1984 New Zealand general election

General election in New Zealand

1984 New Zealand general election

* * *

| <- 1981 | 14 July 1984 | 1987 ->

|
|

members ->

* * *

95 seats in the Parliament
48 seats needed for a majority
|  | First party  | Second party

|
|

|  |
Leader  | David Lange | Sir Robert Muldoon
Party  | Labour | National
Leader since  | 3 February 1983 | 9 July 1974
Leader's seat  | Mangere | Tamaki
Last election  | 43 seats, 39.01%  | 47 seats, 38.77%
Seats won  | 56 | 37
Seat change  | 13  | 10
Popular vote  | 829,154 | 692,494
Percentage  | 42.98% | 35.89%
Swing  | 3.97%  | 2.88%

* * *

| Third party  | Fourth party
|  |

Leader  | Bruce Beetham | Bob Jones
Party  | Social Credit | NZ Party
Leader since  | 14 May 1972  | 21 August 1983
Leader's seat  | Rangitikei (lost seat)  | None (contested Ohariu)
Last election  | 2 seats, 20.65%  | Not yet founded
Seats won  | 2  | 0
Seat change  |  0  |  0
Popular vote  | 147,162  | 236,385
Percentage  | 7.63%  | 12.25%
Swing  |  13.02%  |  12.25%

* * *

Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin

* * *

| Prime Minister before election

Robert Muldoon
National

| Subsequent Prime Minister

David Lange
Labour

|

The 1984 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the composition of the 41st New Zealand Parliament. It marked the beginning of the Fourth Labour Government, with David Lange's Labour Party defeating the long-serving Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, of the National Party. It was also the last election in which the Social Credit Party won seats as an independent entity. The election was also the only one in which the New Zealand Party, a protest party, played any substantial role.

A snap election, Muldoon called for it a month prior. When doing so he was both live on television and visibly drunk, leading to the election being dubbed the "schnapps election".[1]

## Background

[edit]

Before the election, the National Party governed with 47 seats, a small majority. The opposition Labour Party held 43 seats, and the Social Credit Party held two. Although National theoretically commanded a two-seat lead over the other parties, dissent within the National caucus (particularly by Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue) resulted in serious problems for National leader Robert Muldoon. Muldoon felt that he could no longer maintain a majority until the end of the sitting year.[2]

The 1984 election was called when Marilyn Waring told Muldoon that she would not support his government in the vote over an opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear bill. Muldoon, visibly drunk,[3][4][5] announced a snap election on national television on the night of 14 June. It is believed that Muldoon's behaviour was also the result of a number of personal factors, including, not least, tiredness and frustration, but alcohol and diabetes also, issues that had been plaguing him for some time.[6] Muldoon's drunkenness while making the announcement led to the election being nicknamed the "schnapps election".[7][8]

There is debate over whether the election was necessary — Waring had not threatened to block confidence and supply, meaning that the government could still have continued on even if it had lost the anti-nuclear vote. Nevertheless, Muldoon appears to have wanted an election to reinforce his mandate (just as Sidney Holland sought and won a mandate to oppose striking dock-workers with the 1951 snap election).

Muldoon's government, which had been growing increasingly unpopular in its third term, was seen as rigid, inflexible, and increasingly unresponsive to public concerns. The Labour Party had actually gained a plurality of the vote in the previous two elections, but had narrowly missed out on getting a majority of the seats. Labour's primary campaign message was one of change — Muldoon's government, which employed wage and price controls in an attempt to "guide" the economy, was widely blamed for poor economic performance. Labour also campaigned to reduce government borrowing, and to enact nuclear-free policy.

The New Zealand Party, founded by property tycoon Bob Jones, was launched primarily to oppose the Muldoon government (although it did not support Labour). A right-wing liberal party, it promoted less government control over markets, in contrast to the paternalist and somewhat authoritarian policies of National, the other significant right-wing party.[9]

### MPs retiring in 1984

[edit]

Seven National MPs and two Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 40th Parliament.

