative "Liberty Bell Classic" or Olympic Boycott Games held in Philadelphia that same year. Israel also joined the boycott to protest Soviet military aggression, but also because of Soviet antisemitic and anti-Israel policies.[21]

The governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Australia supported the boycott, but left any final decision over the participation of their country's athletes to their respective NOCs and the decision of their individual athletes. The United Kingdom and France sent a much smaller athletic delegation than would have originally been possible. The British associations that governed equestrian sports, hockey, shooting and yachting completely boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics.[22][23]

Spain, Italy, Sweden, Iceland and Finland, although the latter under a heavy Russian influence at the time, were other principal nations representing western Europe at the Games.[23] Of these, Spain and Italy participated under a neutral flag with the Olympic anthem playing in any ceremony. Italian athletes serving in its military corps could not attend the Games, however, because of the national government's official support of the boycott. Many events were affected by the loss of participants, and some US-born athletes who were citizens of other countries, such as Italy and Australia, did compete in Moscow.

A firm enemy of the United States under Ayatollah Khomeini's new theocracy, Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games after Khomeini joined the condemnation by the United Nations and the Islamic Conference of the invasion of Afghanistan.[24] Independently of the United States, the Islamic Conference urged a boycott of Moscow after the invasion;[25] the Ayatollah meanwhile accused Moscow of arming the Baluchis against his regime.[24]

### Athletes and sportspeople competing without national flags or anthems

[edit]

Lord Killanin permitted NOC-qualified athletes to compete at the Games without their national flags or anthems (which allowed NOCs to send athletes in a non-national context), but this did not allow other individuals lacking NOC sanction to participate in the Games, as this was perceived by the IOC as a potential weakening of their authority.[9] Four competitors (including one athlete) from New Zealand competed independently and marched under their NOC flag because the government officially supported the boycott.[26] The athletes of 16 countries did not fly their national flags. Instead, Olympic flags were raised, and the Olympic Anthem replaced their national anthems at the medal ceremonies. There was one awards ceremony where three Olympic flags were raised, that being the men's individual pursuit in cycling.

At the opening ceremony's Parade of Nations, the 16 partially boycotting countries sent only a flag-bearer to march after the placard-bearer, without the rest of the delegation following the flag-bearer.[27]

### Other modifications

[edit]

Traditionally, the mayor of the previous host city (Montreal, Canada) hands over the Olympic flag, but Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau was prevented from attending due to the boycott. Sandra Henderson and Stéphane Préfontaine, the final torchbearers at the previous games, participated in his place.

Closing ceremony protocol rules dictated that the flag of the next host should be raised, but the United States "strongly objected" to the IOC's plans to enforce this rule.[28] During the 83rd IOC Session just before the Games, IOC Director Monique Berlioux discovered a "loophole" where the French and English versions of the rules differed; one version stated to use the flag of the "country of the organizing city", while the other stated to use the flag of the "organizing city". Berlioux as well as LAOOC head Peter Ueberroth agreed to use the Los Angeles city flag instead.[29] The Olympic hymn was played in place of the United States national anthem.[30]

The Antwerp flag was received by an IOC member from the United States instead of the mayor of Los Angeles, Tom Bradley; there was no handover to Los Angeles ceremony at the closing.

## Non-participating countries

[edit]

Sixty-seven National Olympic Committees that were invited to the 1980 Summer Olympics, plus Qatar, did not participate for various reasons, including support for the boycott and economic reasons (Qatar's National Olympic Committee was recognized in February of that year, but not in time to assemble a delegation to be sent). Taiwan refused to participate as a result of the 1979 Nagoya Resolution, in which the People's Republic of China agreed to participate in IOC activities if Taiwan was referred to as "Chinese Taipei NOC".[31] However, the Sino-Soviet split during that time led China to refuse sending a delegation to the 1980 Summer Olympics as well:

* Albania
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bermuda
* Bolivia
* Canada
* Cayman Islands
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Chile
* China
* Egypt
* El Salvador
* Fiji
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* West Germany
* Ghana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Hong Kong
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Ivory Coast
* Japan
* Kenya
* South Korea
* Liberia
* Liechtenstein[32]
* Malawi
* Malaysia
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Monaco
* Morocco
* Netherlands Antilles
* Niger
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Panama
* Papua New Guinea
* Paraguay
* Philippines[33]
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Somalia
* Sudan
* Suriname
* Swaziland
* Chinese Taipei ( Taiwan)
* Thailand
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* United States
* Uruguay
* Virgin Islands
* North Yemen
* Zaire

## Altered participation

[edit]

The sixteen nations that follow participated in the Games under some adjustment to full conventional participation in the Games activities in partial support to the boycott.

