1984 Summer Olympics boycott

Sport boycott

Countries that boycotted the 1984 Games are shaded blue

Part of a series on
1984 Summer Olympics

* Bid process (bid details)
* Boycott
* Development
* Venues
* Torch relay (route)
* Marketing (Mascot)
* Broadcasters
* Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
* Chronological summary
* Medal table (medalists)
* World and Olympic records
* Concerns and controversies
* Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
* Paralympics

* IOC
* USOC

* v
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* e

The boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles followed four years after the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The boycott involved nineteen countries: fifteen from the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, which initiated the boycott on May 8, 1984, and four other countries which boycotted on their own initiatives. The boycotting countries organized another major event, called the Friendship Games, in July and August 1984. Although the boycott affected Olympic events that were normally dominated by the absent countries, 140 nations still took part in the Games, which was a record at the time.[1][2]

## Leadup to boycott

[edit]

Since the announcement by President Carter of the United States boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980,[3] there was fear from United States officials that a reciprocal boycott could occur during the 1984 Games, scheduled for Los Angeles. The Soviets for their part gave sparsely few indications that this would happen, and indeed, from formalized talks which occurred over the course of three years, indicators seemed to point towards Soviet participation. Only in the last few months before the Games began did a sense of non-participation come about through Soviet statements and actions.[4]

### Preliminary positive meetings

[edit]

In December 1983, a meeting of officials representing the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC) and 14 members of the Soviet National Olympic Committee (Soviet NOC) took place in Los Angeles, resulting in the signing of a protocol agreement concerning Soviet expectations for participation.[5]: 172, 179 At that time, the chairman of the Soviet NOC, Marat Gramov, communicated his view of the upcoming Summer Games as being positive, and that he "saw no reason why the Soviet Union should not participate".[6]: 18 One month later in January 1984, a second Soviet delegation visited Los Angeles to meet with the International Olympic Committee (IOC)'s Executive Commission. This meeting was also viewed positively, with no mention of boycotts being made at that time.[5]: 172 A final, positively-viewed meeting was held during the IOC's 87th Session on February 5, 1984, in Sarajevo, three days before the start of the Sarajevo Winter Olympic Games. During that meeting, Soviet IOC member Konstantin Andrianov offered congratulations to the LAOOC, saying they were doing "a great job".[7]: 98–99 Four days later on February 9, 1984, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Yuri Andropov, died.

### First problems arise

[edit]

On March 2, 1984, the Soviet's proposed-Olympic attaché, Oleg Yermishkin, was denied an entry visa from the U.S. State Department, which identified him as an operational officer of the KGB.[8]

On April 9, the Soviet NOC released their first statement voicing criticisms concerning the preparations of the Los Angeles Olympic Games. In response, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch convened a meeting of the IOC Executive Commission on April 24, 1984 at the IOC main office in Lausanne.[9] Peter Ueberroth attended as representative of the LAOOC, with Marat Gramov representing the Soviet NOC. During the meeting, Gramov revealed for the first time that the "Soviet NOC had received declarations and letters from various nationalistic and terrorist groups and organizations with threats".[6]: 19 In light of these threats, Gramov made five requests of the LAOOC covering entry into the United States, security, Soviet delegation and media access to Olympic sites, the use of Aeroflot charter flights, and the use of the Soviet cruise ship MS Gruziya. According to the LAOOC, "the parties also discussed other minor matters and agreed that all matters regarding the participation of any NOC could be resolved through dealing directly with the LAOOC only."[10] In addition, the Soviet NOC stated that it "intended to participate in the Games of the XXIII Olympiad in Los Angeles under the condition that the Olympic Charter is enforced". Both the LAOOC and the Soviet NOC agreed to communicate more often in the future. However, following the meeting, the LAOOC sent daily telexes to the Soviet NOC for several days, but received no response. The LAOOC stated that "although the meeting itself had been encouraging, the lack of response by the USSR NOC to these messages was a clear cause for worry."[10]

On April 29, 1984, Gramov sent a letter to the Communist Party Central Committee in which he described the risk of anti-Soviet organizations using violence during the Games, therefore potentially encouraging participating Soviet athletes to come to their side. The document also included a statement that "participation in the Games would be difficult if the hostile activities were not ceased", and that the absence of the Soviet Union and other developing countries would "bring the first 'commercial Olympics' to economic catastrophe", and concluded that "if the [safety] conditions were not fulfilled, we will resign from participating".[11] This was despite the fact that the Reagan Administration, according to Reagan aide Jack Matlock, had agreed to meet all Soviet requests for "facilities, press coverage, and treatment of Soviet athletes—short only of guaranteeing that there would be no defections by Soviet athletes, a guarantee that Reagan had no legal or moral right to give".[12]: 90

## Boycott announcement

[edit]

The Soviet Union announced its intentions to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics on May 8, 1984,[13] claiming "security concerns and chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria being whipped up in the United States".[13] United States Administration officials were quoted as saying that the American Embassy in Moscow as well as American intelligence agencies abroad misread signals for weeks that the Soviets might withdraw from the Games, despite the State Department saying they were "absolutely dumbfounded" when the official announcement arrived.[14]

### Eastern Bloc joins the boycott

[edit]

In the days following the Soviet announcement, six Eastern Bloc satellite nations in quick succession soon joined in, including Bulgaria,[15] East Germany (on May 10),[16] Mongolia and Vietnam (both May 11),[17] Laos, and Czechoslovakia (both May 13). Meanwhile, China formally confirmed that it would be present at the Games in Los Angeles.[18]

Afghanistan announced its withdrawal on May 13, 1984, becoming the eighth country to join the boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics.[19] Hungary and Poland became the ninth and tenth Communist countries to join the boycott. Hungary claimed the lives of its athletes would be put in danger if they were to spend time in Los Angeles, while Poland said the United States was engaging in a "campaign aimed at disturbing the Games".[20]

On May 23, Cuba became the eleventh country to announce its participation in the boycott.[21] The loss of Cuban athletes was expected to be especially critical in boxing and baseball competitions, prompting Ueberroth to make overtures in the media requesting meetings with Cuban Olympic officials.[22] Ueberroth's eventual trip to Cuba was unsuccessful in persuading Cuban President Castro to rescind his boycott decision.[23]

