1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Selection of the Democratic Party nominee

1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

* * *

| <- 1984 | February 8 to June 14, 1988 | 1992 ->

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* * *

4,105 delegates to the Democratic National Convention
2,053 (majority) votes needed to win
|  |  |  |

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Candidate  | Michael Dukakis | Jesse Jackson | Al Gore
Home state  | Massachusetts | South Carolina | Tennessee
Delegate count  | 1,792 | 1,023  | 374
Contests won  | 30 | 13  | 7
Popular vote  | 10,024,101 | 6,941,816  | 3,190,992
Percentage  | 42.4% | 29.3%  | 13.5%

* * *

|  |
Candidate  | Paul Simon | Dick Gephardt
Home state  | Illinois | Missouri
Delegate count  | 161  | 137
Contests won  | 1  | 3
Popular vote  | 1,107,692  | 1,452,331
Percentage  | 4.7%  | 6.1%

* * *

First place by convention roll call

* * *

| Previous Democratic nominee

Walter Mondale

| Democratic nominee

Michael Dukakis

|

From February 8 to June 14, 1988, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election. Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Democratic National Convention held from July 18 to July 21, 1988, in Atlanta, Georgia.

## Background

[edit]

Having been badly defeated in the 1984 presidential election, the Democrats in 1985 and 1986 were eager to find a new approach to win the presidency. They created the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), with the aim of recruiting a candidate for the 1988 election.[citation needed]

The large gains in the 1986 mid-term elections (which resulted in the Democrats taking back control of the Senate after six years of Republican rule) and the continuing Iran–Contra affair gave Democrats confidence in the run-up to the primary season.[citation needed]

## Candidates

[edit]

### Nominee

[edit]

Candidate  | Most recent office  | Home state  | Campaign

Withdrawal date

| Popular

vote

| Contests won  | Running mate

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Michael Dukakis |  |  | Governor of Massachusetts
(1975–1979,
1983–1991)  |  Massachusetts |

(Campaign)
Secured nomination:
June 7, 1988

| 10,024,101
(42.37%) | 30
NH, MN, ME primary, VT primary
FL, HI caucus, ID caucus, MD
MA, RI, TX, WA
AS caucus, CO caucus, KS caucus
CT, WI, AZ caucus, NY, UT caucus, PA, IN
OH, NE, OR, CA, MT, NJ, NM, ND | Lloyd Bentsen

### Withdrew during primaries or convention

[edit]

Candidate  | Most recent office  | Home state  | Campaign

Withdrawal date

| Popular vote  | Contests won

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Jesse Jackson |  |  | Civil rights leader  |  South Carolina |
Eliminated at convention: July 21, 1988
(Campaign) | 6,941,816
(29.34%) | 13
AL, GA, LA, MS, VA
AK caucus, SC, PR
VT caucus, MI caucus, DE caucus, DC
Al Gore |  |  | U.S. Senator
from Tennessee
(1985–1993)  |  Tennessee |
Withdrew: April 21, 1988
(Campaign) | 3,190,992
(13.49%) | 7
WY caucus, AR, KY
NV caucus, NC, OK, TN
Paul Simon |  |  | U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(1985–1997)  |  Illinois |
Withdrew: April 7, 1988
(Campaign) | 1,107,692
(4.68%) | 1

Dick Gephardt |  |  | U.S. Representative
from Missouri
(1977–2005)  |  Missouri |
Withdrew: March 29, 1988
(Campaign) | 1,452,331
(6.14%) | 3
IA caucus, SD, MO
Gary Hart |  |  | U.S. Senator
from Colorado
(1975–1987)  |  Colorado |
Suspended campaign: May 8, 1987
Re-entered: December 12, 1987
Withdrew: March 12, 1988
(Campaign) | 390,200
(1.65%) | 0

#### Candidates who received less than 1%

[edit]

* Governor of Arizona
Bruce Babbitt
(Withdrew Feb. 18)

* Activist and conspiracy theorist
Lyndon LaRouche

* Former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
David Duke
(campaign)

* Representative
Douglas Applegate
of Ohio

### Withdrew before primaries

[edit]