### Nations that did not participate in the Opening Ceremony

[edit]

Seven countries participated in the Games under the Olympic flag without taking part in the Opening Ceremony:[34]

* Belgium
* France
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* San Marino
* Switzerland

### National teams represented at the Opening Ceremony by Chef de Mission

[edit]

Two nations sent one representative each (Chef de Mission) who entered the Olympic stadium during the Opening Ceremony under the Olympic flag; for each country this was a token gesture, as their governments allowed individual national sports federations and in some cases individual athletes to take part in the Games if they chose to do so. Ireland also competed under the Olympic flag, rather than its own:

* Great Britain – Richard Palmer[35]
* Ireland – Ken Ryan[36]

### Nations under the Olympic Flag by their own athletes

[edit]

At least five national teams participated at the Games under the Olympic flag rather than their respective national or NOC flags, as doing the latter would have denoted that their participation was officially sanctioned by their respective nations:[34]

* Australia
* Andorra
* Denmark
* Ireland
* Puerto Rico

### Nations that competed under their respective NOC flag

[edit]

Some nations competed under the flag of their National Olympic Committee:[37][38]

* Spain
* Portugal
* New Zealand

## Alternative events

[edit]

Events were staged separately in several sports, including the Liberty Bell Classic for track and field[39] and the USGF International Invitational for gymnastics.[40] The U.S.–Cuban 12-bout card at the Charlotte Coliseum (on Independence Boulevard, now Bojangles' Coliseum) on February 10, 1980, became the only meeting between Cuban and American boxers and was an important event in boxing; called "one of the prime matches of the year," by U.S. boxing coach Tom Johnson.[41]

## Soviet monetary reimbursements

[edit]

In April 1981, a Federal District court in Manhattan approved the settlement of two suits involving more than 9,000 Americans who were seeking refunds of payments they had made for trips to the Olympics that were canceled in wake of the boycott.

When the boycott was first announced, tour deposits of over 10 million dollars were refunded by the Russian Travel Bureau, the only agency authorized to book American tours during the Olympics. Although the Soviet Union kept about $7.2 million collected by the Bureau, they had agreed to set aside $1.8 million as credits to be paid back over five years.

Under the April 1981 settlement the remunerations were increased: Americans who had canceled their trips before 1 March 1980 were reimbursed a total 85 percent of their costs, while those who had canceled after that date were reimbursed 63 percent.[42]

## See also

[edit]

* Olympics portal
* Soviet Union portal

* 1984 Summer Olympics boycott
* 1986 Asian Games
* List of Olympic Games boycotts