Party | Name | Electorate | Date announced

|
|
|

| National | Duncan MacIntyre | East Cape | 10 March 1984[10]
Peter Wilkinson | Kaipara | 8 November 1982[11]
Derek Quigley | Rangiora | 17 June 1984[12]
Allan Highet | Remuera | 24 March 1983[13]
David Thomson | Taranaki | 7 February 1984[14]
Keith Allen | Tauranga | 16 March 1984[15]
Marilyn Waring | Waipa | 13 February 1984[16]
| Labour | Bill Rowling | Tasman | 23 April 1983[17]
Mick Connelly | Yaldhurst | 1 May 1983[18]
Table of major debates  Date  | Time  | Organiser(s)  | Moderator(s)  | Subject  | Participants

|
|
|
|
|

National | Labour | Socred | NZ Party
|  |  |
1 July[19][20] |  | TVNZ | Richard Harman
Ian Johnstone
Phillip Melchior  | Multi-party  | Present
Muldoon | Present
Lange | Present
Beetham | Present
Jones
8 July [21][22] | 8:25pm  | TVNZ | Ian Johnstone | Leaders debate  | Present
Muldoon | Present
Lange | Absent  | Absent
8 July [23] | 10:00pm  | RNZ | Sharon Crosbie | Multi-party  | Present
Muldoon | Present
Lange | Present
Beetham | Present
Jones

## Electoral changes

[edit]

The 1983 electoral redistribution was even more politically influenced than the previous one in 1977. The Labour Party believed it had been disadvantaged in 1977 and it was not to let this happen again. Every proposal was put to intense scrutiny, and this resulted in the electoral redistribution taking forty-one working days; the average length of the five previous redistributions was eight. As Social Credit had two MPs, the Labour Party nominee on the commission formally represented that party, which further increased tensions. The 1981 census had shown that the North Island had experienced further population growth, and three additional general seats were created, bringing the total number of electorates to 95.[24] The South Island had, for the first time, experienced a population loss, but its number of general electorates was fixed at 25 since the 1967 electoral redistribution.[25] More of the South Island population was moving to Christchurch, and two electorates were abolished (Dunedin Central and Papanui), while two electorates were recreated (Christchurch North and Dunedin West). In the North Island, six electorates were newly created (Glenfield, Otara, Panmure, Tongariro, Waikaremoana, and West Auckland), three electorates were recreated (Franklin, Raglan, and Rodney), and six electorates were abolished (Albany, Helensville, Hunua, Otahuhu, Rangiriri, and Taupo).[26]

## The election

[edit]

The election was held on 14 July. There were 2,111,651 registered voters. Turnout was 93.7%, the highest turnout ever recorded in a New Zealand election. Most political scientists attribute the high turnout to a desire by voters for change.[27]

Immediately after the election there was a constitutional crisis when Muldoon initially refused to follow the advice of the incoming Labour government and devalue the New Zealand Dollar.[28]

Detailed map of results, with electorates named, numbered and shaded by winning margin. In bottom right are the Māori electorates.

## Summary of results

[edit]

The 1984 election saw the Labour Party win 56 of the 95 seats in parliament, a gain of 13. This was enough for it to hold an outright majority and form the fourth Labour government. The National Party won only 37 seats, a loss of ten. The New Zealand Party, despite winning 12.2% of the vote, failed to gain any seats at all. Social Credit managed to win two seats, the same number as it had held previously. The Values Party, an environmentalist group, gained fifth place, but no seats.

There were 95 seats being contested in the 1984 election, three more than in the previous parliament. All but two of these seats were won by one of the two major parties.

The Labour Party, previously in opposition, won 56 seats, an outright majority. Most of the seats won by Labour were in urban areas, following the party's typical pattern. Exceptions to this general trend include the eastern tip of the North Island and the western coast of the South Island. Labour's strongest regions were the Wellington area (where the party won every seat), as well as theWestern and Southern areas of Auckland where most of the poorest lived, Christchurch and Dunedin (cities in which it won most seats). Smaller cities such as Hamilton, Nelson, Napier, Hastings and Palmerston North were also won by Labour. As expected, Labour also won all four Māori seats, maintaining its traditional strength there.

The National Party, the incumbent government, was (as expected) strongest in rural areas. Most of the rural North Island was won by National, as were most of the rural areas on the South Island's eastern coast. In the larger cities, the party fared poorly, with the Northern and the Eastern affluent areas of Auckland and the Western areas of Christchurch being the only places that the party won seats. It was more successful in smaller cities, however, winning Rotorua, Tauranga, Invercargill, New Plymouth and Whangarei. It was placed second in two Māori electorates, and third in the other two.