Candidate  | Experience  | Home state  | Campaign

Withdrawal date

|
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|

Pat Schroeder |  | U.S. Representative
from Colorado
(1973–1997)  |  Colorado | Withdrew: September 28, 1987(Campaign)
Joe Biden |  | U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009)  |  Delaware |
Withdrew: September 23, 1987
(Campaign)

### Declined

[edit]

* Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas
* Senator Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia
* Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts (December 19, 1985)[1]
* Businessman Lee Iacocca (July 16, 1986)
* Governor Mario Cuomo of New York (February 19, 1987)
* Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia (February 21, 1987)
* Senator Dale Bumpers of Arkansas (March 20, 1987)
* Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas (July 15, 1987)
* Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey (August 2, 1987)
* Former Governor Chuck Robb of Virginia (November 12, 1987)

## Polling

[edit]

### Nationwide polling

[edit]

1986

Poll source  | Publication  |

Bruce Babbitt

Joseph Biden

Bill Bradley

Tom Bradley

Dale Bumpers

Bill Clinton

Tony Coelho

Mario Cuomo

Michael Dukakis

Dianne Feinstein

Richard Gephardt

Gary Hart

Lee Iacocca

Jesse Jackson

Sam Nunn

Chuck Robb

Jay Rockefeller

Patricia Schroeder

Mark White

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Gallup[a][2] | Jan 10-13, 1986  | 1%  | 1%  | 8%  | 8%  | 1%  | \-  | *  | 22%  | \-  | 3%  | 2%  | 47% | 18%  | 16%  | 3%  | 3%  | 6%  | 1%  | 5%
Gallup[a][3] | April 11-14, 1986  | 1%  | 1%  | 6%  | 7%  | 2%  | \-  | *  | 27%  | \-  | 4%  | 1%  | 39% | 14%  | 18%  | 2%  | 5%  | 6%  | 2%  | 2%
Gallup[a][4] | June 9-16, 1986  | *  | *  | 7%  | 7%  | *  | *  | *  | 22%  | \-  | 4%  | *  | 34% | 26%  | 17%  | *  | 3%  | 6%  | *  | 3%
\-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 30%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 55% | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
\-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 59% | 28%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
\-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 75% | \-  | 14%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
Gallup[5] | September 3-17, 1986  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 29%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 54% | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
\-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 58% | 29%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
\-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 74% | \-  | 15%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
Gallup[a][6] | October 24-27, 1986  | *  | *  | 8%  | 7%  | *  | *  | *  | 27%  | 3%  | *  | *  | 32% | 26%  | 14%  | *  | 3%  | 6%  | *  | 3%