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Smothers, Ronald (July 19, 1996). "Bitterness Lingering Over Carter's Boycott". The New York Times. Vol. 145, no. 50493.
2. ^ Doder, Dusko (May 9, 1984). "Soviets Withdraw From Los Angeles Olympics". The Washington Post.
3. ^ Tulli, Umberto (November 2016). "Bringing Human Rights In: The Campaign Against the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games and the Origins of the Nexus Between Human Rights and the Olympic Games". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 33 (16): 2026–2045. doi:10.1080/09523367.2017.1315104. S2CID 149105604.
4. ^ "Historica Canada". www.historicacanada.ca. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
5. ^ Treadaway, Dan (August 5, 1996). "Carter stresses role of Olympics in promoting global harmony". Emory Report. 48 (37).
6. ^ "The Olympic Boycott, 1980". U.S. Department of State Archive.
7. ^ Smith, Terence (January 20, 1980). "The President Said Nyet". The New York Times.
8. ^ "Secretariat: Planning a response to the hostile campaign against participation in the Moscow Olympics, 29 January 1980, St 195/3, The Bukovsky Archives: Communism on Trial". Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
9. ^ a b American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State, "Olympics: Lausanne IOC EXCOM Meeting", 23 April 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
10. ^ Secretary of State Memorandum to All Diplomatic and Consular Posts Immediate, "Olympics: Mid-May Update", 16 May 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
11. ^ American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State and White House, "Olympics: IOC Message to Mr. Cutler", April 27, 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
12. ^ Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan (2011). Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. p. 121\. ISBN 978-0-521-19477-8. OCLC 768096651.
13. ^ Vinocur, John (May 16, 1980). "West Germans to Boycott Games" (PDF). The New York Times. Vol. 129, no. 44585.
14. ^ Vinokur, Boris (April 15, 1980). "How the Russians break the Olympic rules". The Christian Science Monitor.
15. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (August 13, 2016). "The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics". The New York Times.
16. ^ Sarantakes. Dropping the Torch, pp. 115–118.
17. ^ Honey, Martha (February 4, 1980). "Ali Spars With Second Thoughts As Africans Argue Boycott Issue". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
18. ^ Ezra, Michael (June 5, 2016). "Muhammad Ali's Strange, Failed Diplomatic Career". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
19. ^ Cuddihy, Martin (June 9, 2016). "Muhammad Ali: Africa remembers the boxing legend". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved September 4, 2016.
20. ^ Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 157\. ISBN 9781501774157.
21. ^ "TIMELINE: Jews in the Summer Olympics". July 20, 2012.
22. ^ Associated Press (April 23, 1980). "Governments slapped for boycott pressure". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. C1. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
23. ^ a b 1980 Summer Olympics Official Report from the Organizing Committee Archived June 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, vol. 2, p. 190.
24. ^ a b Golan, Galia (1990). Soviet Policies in the Middle East from World War Two to Gorbachev. Cambridge University Press. p. 193\. ISBN 978-0-521-35332-8. OCLC 875392804.
25. ^ Freedman, Robert O (1991). Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet policy since the invasion of Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 78\. ISBN 978-0-521-35184-3. OCLC 912575066.
26. ^ 1980 Moscow. olympic.org.nz
27. ^ "Showing the Flag in Moscow". International Society of Olympic Historians – ISOH.
28. ^ "White House Protests Plan to Use U.S. Flag at Moscow Olympics". The New York Times. July 18, 1980.
29. ^ "The story of L.A.'s oddball flag. Wait, L.A. Has a flag?". Los Angeles Times. October 5, 2021.
30. ^ "Los Angeles Flag to Fly at Moscow". The New York Times. August 1980.
31. ^ Eaton, Joseph (November 2016). "Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective". Diplomatic History. 40 (5): 845–864. doi:10.1093/dh/dhw026. JSTOR 26376807. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
32. ^ Büchel, Donat (December 31, 2011). "Kalter Krieg". Historisches Lexikon (in German). Retrieved September 28, 2023.
33. ^ Ramos, Gerry (March 7, 2019). "Former swimming chief Mark Joseph dies 'peacefully in his sleep' age 56". Spin.ph. Retrieved December 5, 2022. "Joseph himself qualified for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but failed to compete as the country joined the US-led boycott of the Games."
34. ^ a b "Partial Boycott – New IOC President". Keesing's Record of World Events. 26: 30599. December 1980.
35. ^ Fimrite, Ron (July 28, 1980). "Only The Bears Were Bullish". SI Vault; CNN. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
36. ^ "Olympics chief feared protests". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. December 30, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
37. ^ ISOH
38. ^ ITG
39. ^ Neff, Craig (July 28, 1980). "...and meanwhile in Philadelphia". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 53, no. 5\. p. 18. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
40. ^ Marshall, Joe (August 11, 1980). "All that glitter was not gold". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 53, no. 7\. p. 32. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
41. ^ U.S.-Cuba bout grows in importance, The Anniston Star, February 9, 1980, p. 22.
42. ^ "Settlement Reached On Olympic Refunds". The New York Times. Vol. 130, no. 44932\. April 28, 1981.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Eaton, Joseph. "Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic boycott: American sports diplomacy in East Asian perspective." Diplomatic History 40.5 (2016): 845–864.