The only minor party to win electorates was the Social Credit Party, which won East Coast Bays and Pakuranga (both in Auckland). It had held East Coast Bays before the election, but won Pakuranga for the first time. It did not manage to retain Rangitikei, which it had also held before the election. Social Credit candidates were placed second in six electorates, including Rangitikei.

The New Zealand Party, despite gaining more votes than Social Credit, did not win any seats. Some commentators have suggested that the party was not seeking to do so, and instead was merely acting as a spoiler for National. This impression has been backed up by comments by Bob Jones himself. The party was, however, placed second in the electorates of Remuera (an affluent part of Auckland), Kaimai, and Tauranga.

The Values Party, an environmentalist group, managed to win 0.2% of the vote, substantially below previous efforts. The party, which was in slow decline, would eventually vanish, but its ideals and goals would be reborn in the Green Party.

In two of the Māori electorates, the Mana Motuhake party gained second place, but the party did not gain a substantial number of votes elsewhere.

No independent candidates won seats, but one independent candidate, Mel Courtney, was placed second in the electorate of Nelson.

## Detailed results

[edit]

### Party results

[edit]

Party  | Candidates  | Votes  | Seats
won  | Change
Count  | Of total (%)
| Labour | 95  | 829,154  | 42.98  | 56 | +13
| National | 95  | 692,494  | 35.90  | 37 | −10
| NZ Party | 95  | 236,385  | 12.25  | 0 | 0
| Social Credit | 95  | 147,162  | 7.63  | 2 | 0
| Mana Motuhake | 8  | 5,989  | 0.31  | 0 | 0
| Values | 29  | 3,871  | 0.20  | 0 | 0
| Others | 57  | 20,588  | 1.07  | 0 | 0
Total  | 466  | 1,929,201  |  | 95 | +3

### Votes summary

[edit]

| Popular Vote

|  |
Labour |

| 42.97%
National |

| 35.89%
NZ Party |

| 12.25%
Social Credit |

| 7.63%
Mana Motuhake |

| 0.31%
Values |

| 0.20%
Others |

| 1.07%

| Parliament seats

|  |
Labour |

| 58.95%
National |

| 38.95%
Social Credit |

| 2.10%

### Electorate results

[edit]

The tables below shows the results of the 1984 general election:

Key

National |  Labour |  NZ Party

|
|

Social Credit |  Mana Motuhake |  Independent
Electorate results for the 1984 New Zealand general election.[29] Electorate  | Incumbent  | Winner  | Majority  | Runner up