1987

Poll source  | Publication  |

Bruce Babbitt

Joseph Biden

Bill Bradley

Dale Bumpers

Bill Clinton

Mario Cuomo

Michael Dukakis

Richard Gephardt

Al Gore

Gary Hart

Lee Iacocca

Jesse Jackson

Sam Nunn

Chuck Robb

Paul Simon

Pat Schroeder

Others

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Washington Post - ABC-News[7][8] | January 15-19, 1987  | 2%  | 1%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 18%  | \-  | 1%  | \-  | 39% | \-  | 13%  | 4%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
Gallup[a][9] | Jan 16-19, 1987  | 1%  | 2%  | 11%  | 4%  | \-  | 23%  | 3%  | 1%  | \-  | 53% | 29%  | 21%  | 5%  | 6%  | \-  | \-  | \-
\-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 23%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 60% | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
New York Times - CBS-News[10] | Jan 18-21, 1987  | 1%  | 1%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 17%  | 1%  | 2%  | \-  | 33% | \-  | 9%  | 3%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
Washington Post - ABC-News[11] | March 5-9, 1987  | 1%  | 1%  | \-  | 3%  | \-  | \-  | 4%  | 3%  | \-  | 46% | \-  | 14%  | 4%  | 2%  | \-  | \-  | \-
Gallup[12] | April 10-13, 1987  | 4%  | 2%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 7%  | 6%  | 6%  | \-  | \-  | 27% | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 12%
Washington Post - ABC-News[13] | May 4, 1987  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 9%  | \-  | \-  | 36% | \-  | 12%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
New York Times - CBS-News[14] | May 5-6, 1987  | 1%  | 1%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 6%  | 4%  | \-  | 32% | \-  | 10%  | \-  | \-  | 1%  | \-  | \-
Gallup[15] | May 6-7, 1987  | 2%  | 1%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 11%  | 7%  | 6%  | \-  | \-  | 22% | \-  | \-  | 9%  | \-  | 5%
New York Times - CBS-News[16] | May 11-14, 1987  | 2%  | 2%  | \-  | \-  | 2%  | \-  | 11%  | 4%  | 5%  | \-  | \-  | 17% | \-  | \-  | 6%  | \-  | \-
3%  | 1%  | 6%  | \-  | 2%  | 25% | 6%  | 3%  | 4%  | \-  | \-  | 12%  | 4%  | \-  | 5%  | \-  | \-
Washington Post - ABC-News[17] | May 28-June 2, 1987  | 4%  | 3%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | *  | 11%  | 10%  | 5%  | \-  | \-  | 25% | \-  | \-  | 13%  | \-  | \-
Gallup[18] | June 8-14, 1987  | 2%  | 7%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 11%  | 7%  | 5%  | \-  | \-  | 18% | \-  | \-  | 7%  | \-  | 5%
Gallup[19] | July 10-13, 1987  | 2%  | 4%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 13%  | 3%  | 8%  | \-  | \-  | 17% | \-  | \-  | 7%  | \-  | 2%
New York Times - CBS-News[20] | July 21-22, 1987  | 3%  | 4%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 8%  | 3%  | 7%  | \-  | \-  | 14% | \-  | \-  | 7%  | 5%  | 3%
Gallup[21] | Aug. 24-Sep. 2, 1987  | 2%  | 3%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 13%  | 6%  | 8%  | \-  | \-  | 19% | \-  | \-  | 7%  | 6%  | 2%
Gallup - Times Mirror Co.[22] | Sep. 1-13, 1987  | 1%  | 4%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 15%  | 7%  | 6%  | \-  | \-  | 24% | \-  | \-  | 7%  | 3%  | 3%
Washington Post - ABC-News[23] | September 17-23, 1987  | 4%  | 6%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 12%  | 8%  | 7%  | \-  | \-  | 23% | \-  | \-  | 7%  | \-  | \-
Gallup[24] | October 23-26, 1987  | 1%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 14%  | 5%  | 7%  | \-  | \-  | 22% | \-  | \-  | 8%  | \-  | *
Washington Post - ABC-News[25] | December 13-15, 1987  | 4%  | 6%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 15%  | 8%  | 7%  | 30% | \-  | 20%  | \-  | \-  | 7%  | \-  | \-
New York Times - CBS-News[26] | December 15, 1987  | 2%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 9%  | 1%  | 5%  | 21% | \-  | 17%  | \-  | \-  | 4%  | \-  | \-
4%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 11%  | 3%  | 5%  | \-  | \-  | 22% | \-  | \-  | 5%  | \-  | \-
Gallup[27] | Dec. 7-28, 1987  | 3%  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 10%  | 2%  | 5%  | 31% | \-  | 13%  | \-  | \-  | 10%  | \-  | 26%