South Yemen was the twelfth country to join the boycott on May 27, stating that the organizers of the Los Angeles Olympics "ignore the provisions of the Olympic Charter, refuse to guarantee the safety of sportsmen, and first of all of those  [sic] from the Soviet Union and other socialist countries".[24]

Ethiopia announced on June 1 that it would join the Soviet-led boycott. The Soviet News Agency Tass, which announced the boycott on behalf of the Ethiopian National Olympic Committee (NOC), stated that the step was taken "because the United States uses the games for purely political purposes against socialist and progressive states". Ethiopia's NOC added to the Tass statement that their boycott was also "a resolute protest in connection with the British government's refusal to cancel England's rugby union tour of South Africa".[25] North Korea was the fourteenth nation to boycott the Olympics on June 3, giving their reason as being a lack of security for their athletes.[26] A dispatch from the Korean Central News Agency said that "taking into consideration the fact that the United States has been hostile and is hostile to us, we cannot but express increasing apprehensions for the personal safety of our sportsmen."[27]

Angola, which had been the very last country out of 142 nations to officially accept their invitation to participate in the Summer Olympics, reversed course on June 27, announcing that they were pulling out because "the United States authorities are turning the Games into an arena of confrontation". In response, Ueberroth stated that the Soviets were "still trying every possible thing" to pressure more countries into joining their boycott.[28]

### Non-Eastern Bloc nations boycotting

[edit]

#### Albania

[edit]

Although originally associated with the Eastern Bloc, by 1984 Albania had moved to a position of non-alignment. In keeping with Albania's isolationism, the country did not attend any Olympic Games from 1976 to 1988, and was the only country that boycotted the 1976, 1980 and 1984 Olympics. Politically, Albania allied with China after the Sino-Soviet split, remaining antagonistic towards the Soviet Union; however, it also opposed China's rapprochement with the United States in the late 1970s, resulting in the Sino-Albanian split.

#### Iran

[edit]

A similar antagonism towards both superpowers had existed in Iran since 1979. In August 1983 Iran made its first announcement regarding the 1984 Games, saying it would boycott because of "United States interference in the Middle East, its support for the regime occupying Jerusalem, and the crimes being committed by the U.S.A. in Latin America, especially in El Salvador".[29] On January 22, 1984, Iran reiterated its decision to boycott, with Iranian Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi saying "the 1984 Olympic Games of Los Angeles are a mask and facade created by supercilious world powers and the United States for disguising their hideous faces as a means of gaining publicity and whitewashing their crimes", with Mousavi noting that "Iran had boycotted the Moscow Olympics in protest over the Soviet Government's occupation of Afghanistan and it would do the same with the Olympics-84 Games of Los Angeles in order to expose the criminal acts of the world-devouring U.S. Government."[30]

#### Upper Volta

[edit]

Despite Upper Volta not having participated in an Olympics since 1972, that country's NOC announced on July 13, 1984, their withdrawal from the Games. Similar to Ethiopia, Upper Volta—which changed its official name to Burkina Faso on August 4, 1984—stated their reason as being due to England's rugby union tour of South Africa. However, this was their only reason given, and thus, Upper Volta's boycott was largely seen as being distinct from those of the Eastern Bloc nations.[31]

#### Libya

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Libya withdrew its entire sports delegation of six athletes two days before the start of the Games, apparently in retaliation for the American government's refusal to allow three of that country's journalists to cover the Games. Without elaboration, the official Libyan news agency only stated "The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya decided to withdraw from the Olympic Games in Los Angeles." A State Department spokesman said the journalists were denied visas under the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act for "security reasons". In response, LA Games organizer Ueberroth stated "It is not for me to speculate whether they are journalists, it is the government's decision. As a private corporation we respond to government action."[32] Libya and Ethiopia were the only nations not to attend both the 1976 Montreal and 1984 Los Angeles Games.

#### El Salvador boycott warning

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On May 28, 1984, the president of the Salvadoran Olympic Committee, Valerio Montes, warned that El Salvador might be forced to join the Soviet-led boycott if the $28,000 entry fee required of its athletes were not raised by the June 2 deadline, a figure which Montes doubted "could be raised in time". The IOC had previously offered to pay all expenses for six Salvadoran athletes, but Montes noted that the Salvadorans would refuse the funds in principle in order to show the Salvadoran Government "that it must pay more attention to the nation's youth and sports' programs". Referring to the $62 million recently approved by the U.S. Government for military aid to El Salvador, Montes suggested a possible solution whereby President Reagan and the American Congress would "order the armed forces to give us less than one percent of what has been designated for weapons to be able to participate in the Games".[33] In response, spokesman Donald Hamilton of the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador declined to provide any funds, stating that "since we don't fund our own athletes, we don't see how we could fund those from a foreign country". Montes was instead advised by the embassy spokesman to pursue financial aid from local sources or from the IOC.[34] Ten athletes from El Salvador eventually competed at the Games.

#### Bolivia boycott reversal

[edit]

On June 3, 1984, Bolivian President Hernán Siles Zuazo stated in a communique that Bolivia's 14 member delegation would not be allowed to travel to L.A. for the Games due to an economic crisis. The decision sparked widespread protest among Bolivian sports officials and members of the political opposition, who charged the real motive was pressure from the Bolivian Communist Party—at that time a member of the government's ruling coalition—to join the Soviet led boycott.[35] The decision was rescinded once sufficient funding was achieved, however, when an article written by Tony Kornheiser of The Washington Post making light of poverty in Bolivia caused indignation from Bolivians believing the article "offended the dignity of our country", President Zuazo declared a boycott of the Games. After The Washington Post issued an editorial apology, President Zuazo reversed the boycott decision, and eleven athletes from Bolivia eventually competed at the Games.[36]

### List of all boycotting countries

[edit]

Listed by chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order.