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Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents

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Alternative
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1960s|

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1970s|

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* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
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* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
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* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
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Ideologies|

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* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Radio Moscow
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* Mary Elise Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

Jimmy Carter

* 39th President of the United States (1977–1981)
* 76th Governor of Georgia (1971–1975)
* Georgia State Senator (1963–1967)

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* Timeline
* 1977
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980
* January 1981
* Political positions
* Cabinet
* Judicial appointments
* controversies
* Executive Actions
* Rabbit incident
* Solar power at the White House
* Reagan transition

| Foreign policy|

* Carter Doctrine
* Camp David Accords
* Egypt–Israel peace treaty
* Torrijos–Carter Treaties
* Iran hostage crisis
* International Emergency Economic Powers Act
* Executive Order 12170
* Operation Eagle Claw
* Canadian Caper
* Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
* 1979 oil crisis
* Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War
* Algiers Accords
* Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
* Diplomatic relations with China
* Goldwater v. Carter
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* International trips
* 1980 Summer Olympics boycott
* Executive Order 12036
* Refugee Act
* Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
* FISA Court
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978

|

Domestic policy|

* Cannabis policy
* Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
* Senior Executive Service
* Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978
* Department of Education Organization Act
* U.S. Department of Education
* Executive Order 12148
* Federal Emergency Management Agency
* Executive Order 12172
* U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Economic policy|

* Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
* Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
* Airline Deregulation Act
* Carter bonds
* Community Reinvestment Act
* DIDMC Act
* Electronic Fund Transfer Act
* Executive Order 12086
* Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
* Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
* Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
* Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
* National security letter
* Right to Financial Privacy Act
* Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
* Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
* Motor Carrier Act of 1980
* National Aquaculture Act of 1980
* Staggers Rail Act
* Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977
* Revenue Act of 1978
* Trade Agreements Act of 1979
* Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980

Energy policy|

* U.S. Department of Energy
* Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
* Energy Security Act
* Synthetic Fuels Corporation
* National Energy Act
* Energy Tax Act
* National Energy Conservation Policy Act
* Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
* Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
* Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978

Environmental
policy|

* Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
* Antarctic Conservation Act
* Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
* Clean Water Act of 1977
* Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
* Superfund
* Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
* National Priorities List
* Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
* Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
* Three Mile Island accident investigation
* Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act

Speeches|

* Moral Equivalent of War
* Island of Stability
* A Crisis of Confidence
* State of the Union Address
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980
* 1981

Elections|

| Gubernatorial|

* 1966
* 1970

|

Presidential|

* 1976 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* 1980 campaign
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election

Post-presidency|

* Carter Center
* Presidential Library and Museum
* Habitat for Humanity
* Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
* The Elders
* Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
* Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
* White House
* Nairobi Agreement, 1999
* One America Appeal
* Continuity of Government Commission

Books|

* Everything to Gain (1987)
* The Hornet's Nest (2003)
* Our Endangered Values (2006)
* Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006)
* reaction and commentary
* Beyond the White House (2007)
* We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land (2009)
* White House Diary (2010)
* A Call to Action (2014)
* A Full Life (2015)

Awards
and honors|

* Nobel Peace Prize
* Presidential Medal of Freedom
* Freedom of the City
* Silver Buffalo Award
* Philadelphia Liberty Medal
* United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
* Hoover Medal
* Christopher Award
* Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize
* Grammy Award

Legacy|

* Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue (1976)
* USS Jimmy Carter
* Jimmy Carter National Historical Park (1987)
* Georgia State Capitol statue (1994)

Related|

* Residences
* Birthplace
* Home
* Mary Prince (nanny)
* UFO incident
* Jimmy Carter (2002 television documentary)
* Man from Plains (2007 documentary)

Family|

* Rosalynn Carter (wife)
* Jack Carter (son)
* Amy Carter (daughter)
* Jason Carter (grandson)
* James Earl Carter Sr. (father)
* Lillian Gordy Carter (mother)
* Gloria Carter Spann (sister)
* Ruth Carter Stapleton (sister)
* Billy Carter (brother)
* Emily Dolvin (aunt)
* Hugh Carter (cousin)
* Hugh Carter Jr. (first cousin once removed)

* ← Gerald Ford
* Ronald Reagan →

* Category

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