1988

Poll source  | Publication  |

Bruce Babbitt

Michael Dukakis

Dick Gephardt

Al Gore

Gary Hart

Jesse Jackson

Paul Simon

Other/Undecided

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YCS[28] | Jan. 3–6, 1988  | –  | 11%  | 4%  | –  | 28% | 17%  | 13%  | 27%
CBS News/New York Times[28] | Jan. 17–21, 1988  | 2%  | 6%  | 4%  | 4%  | 23% | 17%  | 9%  | 35%
Washington Post/ABC[28] | Jan. 17–23, 1988  | 3%  | 11%  | 4%  | –  | 23%  | 25% | 12%  | 22%
Gallup[29][28] | Jan. 22–24, 1988  | 3%  | 16%  | 9%  | 6%  | 23% | 15%  | 9%  | 19%
Harris Interactive[28] | Jan. 7–26, 1988  | –  | 15%  | 6%  | –  | 19% | 15%  | 8%  | 37%
Gordon Black[28] | Jan. 21–28, 1988  | –  | 13%  | 9%  | –  | 17% | 13%  | 7%  | 41%
CBS News/New York Times[28] | Jan. 30–31, 1988  | –  | 8%  | 4%  | –  | 18% | 16%  | 6%  | 48%
February 8: Iowa caucus
February 16: New Hampshire primary
CBS News/New York Times[b][30] | Feb. 17–21, 1988  | 1%  | 21% | 12%  | 8%  | 10%  | 13%  | 6%  | 30%
March 8: Super Tuesday
CBS News/New York Times[30] | Mar. 19–22, 1988  | –  | 29% | 8%  | 14%  | –  | 22%  | 6%  | 21%

Head-to-head polling

Poll source  | Publication  | Sample

size

| Margin

of error

Mario Cuomo

Gary Hart

Lee Iacocca

Jesse Jackson

Other/Undecided

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Gallup[31] | June 9–16, 1986  | 452 RV  | ±6.0%  | 30%  | 55% | –  | —  | 15%
–  | 59% | 28%  | —  | 13%
—  | 75% | –  | 14%  | 11%

### Statewide and regional polling

[edit]

South

Poll source  | Dates  | Sample
size  | Margin
of error  |

Bruce Babbitt

Joe Biden

Mario Cuomo

Michael Dukakis

Dick Gephardt

Al Gore

Gary Hart

Jesse Jackson

Paul Simon

Other/Undecided

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Atlanta Journal-Constitution[32][c] | Sep. 18–28, 1987  | 6,452 A  | ±2.0%  | 3%  | 3%  | –  | 9%  | 5%  | 13%  | –  | 27% | 5%  | 35%[d]
–  | –  | 17%  | –  | –  | –  | 27% | 11%  | –  | 45%[e]

California

Poll source  | Dates  | Sample
size  | Margin
of error  |

Bruce Babbitt

Joe Biden

Michael Dukakis

Dick Gephardt

Al Gore

Gary Hart

Jesse Jackson

Paul Simon

Other/Undecided

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Teichner/Sacramento Bee[33] | May 8–9, 1987  | 510 RV  | ±4.0%  | 3%  | 4%  | 5%  | 2%  | 2%  | 34% | 9%  | 2%  | 39%
2%  | 4%  | 8%  | 5%  | 5%  | –  | 13% | 3%  | 40%

Maryland

Poll source  | Dates  | Sample
size  | Margin
of error  |

Bruce Babbitt

Joe Biden

Michael Dukakis

Dick Gephardt

Al Gore

Gary Hart

Jesse Jackson

Paul Simon

Other/Undecided

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Savitz Research Center[34] | October 9–14, 1987  | 559 RV  | ±4.0%  | 2%  | –  | 12%  | 5%  | 6%  | –  | 35% | 6%  | 35%[f]

New Hampshire

Poll source  | Dates  | Sample
size  | Margin
of error  |

Bruce Babbitt

Joe Biden

Mario Cuomo

Michael Dukakis

Dick Gephardt

Al Gore

Gary Hart

Jesse Jackson

Chuck Robb

Paul Simon

Other/Undecided

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Bannon Research[35] | Sep.–Oct. 1986  | 501 LV  | ±5.0%  | 1%  | 1%  | 26%  | –  | 1%  | –  | 47% | 6%  | 1%  | –  | 19%
1%  | 1%  | 19%  | 27%  | 1%  | —  | 33% | 3%  | –  | –  | 17%

## Pre-primary events

[edit]

### The Hart-Rice affair

[edit]

Former U.S. Senator Gary Hart delivers a speech in 1987. Hart was the runner-up for the 1984 Democratic nomination and front-runner for 1988, but his campaign faltered and collapsed after revelations of an extra-marital affair.