* Soviet Union
* Bulgaria
* East Germany
* Mongolia
* Vietnam
* Laos
* Czechoslovakia
* Afghanistan
* Hungary
* Poland
* Cuba
* South Yemen
* Ethiopia
* North Korea
* Angola

Four other countries also boycotted the Games. Two of those countries—Iran and Upper Volta—cited political reasons while the other two—Albania and Libya—provided no explanations whatsoever. None were part of the Soviet-led boycott:[37]

(Listed by chronological order of their withdrawal)

* Albania
* Iran
* Upper Volta / Burkina Faso
* Libya

## Possible boycott incentives

[edit]

### Athlete security concerns and the 'revenge' hypothesis

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The Soviets' main cited reason for the boycott was their security concerns over the safety of their athletes.[38] Specifically mentioned in their announcement was "the anti-Soviet campaign launched by reactionary circles in the United States with the connivance of the official authorities"; an allegation that "the U.S. authorities continue ... to interfere in affairs belonging exclusively to the competence of the LAOOC"; as well as an allegation that "extremist organizations and groupings of all sorts [are] openly aiming to create unbearable conditions for the stay of the Soviet delegation and for the performance by Soviet sportsmen" and that these extremist organizations "have sharply stepped up their activity with direct connivance of the American authorities". The boycott announcement stated that the IOC had purportedly investigated the Soviet allegations and found them to be "just and substantiated".[39] In a meeting with Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin on May 10, 1984, Secretary of State Shultz addressed each point brought up in the Soviet boycott announcement:

> "They have alleged through TASS that at the April 24 Lausanne meeting, the IOC found the complaints of their Olympic Committee to be just and substantiated; that U.S. authorities continued to interfere in affairs within the exclusive competence of the Los Angeles Committee; and that U.S. authorities were conniving with extremist organizations which aim to create 'unbearable conditions' for their delegation and athletes. The facts, I said, are that the IOC did not make the finding TASS describes; that the U.S. Government has not interfered in LAOOC affairs (nor has the LAOOC ever claimed it has), but has worked with the LAOOC on issues within the sole competence of the U.S. Government at the committee's request; and that there has been no connivance with nor encouragement of these groups, that we have bent over backwards to meet all Soviet concerns, and have met them. I said I could run through a long list of facts about the tremendous effort we had made to meet Soviet concerns. For instance, we would have 17,000 people involved in Olympic security, and we were prepared to spend up to $50 million to assure it, including $500,000 for the Soviet ship alone. We had taken every imaginable step to ensure that Soviet athletes were safe and able to compete in the Olympics."[40]

> — Secretary of State Shultz, May 11, 1984

After the Soviet announcement was made, a meeting of the IOC Executive Board was held on May 18–19 in Lausanne with officials from both the LAOOC and Soviet NOC. The purpose of this meeting was to identify specific examples of threats mentioned by the Soviets in their announcement, as well as to inquire from the Soviets in a last-ditch effort whether there were any possible conditions which might lead to participation. The Soviets in response gave no specific reasons other than the broad charges they had previously stated, and they refused to specify any conditions under which they would come to Los Angeles for the Games. The LAOOC surmised that this omission of specifics, coupled with the ideological make-up of the countries which joined the boycott, strongly suggested one conclusion:

> "In view of the security guarantees made by the United States government, the disinterest or inability of the USSR NOC or other non-participating NOCs to identify specific conditions which made their participation impossible, was curious. Since the composition of the boycotting nations was limited to those already politically aligned with the Soviet Union, it was not surprising that many analysts concluded that the major motives behind the decision not to participate in Los Angeles included retribution for the U.S.-led boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games held in Moscow and Soviet dissatisfaction with the policies of the United States government at the time."[41]

> — LAOOC

The majority of Western media agreed with the LAOOC's view of the boycott as being a retaliatory move by the Soviets in response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Games.[42][43][44]

IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, in an interview with the Madrid daily Diario 16, laid blame for the 1984 Soviet-led boycott squarely on one person: former American President Jimmy Carter. According to Samaranch, Carter was the single person who had done the most damage to the Olympic movement, saying "If the United States had gone to Moscow, it never would have occurred to the Soviets not to participate in Los Angeles."[45]

### Change of leadership

[edit]

The timeline of when the Soviets ostensibly began their push to boycott the Olympics suggests their decision‑making turning point was precipitated by a change in leadership. Leonid Brezhnev was General Secretary during the 1980 Moscow Olympics and thus was the leader most affected and publicly embarrassed by the American‑led boycott. Brezhnev died in November 1982, and was replaced by Yuri Andropov. During the 15 months of Andropov's leadership, both in the Soviet Union and in other communist countries, preparations by their individual Olympic committees continued to progress with all-apparent intention of attending the 1984 Games.[7]: 99–100 However, with Andropov's death in February 1984, the role of General Secretary was taken over by Konstantin Chernenko, who had been a close ally of Brezhnev's, and thus more amenable to feelings of antipathy towards the Americans for the 1980 boycott.[46] After Chernenko's succession as leader, a vast change in the Soviet attitude towards the Games could be seen, suggesting that the Soviet decision to boycott was uncertain till at least three months before the Olympics began, and was influenced by the change in leadership from Andropov to Chernenko.[7]: 101

Among those subscribing to the change in leadership as a basis for the "revenge" hypothesis was Peter Ueberroth, who expressed his views in a press conference on May 11, 1984,[47] where he stated that the Soviet Union "withdrew from the Olympics to give America a taste of its own medicine".[48] Ueberroth indicated that the Soviet-led boycott might have been avoided if organizers of the Summer Games had communicated with Konstantin Chernenko when he took over his country's leadership, saying "In retrospect, we can be criticized for not recognizing that change in leadership, from an Andropov to Chernenko", and that the organizing committee "should have tried to redouble our efforts to make certain there were no problems that could have opened the door to the Soviet-led boycott by 14 nations", adding that "we have tried in every possible way to not have 1980 happen again in 1984, but it did happen".[49]

President Reagan for his part reached out immediately to the new Soviet leader upon Chernenko becoming General Secretary.[12]: 88 On February 10 Reagan composed a letter to Chernenko where he stated that he had "no higher goal than the establishment of a relationship between our two great nations characterized by constructive cooperation".[50] Based primarily on the statements Chernenko made to Vice President Bush at Andropov's funeral, and later, the response to Reagan from Chernenko on February 23, where Chernenko stated his desire for "a turn toward even and good relations between our two countries",[51] Reagan was inspired on February 22, 1984, to task a team of advisors to consider inviting Chernenko to join Reagan as his guest at the Opening Ceremonies of the L.A. Games.[52][53]: 220–221 Despite receiving initial support from some circles of advisors in his Administration as well as from German Chancellor Kohl,[53]: 222, 223, 239 by April 1984, Reagan's advisors were arguing against sending such an invitation.[54]