|
|
|
|

General electorates
Ashburton |  | Rob Talbot | 472  |  | Geoff Stone
Auckland Central |  | Richard Prebble | 8,876  |  | Maureen Eardley-Wilmot
Avon |  | Mary Batchelor | 7,771  |  | Andrew Cowie
Awarua |  | Rex Austin | 384  |  | Barry Rait
Bay of Islands |  | Neill Austin | 3,298  |  | Les Hunter
Birkenhead |  | Jim McLay | 1,717  |  | John Course
Christchurch Central |  | Geoffrey Palmer | 8,508  |  | Tony Willy
Christchurch North | New electorate  |  | Mike Moore | 5,728  |  | David Dumergue
Clutha |  | Robin Gray | 4,522  |  | M J Sheppard
Dunedin North |  | Stan Rodger | 5,129  |  | Barbara Henderson
Dunedin West | New electorate  |  | Clive Matthewson | 6,011  |  | Derek Russell
East Cape |  | Duncan MacIntyre |  | Anne Fraser | 755  |  | Robyn J. Leeming[30]
East Coast Bays |  | Gary Knapp | 2,020  |  | Murray McCully
Eastern Hutt |  | Trevor Young | 6,005  |  | Joy McLauchlan
Eden |  | Aussie Malcolm |  | Richard Northey | 2,306  |  | Aussie Malcolm
Fendalton |  | Philip Burdon | 1,457  |  | Murray Dobson
Franklin | New electorate  |  | Bill Birch | 5,210  |  | Roy Haywood
Gisborne |  | Bob Bell |  | Allan Wallbank | 2,168  |  | Bob Bell
Glenfield | New electorate  |  | Judy Keall | 809  |  | David Schnauer
Hamilton East |  | Ian Shearer |  | Bill Dillon | 1,100  |  | Ian Shearer
Hamilton West |  | Mike Minogue |  | Trevor Mallard | 803  |  | Mike Minogue
Hastings |  | David Butcher | 4,273  |  | Peter Brown
Hauraki |  | Graeme Lee | 3,432  |  | Alisdair Thompson
Hawke's Bay |  | Richard Harrison |  | Bill Sutton | 974  |  | Richard Harrison
Heretaunga |  | Bill Jeffries | 4,537  |  | Anna MacFarlane
Horowhenua |  | Geoff Thompson |  | Annette King | 447  |  | Geoff Thompson
Invercargill |  | Norman Jones | 1,279  |  | Dougal Soper
Island Bay |  | Frank O'Flynn | 6,007  |  | John Kananghinis
Kaimai |  | Bruce Townshend | 3,696  |  | Leslie Dickson
Kaipara |  | Peter Wilkinson |  | Lockwood Smith | 5,564  |  | Bill Campbell
Kapiti |  | Margaret Shields | 4,514  |  | June Oakley
King Country |  | Jim Bolger | 5,617  |  | James Edward Simons
Lyttelton |  | Ann Hercus | 4,963  |  | Doug Graham [nb 1]
Manawatu |  | Michael Cox | 420  |  | Dave Alton
Mangere |  | David Lange | 8,375  |  | Peter Saunders
Manurewa |  | Roger Douglas | 4,933  |  | Stuart Leenstra
Marlborough |  | Doug Kidd | 612  |  | George MacDonald
Matamata |  | Jack Luxton | 5,785  |  | Ross Clow
Miramar |  | Peter Neilsen | 3,499  |  | Don Crosbie
Mt Albert |  | Helen Clark | 6,207  |  | Rod Cavanagh
Napier |  | Geoff Braybrooke | 6,399  |  | M P Liddell
Nelson |  | Philip Woollaston | 3,678  |  | Mel Courtney
New Lynn |  | Jonathan Hunt | 6,340  |  | Ron Hanson
New Plymouth |  | Tony Friedlander | 269  |  | Ida Gaskin
North Shore |  | George Gair | 3,710  |  | Peter Harris
Ohariu |  | Hugh Templeton |  | Peter Dunne | 1,371  |  | Hugh Templeton[nb 2]
Onehunga |  | Fred Gerbic | 4,508  |  | Carol Freeman
Otago |  | Warren Cooper | 1,375  |  | David Polson
Otara | New electorate  |  | Colin Moyle | 6,519  |  | Taua Michael Tafua
Pahiatua |  | John Falloon | 5,478  |  | Malcolm Brazendale
Pakuranga |  | Pat Hunt |  | Neil Morrison | 172  |  | Pat Hunt
Palmerston North |  | Trevor de Cleene | 3,033  |  | Colleen Singleton
Panmure | New electorate  |  | Bob Tizard | 5,979  |  | Carolyn Tedesco
Papakura |  | Merv Wellington | 1,447  |  | Lynn John
Papatoetoe |  | Eddie Isbey | 2,996  |  | Peter O'Brien
Pencarrow |  | Fraser Colman | 5,418  |  | Barry Cranston
Porirua |  | Gerry Wall | 5,418  |  | A L Gadsby
Raglan | New electorate  |  | Simon Upton | 1,976  |  | Linda Holmes
Rangiora |  | Derek Quigley |  | Jim Gerard | 346  |  | Brian Tomlinson
Rangitikei |  | Bruce Beetham |  | Denis Marshall | 504  |  | Bruce Beetham
Remuera |  | Allan Highet |  | Doug Graham | 3,483  |  | Kenneth Sandford
Rodney | New electorate  |  | Don McKinnon | 3,876  |  | Brian Dent
Roskill |  | Phil Goff | 4,208  |  | Chris Knowles
Rotorua |  | Paul East | 811  |  | Brian Arps
St Albans |  | David Caygill | 6,172  |  | Ian Wilson
St Kilda |  | Michael Cullen | 5,594  |  | Stewart Clark
Selwyn |  | Ruth Richardson | 3,829  |  | Charles Manning
Sydenham |  | John Kirk[nb 3] |  | Jim Anderton | 7,255  |  | Pat Bonisch
Tamaki |  | Robert Muldoon | 3,758  |  | Robin Tulloch
Taranaki |  | David Thomson |  | Roger Maxwell | 6,013  |  | Graeme Waters
Tarawera |  | Ian McLean | 3,377  |  | Malcolm Moore
Tasman |  | Bill Rowling |  | Ken Shirley | 1,854  |  | Gerald Hunt
Tauranga |  | Keith Allen |  | Winston Peters | 4,912  |  | David Parlour
Te Atatu |  | Michael Bassett | 4,991  |  | Frank Diment
Timaru |  | Basil Arthur | 2,219  |  | Maurice McTigue
Tongariro | New electorate  |  | Noel Scott | 3,870  |  | Nelson Rangi
Waikaremoana | New electorate  |  | Roger McClay | 1,737  |  | John Harré
Waikato |  | Simon Upton |  | Rob Storey | 1,658  |  | Peter Cleave
Waipa |  | Marilyn Waring |  | Katherine O'Regan | 5,667  |  | Anthony H. Allen
Wairarapa |  | Ben Couch |  | Reg Boorman | 394  |  | Ben Couch
Waitakere |  | Ralph Maxwell | 4,474  |  | John McIntosh
Waitaki |  | Jonathan Elworthy |  | Jim Sutton | 561  |  | Jonathan Elworthy
Waitotara |  | Venn Young | 3,314  |  | Stuart Perry
Wallace |  | Derek Angus | 5,663  |  | Calvin Fisher
Wanganui |  | Russell Marshall | 3,918  |  | Terry Heffernan
Wellington Central |  | Fran Wilde | 4,116  |  | Rosemary Young-Rouse
West Auckland | New electorate  |  | Jack Elder | 2,229  |  | Dail Jones
West Coast |  | Kerry Burke | 4,293  |  | John Bateman
Western Hutt |  | John Terris | 4,348  |  | John Tanner
Whangarei |  | John Banks | 2,003  |  | Barbara Magner
Yaldhurst |  | Mick Connelly |  | Margaret Austin | 2,970  |  | Howard Joseph
Māori electorates
Eastern Maori |  | Peter Tapsell | 11,230  |  | Barry Kiwara
Northern Maori |  | Bruce Gregory | 7,688  |  | Matiu Rata
Southern Maori |  | Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan | 10,495  |  | Amster Reedy
Western Maori |  | Koro Wētere | 10,110  |  | Bill Katene