The Democratic front-runner for most of 1987 was former Colorado Senator Gary Hart.[36] Hart had made a strong showing in the 1984 primaries and, after Mondale's defeat in the presidential election, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win.[37]

However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Hart's campaign.[38] One of the great myths is that Senator Hart challenged the media to "put a tail" on him and that reporters then took him up on that challenge. In fact, Hart had told E. J. Dionne of The New York Times that if reporters followed him around, they would "be bored". However, in a separate investigation, the Miami Herald claimed to have received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart. It was only after Hart had been discovered that the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a pre-print of The New York Times Magazine.[39]

On May 8, 1987, a week after the Donna Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race.[38]

In December 1987, Hart surprised many political pundits by resuming his presidential campaign.[40] He again led in the polls for the Democratic nomination, both nationally and in Iowa. However, the allegations of adultery and reports of irregularities in his campaign financing had delivered a fatal blow to his candidacy, and he fared poorly in the early primaries before dropping out again.[41]

The Hart scandal would later be depicted in the 2018 film The Front Runner, with Hugh Jackman portraying Hart.

### Biden plagiarism scandals

[edit]

Senator Joe Biden was another early contender who was forced to withdraw before the primaries when multiple plagiarism scandals derailed his candidacy.

See also: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign

Delaware Senator Joe Biden led a highly competitive campaign which ended in controversy after he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party.[42] Though Biden had correctly credited the original author in all speeches but one, the one of which he failed to make mention of the originator was caught on video and sent to the press by members of the Dukakis campaign. In the video Biden is filmed repeating a stump speech by Kinnock, with only minor modifications. Michael Dukakis later acknowledged that his campaign was responsible for leaking the tape, and two members of his staff resigned.[43]

It was also discovered that Biden had been guilty of plagiarism years before, while a student at the Syracuse University College of Law in the 1960s. Though Biden professed his integrity, the impression lingering in the media as the result of this double punch would lead him to drop out of the race.[43] He formally suspended his campaign on September 28, 1987.

The Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility would later clear Biden of the law school plagiarism charges.[44]

After campaigns in 2008 and 2020, Biden was elected vice president in 2008 and 2012 and president in 2020.

## Endorsements

[edit]

Main article: Endorsements in the 1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

## Results

[edit]

In the Iowa caucuses, Gephardt finished first, Simon finished second, and Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis finished first, Gephardt finished second, and Simon finished third. Dukakis and Gore campaigned hard against Gephardt with negative ads, and eventually the United Auto Workers retracted their endorsement of Gephardt, who was heavily dependent on labor union backing.

In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, Gore five, Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois. 1988 is tied with 1992 as the race with the most candidates winning primaries since the McGovern reforms of 1971. Gore's effort to paint Dukakis as too liberal for the general election proved unsuccessful and he eventually withdrew. Jackson focused more on getting enough delegates to make sure African-American interests were represented in the platform than on winning outright.[45] Dukakis eventually emerged as the party's nominee.

Date[46][47]
(daily totals) | Total pledged
delegates[48] | Contest  | Delegates won and popular vote  | Total