### Disinformation campaign

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The Bethesda based Advanced International Studies Institute, associated with the University of Miami, said the Soviet impetus to boycott was probably initiated by Chernenko in April 1984. According to the Institute, that was when a concerted Soviet disinformation campaign began, designed to lay the groundwork for their boycott announcement, showing that American streets were "jungles" and that Soviet athletes and spectators would be "the prey of the beasts that the U.S. government allows to run loose in those streets".[55] One example among many, according to the Institute, was the Soviet newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya, which in April 1984, began publishing seamier representations of the Games' host city:

> "Los Angeles was nicknamed murder city long ago. ... The bloody statistics are mainly the work of juvenile gangs. ... These degenerate young people who smoke marijuana and hide a knife down their right trouser leg have two-thirds of all street crimes on their conscience. The outrageous crime rate, for which the city is known, would cast a bloody glow over the Olympic flame."[55]

> — Sovetskaya Rossiya, April 15, 1984

Two months after the boycott was announced, officials at the U.S. State Department linked the KGB to a series of hate leaflets purporting to be from the Ku Klux Klan which were sent to the Olympic organizing committees in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Malaysia and China, all countries which failed to join the Soviet boycott. State Department spokesman Alan Romberg said the leaflets "bear all the hallmarks of a disinformation campaign" and noted the thrust of the messages in the leaflets "dovetails neatly with the Soviet justification for their withdrawal" from the Summer Games. The threatening leaflets reportedly used stilted syntax, suggesting they were written by non-native speakers of English.[56] By August, American Attorney General William French Smith was revealing that up to 20 nations had ultimately received the threatening letters, which Smith described as being "openly racist and disgusting" and that they "threaten violence against Asian and African nations who participate in the Games in Los Angeles". Smith went on to state that "fortunately none of the nations that received these letters succumbed to the attempted intimidation". Smith surmised the likely author of the letters, saying "they were not produced or sent by the Ku Klux Klan ... they were instead manufactured and mailed by another organization devoted to terror: the KGB."[57]

### Defection concerns

[edit]

On April 30, 1984, Sergei Kozlov, a visiting Soviet mathematician who had been in the United States for three months, had what was described as a "nervous breakdown" at Dulles International Airport just before he was scheduled to board a flight to London. Kozlov had told others that he was the victim of a gas attack and was possibly being followed by the KGB, and had changed his mind about returning to Europe. Kozlov eventually spoke with officials from the State Department, who mistook his complaints as a genuine request for asylum. A short time later, the New York University professor who helped sponsor Kozlov's visit to the United States provided State Department officials with more context, describing Kozlov's overall behavior during his stay as "very disturbing", along with other accounts of Kozlov's "ramblings about various things, including pressure from the KGB and his phone being bugged".[58] After learning this additional context, the State Department released Kozlov, who eventually returned to the Soviet Union,[59] but not before the incident garnered national attention as a possible defection, leading the Soviets to make public, diplomatic protests of the State Department's handling of the event.[60][61]

A telegram from Warren Zimmermann at the American Embassy in Moscow sent to the State Department in Washington theorized that the incident at Dulles Airport had ramifications for the Soviet leadership, by hastening the date of their announcement of a decision which, since April, had been inexorably moving towards a boycott of the Games:

> "The Kozlov incident coincided with the final stage of Moscow's consideration of whether or not to attend the Olympics—a decision which would have had to be made no earlier than June 2.[a] The impact may well have been to demonstrate that even a carefully selected, mature individual with a family in the USSR [i.e., Kozlov] could not be relied upon not to become a media event. The potential for similar embarrassment of turning loose an entire team of young, world-class athletes amid the temptations of Los Angeles may thus have taken on an immediacy for Soviet policymakers it did not have before Kozlov's refusal to embark. In the context of the generally tough line on the U.S. currently prevailing in leadership circles here, it would have taken a strong, confident voice to have argued against a boycott. As we have seen too often of late, there is no evidence such a voice exists in the current leadership."[64]

> — Warren Zimmermann, May 9, 1984

According to Zimmermann, by the end of April 1984—before the Kozlov incident—"we had word from Soviet contacts in a position to know that training was continuing through last week, and that athletes were planning on being in Los Angeles", suggesting that despite lack of a strong voice in the leadership arguing for participation "as recently as a week ago, there was [still] strong internal support for participating in the Olympics, and that those favoring staying home had not yet carried the day." Zimmermann surmised that "as to timing, it seems to us most likely that those opposing participation ... wanted the decision announced quickly to cut off further internal lobbying on the issue", and that the Kozlov incident on April 30 offered the perfect pretense for finally making their decision public.[64][b] The boycott announcement was duly made eight days later.[13]

### Stricter doping protocols

[edit]

A document obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.[65] Bryan Fogel, director of the film Icarus, said in a 2017 podcast that stricter doping controls might have been the main reason for the Soviet boycott.[66]

### East European incentives

[edit]

When each of the Soviets' East European satellite countries announced their intention to join the boycott, they individually released press statements which largely mirrored that of the Soviets' stated reasons. As for what other incentive they may have had, a memorandum prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency suggests that at least some of those countries chose to follow along with an unpopular decision in order to foster "bloc loyalty" at a time when there were other, more-important issues warranting a break with the Soviets that they could undertake:

> "Other East European states, although unhappy with the Soviet decision, probably view participation in the boycott as a useful way to demonstrate bloc loyalty on an issue of less direct significance to them at a time when they have been resisting Soviet initiatives in more important areas. They also realize that heeding the boycott does not seriously affect their vital interests vis‑à‑vis the West. The Hungarians, for example, told United States Embassy officials after the Soviets rejected Budapest's proposal to send a small team to the games that, in the end, this was not the issue on which to make a stand."[67]

> — CIA memorandum, June 26, 1984

U.S. officials had said before Hungary announced its decision that if Hungary chose to boycott, the United States would not retaliate by revoking Hungary's most favored nation trade status, a distinction which Hungary held in 1984. A senior State Department official said "the Hungarian decision to join the boycott is understood to be a case of following Kremlin marching orders and will not affect the administration's supporting Hungary's most-favored nation trade treatment."[68]