Table footnotes:

1. ^ The candidate Doug Graham who contested the Lyttelton electorate for National is a different person from Doug Graham, who contested and won the Remuera seat.
2. ^ Bob Jones came third for the New Zealand Party in Ohariu
3. ^ In July 1983 Kirk said he would not stand in 1984: when Anderton was selected for Sydenham, Kirk (a Lange supporter) withdrew from the Labour caucus and was suspended by Labour, becoming an independent

### Summary of changes

[edit]

* Eleven new seats were created, of which seven (Christchurch North, Dunedin West, Glenfield, Otara, Panmure, Tongariro and West Auckland) were won by Labour, and four (Franklin, Raglan, Rodney and Waikaremoana) by National.
* A further ten seats were won by Labour from National: East Cape, Eden, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hawkes Bay, Horowhenua, Ohariu, Wairarapa and Waitaki. Social Credit lost Rangitikei to National. National also lost Pakuranga to Social Credit.
* Nine electorates had incumbent MPs retire and replaced them with MPs from the same party, six National and three Labour. Kaipara, Rangiora, Taranaki, Tauranga, Waikato and Waipa remained National, while Sydenham, Tasman and Yaldhurst remained Labour. In Rangiora, National MP Derek Quigley's decision not to stand for re-election followed serious clashes with Muldoon over economic policy, while in Sydenham, John Kirk had resigned from the Labour Party.