According to the Hungarian sports newspaper Nepsport, approximately 143 Hungarian Olympic team members were paid by the Hungarian government varying amounts of cash after unofficially threatening to quit when Hungary announced it was joining the Soviet-led boycott. Those athletes reportedly received awards ranging from $100 to $3,000. Commentators said Hungarian officials extended the awards to motivate the athletes into supporting the boycott.[69]

## Non-boycotting socialist countries

[edit]

Fifteen communist and socialist-leaning countries (nine from Africa) did not join the Soviet-led boycott and instead, participated in the 1984 Summer Olympics.[70]

* Algeria
* Benin
* Burma
* China was somewhat hostile towards the Soviet Union in 1984,[71] while at the same time it began experiencing a more cordial relationship with the United States. President Reagan made a six‑day state visit to China three months before the start of the L.A. Games, where in Beijing he met with Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang, and at the Forbidden City, where Reagan was warmly received by paramount leader Deng Xiaoping.[72][53]: 234–237 During the 1980 pair of Winter and Summer Olympic Games, China had sent a team to Lake Placid while boycotting Moscow.[71]
* Congo
* Guinea
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Mozambique
* Nicaragua
* Romania was the sole European Eastern Bloc country to attend the 1984 Games in Los Angeles. Romania's athletes received a standing ovation at the Opening Ceremonies upon making their Coliseum entrance. Romania ended up finishing third in overall medal count at the Games.[73][74] Romania's leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, had a record of publicly demonstrating opposition to Soviet policies if those stances improved his favorability amongst Romanians.[75] In a written correspondence with Ceaușescu following the Games' conclusion, President Reagan offered his personal thanks to Romania for their attendance, saying he "sincerely appreciated Romania's important contribution to the Los Angeles Olympics and the Olympic movement".[76] In 1985, the IOC awarded Ceaușescu and the President of the Romanian National Olympic Committee, Haralambie Alexa, with Olympic Orders, Gold and Silver, respectively.[77]
* Seychelles
* Somalia had been considered part of the Eastern Bloc since at least 1972.[78] By 1978, its relations with the Soviet Union had strained after the Soviets supported Ethiopia in the Ethio-Somali War.[79]
* Syria
* Yugoslavia was a non-aligned country that acted independently of the Soviet Union and shared friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and the United States.[80] One of the reasons for the country not boycotting the Games may have been that it had just hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics.[81]

## Alternative events

[edit]

The Soviets organized the Friendship Games, a full-scale multi-sport event, for boycotting countries.[82] The Games were contested in 22 Olympic disciplines (all except association football and synchronized swimming), and in non-Olympic table tennis, tennis, and sambo wrestling. The Soviet Union dominated the medal table, winning 126 gold and 282 total medals. General Secretary Chernenko failed to appear at the closing ceremony of the Friendship Games, held in Moscow. Commentators took the absence as a sign of Chernenko's failing health.[83]

## Boycott reappraisal

[edit]

In 2014, the Czech Olympic Committee issued a formal apology to those athletes who were denied access to competition at the L.A. Games due to Czechoslovakia's decision to boycott, saying "Today we can, unclouded by feelings of bad will, assess what went on in our country during the second half of the 20th century, without emotion, but with fairness in mind", adding that "we must find the courage to say out loud what was right, what was wrong and what was downright deceitful".[84]

## See also

[edit]

* Olympics portal
* United States portal

* 1980 Summer Olympics boycott
* 1986 Asian Games
* List of Olympic Games boycotts

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Soviets were not obligated to make their participation decision public before June 2, 1984, following a protocol agreement signed in December 1983 by the Soviet NOC and the LAOOC, where the Soviet NOC committed itself to notification by that date.[62] A boycott announcement made after June 2 would have violated the Olympic Charter and risked sanctions by the International Olympic Committee.[63]
2. ^ Zimmermann also theorized that the announcement's timing was additionally intended to coincide with a major Soviet holiday, as "knowing how difficult the move would be to explain domestically, the leadership calculated that an announcement on the eve of Victory Day—when patriotic fervor could be counted upon to be at a yearly high—might quell any doubts."[64]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "No Boycott Blues". olympic.org. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
2. ^ Doder, Dusko (May 9, 1984). "Soviets Withdraw From Los Angeles Olympics". The Washington Post.
3. ^ Gwertzman, Bernard (January 22, 1980). "Carter Bids Heads of 100 Governments Back Olympic Stand". The New York Times. Vol. 129, no. 44470\. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025.
4. ^ Tosches, Rich (May 9, 1984). "Three Years of Encouraging Talks Between Soviet and Olympic Organizers Comes to a Halt". UPI.
5. ^ a b Hill, Christopher R. (1996). Olympic Politics: Athens to Atlanta, 1896-1996. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719044519. OCLC 770774743.
6. ^ a b Reich, Kenneth (May 21, 1984). "Doleful Days for the Games". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 60, no. 20.
7. ^ a b c Kobierecki, Michał Marcin (September 1, 2015). "Boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games as an Example of Political Play–Acting of the Cold War Superpowers". Polish Political Science Yearbook. 44 (1): 93–111\. doi:10.15804/ppsy2015008. S2CID 55665999.93-111&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.15804/ppsy2015008&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55665999#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Kobierecki&rft.aufirst=Michał+Marcin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
8. ^ Tosches, Rich (March 2, 1984). "Travel Visa Denied to Soviet Olympic Attaché". UPI.
9. ^ Thatcher, Gary (April 10, 1984). "US-Soviet Standoff May Trip Up Summer Olympics in L.A." The Christian Science Monitor.
10. ^ a b Perelman, Richard B., ed. (1985). "Meeting Between the IOC, LAOOC and USSR NOC in April, 1984". Official Report of the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, Los Angeles, 1984; Volume 1: Organization and Planning. Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. p. 350 (print) p. 372 (pdf). ISBN 0961451203.-350-(print)-p.-372-(pdf)&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Olympic+Organizing+Committee&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0961451203&rft_id=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/39099&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
11. ^ Miller, David (2008). The Official History of the Olympic Games and the IOC: Athens to Beijing, 1894-2008. Edinburgh: Mainstream. p. 275\. ISBN 9781845961596. OCLC 183917051.
12. ^ a b Matlock, Jack F. (2004). Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-46323-2.
13. ^ a b c Burns, John F. (May 9, 1984). "Moscow Will Keep Its Team From Los Angeles Olympics". The New York Times. Vol. 133, no. 46039\. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
14. ^ East Germany withdraws from Summer Games. The Evening Independent – May 10, 1984.
15. ^ James, Barry (May 9, 1984). "Bulgaria Becomes First Moscow Ally to Join Boycott". UPI.
16. ^ Markham, James M. (May 11, 1984). "East Germany Joins Soviet in Boycotting Games". The New York Times. Vol. 133, no. 46041\. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014.
17. ^ Vietnam and Mongolia Also Withdraw From Olympics. The Philadelphia Inquirer. May 12, 1984 – A07 National.
18. ^ Reich, Kenneth (May 13, 1984). "Czechs and Laotians Join Boycott: China Confirms It Will Take Part in Summer Olympics". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
19. ^ "Afghanistan Joins Boycott". The New York Times. Vol. 133, no. 46044\. Reuters. May 14, 1984 [May 13, 1984]. p. A6. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021.
20. ^ "Hungary and Poland to Join Olympics Boycott". UPI. May 15, 1984.
21. ^ "Cuba Joins Boycott of Olympics". The Washington Post. May 24, 1984. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
22. ^ Barabak, Mark (June 6, 1984). "Ueberroth Discloses Plan to Convince Cubans to Attend". UPI.
23. ^ Lohmann, Bill (June 8, 1984). "Ueberroth Fails to Convince Castro". UPI.
24. ^ "South Yemen Announces It's Joining the Soviet-led Boycott". UPI. May 26, 1984.
25. ^ "Ethiopia Joins Soviet-led Boycott, Citing U.S. 'Use of Games for Political Purposes' and English Rugby Tour of South Africa". UPI. June 1, 1984.
26. ^ "North Korea Joins the Olympic Boycott". The New York Times. Vol. 132, no. 45758\. June 3, 1984. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024.
27. ^ Strauss, Valerie (June 2, 1984). "North Korea Becomes 14th Nation to Join Soviet-led Boycott". UPI.
28. ^ "After First Accepting Invitation to Summer Games, Angola Withdraws to Join Olympic Boycott". UPI. June 27, 1984.
29. ^ "Iran Announces Boycott of the 1984 Olympics". The New York Times. Vol. 132, no. 45758\. August 2, 1983. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024.
30. ^ "Iran to Boycott Summer Olympics". UPI. January 22, 1984.
31. ^ "West African Nation of Upper Volta Announces LA Games Boycott in Response to South African Rugby Tour". UPI. July 13, 1984.
32. ^ McMane, Fred (July 27, 1984). "Libya Withdraws Entire Sports Delegation from LA Games". UPI.
33. ^ "Lack of Funds Might Force El Salvador to Join Soviet-led Boycott". UPI. May 28, 1984.
34. ^ "Salvadoran Olympic Officials Advised to Seek Funding From IOC". UPI. May 29, 1984.
35. ^ "Bolivia Will Attend the Summer Olympics, Official Sources Say". UPI. June 7, 1984.
36. ^ "Bolivian President Zuazo Reverses Earlier Decision to Boycott". UPI. July 9, 1984.
37. ^ "Just Hours Before Opening Ceremony, Boycotting Nations' Number Rises to 19". UPI. July 28, 1984.
38. ^ "Soviets Claim U.S. Cannot Guarantee Safety of All Athletes". UPI. May 8, 1984.
39. ^ "Full Text of Soviet Statement on Olympic Games". The New York Times. May 9, 1984. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023.
40. ^ Shultz, George (2021) [May 11, 1984]. "Memorandum From Secretary of State Shultz to President Reagan". In Charles, Elizabeth C.; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988: Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985 (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 787 (print) p. 828 (pdf).-787-(print)-p.-828-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1981-88v04/pdf/frus1981-88v04.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
41. ^ Perelman, Richard B., ed. (1985). "Reaction Following the Boycott Announcement". Official Report of the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, Los Angeles, 1984; Volume 1: Organization and Planning. Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 351‑352 (print) pp. 374‑375 (pdf). ISBN 0961451203.-351‑352-(print)-pp.-374‑375-(pdf)&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Olympic+Organizing+Committee&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0961451203&rft_id=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/39098&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
42. ^ Wilson, Harold Edwin Jr. (1993). "Prelude to the 1984 Olympic Games: The Soviet Boycott and Eastern Europe". The Golden Opportunity: A Study of the Romanian Manipulation of the Olympic Movement During the Boycott of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games (Ph.D. thesis). Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 74–79\. ISBN 9798207933658. ProQuest 304081191.
43. ^ Tyner, Howard A. (May 9, 1984). "U.S. Olympic Boycott of 1980 Led to Soviet Decision of 1984". Chicago Tribune. p. D13. Archived from the original on March 26, 2013.
44. ^ "L'actualité du sport en continu". L'Équipe (in French). Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
45. ^ "Samaranch Says Carter Is Responsible for Soviet Boycott". UPI. June 7, 1984.
46. ^ Edelman, Robert Simon (January 2, 2015). "The Russians Are Not Coming! The Soviet Withdrawal from the Games of the XXIII Olympiad". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 32 (1): 34. doi:10.1080/09523367.2014.958669. S2CID 159789042.
47. ^ Metzler, Stan W. (May 12, 1984). "Ueberroth Convinced Soviets' Only Motivation for Boycott is Revenge". UPI.
48. ^ Tosches, Rich (May 11, 1984). "Ueberroth: Soviets Withdrew from the Olympics to 'Give America a Taste of Its Own Medicine'". UPI.
49. ^ Gewertz, Catherine (June 15, 1984). "Ueberroth: Soviet-Led Boycott Would Have Been Avoided, Had Organizers Communicated With Chernenko". UPI.
50. ^ Reagan, Ronald (2021) [February 10, 1984]. "Letter From President Reagan to Soviet General Secretary Chernenko". In Charles, Elizabeth C.; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988: Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985 (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 616 (print) p. 657 (pdf).-616-(print)-p.-657-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v04/d175&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
51. ^ Chernenko, Konstantin (2021) [February 23, 1984]. "Letter From Soviet General Secretary Chernenko to President Reagan". In Charles, Elizabeth C.; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988: Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985 (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 642 (print) p. 683 (pdf).-642-(print)-p.-683-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Chernenko&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v04/d183&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
52. ^ Charles, Elizabeth C.; Rasmussen, Kathleen B., eds. (2021) [March 2, 1984]. "Memorandum of Conversation: Private Meeting on U.S.‑Soviet Relations". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988: Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985 (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 668 (print) p. 709 (pdf). "The President opened the meeting by observing that he felt the time had come to think of something between a get-acquainted meeting and a full summit with the Soviet leader. Such a meeting would allow them to talk about the situation and to lay plans for the future. Protocol indicates that Chernenko should come here if there is another meeting. Perhaps the Olympic Games in Los Angeles would provide an opportunity. There does seem to be a change in the Soviet attitude recently. While he [Reagan] is not going soft, it seems to him that there may be things that he could do by direct communication that others cannot. ... The President said that Chernenko's letter seemed to open a door in that he said things that had not been said before."-668-(print)-p.-709-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v04/d188&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