## Major policy platforms

[edit]

### Labour Party

[edit]

* Central aims
* "A society where people don't feel challenged to be nasty about everyone else" – David Lange.[31] Drawn together to work for the interests of their country, a chance for everyone to have a chance to be equal, in education, society and jobs (regardless of gender or race).[31] A programme of moderation and realism.
* State of economy
* To take stock of the overseas debt, focus on the unemployment rates. To target money into jobs which use New Zealand resources which turn our primary production into a higher value product. Using tourism as an employment generator. Assigning resources to small businesses and enterprises.
* Nuclear issues
* Opposed to nuclear testing. Keeping New Zealand defended without nuclear propelled vessels. Discuss with the allies and traders moving forward nuclear free,
* Prices, Incomes and industrial
* Industrial relations policy government boss and worker have to fix limits, bargaining, you cannot have country where prices can soar and wages are screwed down.

### National Party

[edit]

* Central aims
* To get New Zealand through difficult times with success.[31] To deal with political issues sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations. Match taxation to promises.
* State of economy
* Continue to tackle problems at their source, support for wage and price freezes. To adopt a business mindset, use overseas borrowing for huge projects to get net earnings.[31]
* Nuclear issues
* Opposed to nuclear testing and weapons. Opposed to making them, using them or storing them. ANZUS nuclear propelled vessels are permitted to keep the ANZUS treaty.
* Prices, Incomes and industrial
* Wage and price freeze will work, it's what the public wants. Long term wage-fixing system, agreement with unions and employers.

### Further reading

[edit]

* Nuclear context: New Zealand nuclear-free zone#Historical background
* Economic context: Think Big

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Robert Muldoon | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
2. ^ Johansson, Jon (2005). Two titans : Muldoon, Lange and leadership. Wellington, N.Z.: Dunmore Publishing. p. 72\. ISBN 1877399019. OCLC 63658626.
3. ^ "Eyewitness News – Snap Election Setup". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
4. ^ "Sips causing political slips". Television New Zealand. 28 March 2001. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
5. ^ YouTube – Drunk Muldoon calls the 1984 election
6. ^ Johansson, Jon (2005). Two titans : Muldoon, Lange and leadership. Wellington, N.Z.: Dunmore Publishing. p. 103\. ISBN 1877399019. OCLC 63658626.
7. ^ "Robert Muldoon". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
8. ^ Martin Johnston (14 June 2019). "The night Prime Minister Rob Muldoon gambled on a snap election - June 1984 remembered". New Zealand Herald.
9. ^ Shand, G. G. (22 August 1983). "Jones Party Aims to Occupy Political Gap". The New Zealand Herald. p. 20.
10. ^ "News on deputy today?". The Press. 10 March 1984. p. 1.
11. ^ "Kaipara M.P. to retire". The Press. 9 November 1982. p. 6.
12. ^ Hannah, Michael (18 June 1984). "Quigley resignation shock for National". The Press. p. 1.
13. ^ "Mr Highet hits back". The Press. 25 March 1983. p. 5.
14. ^ "Mr Thomson to retire at election". The Press. 8 February 1984. p. 4.
15. ^ "Ill-health forces Minister to quit". The Press. 17 March 1984. p. 1.
16. ^ "Ms Waring to retire". The Press. 14 February 1984. p. 1.
17. ^ "Mr Rowling 'not part'". The Press. 26 April 1983. p. 1.
18. ^ "Mr Connelly to end 27 years as Labour M.P." The Press. 2 May 1983. p. 1.
19. ^ "The leaders of the four main political parties (from left), Sir Robert Muldoon, Mr David Lange, Mr Bruce Beetham, and Mr Bob Jones, at the Avalon television studios yesterday. The four took part in a debate on the main issues of the election campaign in a programme on Television One last evening".
20. ^ "ELECTION COVERAGE - THE LEADERS DEBATE ELECTION 1984".
21. ^ "THE LEADERS DEBATE. 08/07/1984".
22. ^ "Big two debate".
23. ^ "Four leaders in radio talkback".
24. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 123f.
25. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 111, 123.
26. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 119–124.
27. ^ "Election flashback: 'He's won on a nothing policy' – watch bitter Muldoon concede to Lange in 1984". TVNZ. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
28. ^ Roughan, John (2 August 2005). "July 1984: When life in NZ turned upside down". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
29. ^ Norton 1988, pp. ?.
30. ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 372.
31. ^ a b c d "Comments | The 1984 Leaders Debate | Television". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

## References

[edit]

* Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
* McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
* Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

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