53. ^ a b c Reagan, Ronald (2007). Brinkley, Douglas (ed.). The Reagan Diaries. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-087600-5.
54. ^ Matlock, Jack (2021) [April 20, 1984]. "Memorandum From Jack Matlock of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs, Bud McFarlane". In Charles, Elizabeth C.; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988: Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985 (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 775 (print) p. 816 (pdf). "The President's desire to meet with Chernenko during the Olympics now seems increasingly impractical. The Soviet handling of the Olympics will in fact be an important element in the relationship. If they stay away, they will step up propaganda to a degree that a shift in the tone of their dealing with us will have to wait a certain cooling off period. This raises the question of whether we should do anything else to attract them to the Olympics."-775-(print)-p.-816-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Matlock&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v04/d214&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
55. ^ a b Anderson, Jim (May 13, 1984). "Soviet Olympics Boycott Aimed at Reagan". UPI.
56. ^ Anderson, Jim (July 11, 1984). "U.S. Says Soviets Sent Leaflets". UPI.
57. ^ "Attorney General Smith Says Soviets Forged KKK Letters to Several Nations". UPI. August 6, 1984.
58. ^ "Soviet Mathematician Detained at Dulles". UPI. May 1, 1984.
59. ^ Sun, Lena H. (June 7, 1984). "Soviet Citizen Who Provoked Incident Departs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017.
60. ^ "Public Superpower Exchange Over Soviet Scholar Harsh". UPI. May 3, 1984.
61. ^ "Moscow Charges U.S. Blocked Departure of Scholar". UPI. May 2, 1984.
62. ^ Perelman, Richard B., ed. (1985). "Formal Visit of the USSR NOC to Los Angeles in December 1983". Official Report of the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, Los Angeles, 1984; Volume 1: Organization and Planning. Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. p. 349 (print) p. 371 (pdf). ISBN 0961451203.-349-(print)-p.-371-(pdf)&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Olympic+Organizing+Committee&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0961451203&rft_id=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/39098&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
63. ^ "Rules: National Olympic Committees: Jurisdiction". Olympic Charter: 1984. Comité International Olympique. p. 17 (print) p. 19 (pdf).-17-(print)-p.-19-(pdf)&rft.pub=Comité+International+Olympique&rft_id=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-172330&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
64. ^ a b c Zimmermann, Warren (2021) [May 9, 1984]. "Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State. Subject: Moscow's Olympic Boycott—A Morning After Analysis". In Charles, Elizabeth C.; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988: Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985 (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. pp. 783‑784 (print) pp. 824‑825 (pdf).-783‑784-(print)-pp.-824‑825-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v04/d217#fn:1.7.4.4.24.160.16.2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
65. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (August 13, 2016). "The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021.
66. ^ "Bryan Fogel Talks 1984 Summer Olympics Boycott". jimrome.com (Podcast). Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
67. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2023) [June 26, 1984]. "Eastern Europe-USSR: Rising Discord Within the Soviet Bloc". In Taylor, Melissa Jane; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988: Eastern Europe (PDF). Vol. X. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 89 (print) p. 130 (pdf).-89-(print)-p.-130-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1981-88v10/pdf/frus1981-88v10.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
68. ^ Anderson, Jim (May 16, 1984). "Expected Games Pullout Will Not Affect Hungary's Trade Status". UPI.
69. ^ "Hungarian Athletes Paid to Skip LA Olympics". UPI. October 17, 1984.
70. ^ "Olympic Games Los Angeles 1984". olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
71. ^ a b Xiaowei Yu (2010). "To Go or Not to Go: An Examination of the People's Republic of China's Participation in the Olympic Games Between 1980 and 1984" (PDF). Proceedings: International Symposium for Olympic Research. International Centre for Olympic Studies: 134. S2CID 150760092. "The purposes of the PRC's two [Olympic participation] decisions were clearly political and served its national interests, despite the two decisions being completely opposite. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan further threatened the PRC's national security by besieging the PRC along its west border, while the Soviet military forces had already threatened its north and south border during the 1970s. ... Thus, the PRC grasped the opportunity of the boycott in 1980 to associate with the U.S. and other Western countries against the Soviet Union. ... Meanwhile, the PRC improved its national sport performance as quickly as possible ... Thus, the decision of the participation in 1984 was caused by the PRC's desire for a positive image and recognition in the world."
72. ^ Sandler, Norman D. (April 27, 1984). "President Reagan Meets With Chinese Leader Deng Xiaoping". UPI.
73. ^ Leavy, Jane (July 23, 1984). "Romania: No Boycott, A Winning Presence". The Washington Post.
74. ^ Yake, D. Byron (July 29, 1984). "'84 Olympics: Gala trumpets in Games". Beaver County Times. AP. p. A1, A10. Retrieved August 28, 2020. "The Romanians, the only Eastern bloc nation to defy the Soviet boycott, were greeted with a standing ovation."
75. ^ McFarlane, Robert (2023) [July 16, 1984]. "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs to President Reagan". In Taylor, Melissa Jane; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988: Eastern Europe (PDF). Vol. X. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. pp. 349‑350 (print) pp. 390‑391 (pdf). "In the long run, what keeps Romania on its present course is a commitment to national independence. And in the short run, although he may hope to be rewarded for it, Ceaușescu's Olympic decision was aimed less at us than at his athletes and at his own popular standing (now lower than ever)."-349‑350-(print)-pp.-390‑391-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1981-88v10/pdf/frus1981-88v10.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
76. ^ Reagan, Ronald (2023) [January 24, 1985]. "Letter From President Reagan to Romanian President Ceausescu". In Taylor, Melissa Jane; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988: Eastern Europe (PDF). Vol. X. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 370 (print) p. 411 (pdf).-370-(print)-p.-411-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1981-88v10/pdf/frus1981-88v10.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
77. ^ Myers, Morley (June 4, 1985). "Ceauşescu Awarded Olympic Order". UPI.
78. ^ Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. State Department (2005) [December 20, 1972]. "Somalia: The Soviet Presence". In Hilts, Joseph; Humphrey, David C.; Keefer, Edward C. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976: Part 1, Documents on Sub-Saharan Africa, 1969-1972. Vol. E-5. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. Document # 333.-#-333&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Bureau+of+Intelligence+and+Research,+U.S.+State+Department&rft_id=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve05p1/d333&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
79. ^ Krimer, William D. (2016) [May 27, 1978]. "Memorandum of Conversation - Subject: SALT, CTB, Africa, Human Rights". In Woodroofe, Louise P.; Howard, Adam M. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980: Horn of Africa (PDF). Vol. XVII. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. pp. 235‑236 (print) pp. 270‑271 (pdf).-235‑236-(print)-pp.-270‑271-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Krimer&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v17p1/pdf/frus1977-80v17p1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
80. ^ Špiljak, Mika (2023) [March 26, 1984]. "Letter From Yugoslav President Špiljak to President Reagan". In Taylor, Melissa Jane; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988: Eastern Europe (PDF). Vol. X. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 645 (print) p. 686 (pdf). "We have been honored by your interest in and compliments for the recently concluded Winter Olympic Games in Sarajevo which, we believe, were held in the spirit of the noble Olympic ideals of friendship and sportsmanship. We hope that the Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles will be a full success."-645-(print)-p.-686-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Špiljak&rft.aufirst=Mika&rft_id=https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1981-88v10/pdf/frus1981-88v10.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
81. ^ Reagan, Ronald (2023) [March 5, 1984]. "Letter From President Reagan to Yugoslav President Špiljak". In Taylor, Melissa Jane; Rasmussen, Kathleen B. (eds.). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988: Eastern Europe (PDF). Vol. X. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 641 (print) p. 682 (pdf). "Americans have watched the Winter Olympic Games in Sarajevo with great interest. The Yugoslav Olympic Committee did an outstanding job in putting the games together, and the United States is proud to co-host these 1984 events."-641-(print)-p.-682-(pdf)&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1981-88v10/pdf/frus1981-88v10.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:1984+Summer+Olympics+boycott" class="Z3988">
82. ^ "Ten East Bloc Countries Agree to Hold Their Own Summer Games". UPI. May 24, 1984.
83. ^ "Chernenko Absent From Friendship-84 Closing". UPI. August 30, 1984.
84. ^ Butler, Nick (May 16, 2014). "Czech Olympic Committee Apologizes To Athletes Who Missed Los Angeles 1984 Due To Boycott". Czech News Agency. ProQuest 1523708824. Archived from the original on December 13, 2024.

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Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents

By year|

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* List of stripped Olympic medals
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Cold War

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1950s|

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* Sino-Soviet split
* Night Frost Crisis

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* John F. Kennedy
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Berlin Wall
* Annexation of Goa
* Papua conflict
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Sand War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Angolan War of Independence
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen civil war
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar War
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* Revolutionary Government
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* New People's Army rebellion
* Note Crisis

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Cambodian Civil War
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1970 Polish protests
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1971 Bolivian coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* First Yemenite War
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
* Siege of Dhaka (1975)
* Sipahi-Janata revolution
* Angolan Civil War
* Cambodian genocide
* June 1976 protests
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Sino-Albanian split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Cambodian conflict
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan War
* Second Yemenite War
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Gdańsk Agreement
* Solidarity
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Martial law in Poland
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen civil war
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation Denver
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* Operation RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Conservatism
* American conservatism
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid
* Finlandization

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Radio Moscow
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* M. E. Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Pax Atomica
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

Era of Stagnation

Events (1964–1982)|

* Collective leadership
* Glassboro Summit Conference
* Six-Day War
* Prague Spring
* Invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 1968 Red Square demonstration
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Brezhnev assassination attempt
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* Détente
* 1973 oil crisis
* Fall of Saigon
* Vladivostok Summit
* Helsinki Accords
* 1977 Moscow bombings
* 1977 Soviet constitution
* 1978 Georgian demonstrations
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* 1980 Summer Olympics
* Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis
* Exercise Zapad
* Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev
* Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev

Events (1982–1985)|

* RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* 1983 false nuclear alarm incident
* Able Archer 83
* Uzbek cotton scandal
* 1984 Summer Olympics boycott
* Friendship Games

Politburo members

* 22nd
* 23rd
* 24th
* 25th
* 26th

* Aliyev
* Andropov
* Brezhnev
* Chebrikov
* Chernenko
* Demichev
* Dolgikh
* Efremov
* Gorbachev
* Grechko
* Grishin
* Gromyko
* Kirilenko
* Kiselyov
* Kunaev
* Kosygin
* Kulakov
* Kuznetsov
* Masherov
* Mazurov
* Mikoyan
* Mzhavanadze
* Pelše
* Podgorny
* Polyansky
* Ponomarev
* Rashidov
* Romanov
* Shcherbytsky
* Shelepin
* Shelest
* Shevardnadze
* Shvernik
* Solomentsev
* Suslov
* Tikhonov
* Ustinov
* Voronov
* Vorotnikov

Leaders|

* The Troika (Brezhnev
* Kosygin
* Podgorny)
* Yuri Andropov
* Konstantin Chernenko

Governments|

* Kosygin's 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* Tikhonov's 1st
* 2nd

National economy|

| Reforms|

* OGAS
* 1965
* 1973
* 1979
* Food Programme
* 1984

|

Five-year plans|

* 8th plan
* 9th plan
* 10th plan
* 11th plan

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