|
|
|
|

Michael Dukakis  | Jesse Jackson  | Al Gore  | Paul Simon  | Dick Gephardt  | Others
|  |  |  |  |
February 8  | 45  | Iowa caucus[49] | 12
27,750 (22.2%) |
11,000 (8.8%) |
80 (0.0%) | 15
33,375 (26.7%) | 18
39,125 (31.3%) |
13,625 (10.9%) | 124,955
February 16  | 16  | New Hampshire[50][51] | 8
44,112 (35.9%) |
9,615 (7.8%) |
8,400 (6.8%) | 4
21,094 (17.2%) | 4
24,513 (19.9%) |
15,179 (12.3%) | 122,913
February 23  | 68  | Minnesota[52] | 25
8,990 (33.9%) | 15
5,270 (19.8%) |
274 (1.0%) | 13
4,766 (18.0%) |
1,970 (7.4%) |
5,281 (19.9%) | 26,551
17  | South Dakota[52] | 7
22,349 (31.2%) |
3,867 (5.4%) |
5,993 (7.0%) |
3,992 (5.6%) | 10
31,184 (43.5%) |
4,221 (5.9%) | 71,606
February 28  | 20  | Maine primary[53] | 8
3,170 (36.3%) | 7
2,722 (31.1%) |
139 (1.6%) |
378 (4.3%) |
282 (3.2%) |
2,053 (23.5%) | 8,744
March 1  | 12  | Vermont Caucus[54] | 6
582 (41.5%) | 6
696 (49.6%) |
6 (0.0%) | —  | —  |
120 (8.5%) | 1,404
March 5  | 11  | Wyoming caucus[55] | 4
76 (28.1%) |
38 (14.1%) | 4
88 (32.6%) |
6 (2.2%) | 3
61 (22.6%) |
1 (0.0%) | 270
March 8
(Super Tuesday)
(1099) | 47  | Alabama[56] |
31,206 (7.7%) | 25
176,764 (43.6%) | 22
151,739 (37.4%) |
3,063 (0.8%) |
30,214 (7.4%) |
12,845 (3.2%) | 405,831
32  | Arkansas[57] | 8
94,103 (18.9%) | 7
85,003 (17.1%) | 16
185,758 (37.3%) |
9,020 (1.8%) |
59,711 (12.0%) |
63,949 (12.9%) | 497,544
101  | Florida[58] | 68
520,868 (41.1%) | 33
254,825 (20.1%) |
161,106 (12.7%) |
27,592 (2.2%) |
182,779 (14.4%) |
121,606 (9.6%) | 1,268,776
64  | Georgia[59] |
97,179 (15.6%) | 29
247,831 (39.8%) | 24
201,490 (32.4%) |
8,388 (1.3%) |
41,489 (6.7%) |
26,375 (4.2%) | 622,752
17  | Hawaii caucus[60] | 10
2,716 | 7
1,739 |
58 |
46 |
98 |
318 |
16  | Idaho caucus[61] | 7
144 | 4
73 |
32 |
16 |
3 |
112 |
48  | Kentucky[62] | 11
59,433 (18.6%) | 9
49,667 (16.6%) | 27
145,988 (45.8%) |
9,393 (2.9%) |
28,982 (9.1%) |
25,258 (7.9%) | 318,721
52  | Louisiana[63] | 10
95,661 (15.3%) | 23
221,522 (35.4%) | 18
174,971 (28.0%) |
5,153 (0.8%) |
67,029 (10.7%) |
60,683 (9.7%) | 625,019
56  | Maryland[64] | 34
242,479 (47.0%) | 22
152,642 (29.6%) |
46,063 (8.9%) |
16,013 (3.1%) |
42,059 (8.2%) |
16,631 (3.2%) | 515,887
93  | Massachusetts[65] | 71
418,256 (58.6%) | 22
133,385 (18.7%) |
31,631 (4.4%) |
26,176 (3.7%) |
72,943 (10.2%) |
31,552 (4.4%) | 713,943
40  | Mississippi[66] | 1
29,941 (8.3%) | 24
160,651 (44.7%) | 15
120,364 (33.5%) |
2,118 (0.6%) |
19,693 (5.5%) |
26,650 (7.4%) | 359,417
71  | Missouri[67] |
61,303 (11.6%) | 18
106,386 (20.2%) |
14,549 (2.8%) |
21,433 (4.1%) | 53
305,287 (57.8%) |
18,857 (3.6%) | 527,815
12  | Nevada caucus[68] | 3
427 | 3
382 | 4
491 |
20 |
33 | 2
285 |
68  | North Carolina[69] | 16
137,993 (20.3%) | 25
224,177 (33.0%) | 27
235,669 (34.7%) |
8,032 (1.2%) |
37,553 (5.5%) |
36,534 (5.4%) | 679,958
39  | Oklahoma[70] | 9
66,278 (16.9%) |
52,417 (13.3%) | 20
162,584 (41.4%) |
6,901 (1.8%) | 10
82,596 (21.0%) |
21,951 (5.6%) | 392,727
20  | Rhode Island[71] | 16
34,159 (70.0%) | 4
7,369 (15.1%) |
1,932 (4.0%) |
1,392 (2.9%) |
2,013 (4.1%) |
1,958 (4.0%) | 48,823
56  | Tennessee[72] |
19,348 (3.4%) | 12
119,248 (20.7%) | 44
416,861 (72.3%) |
2,647 (0.5%) |
8,470 (1.5%) |
9,740 (1.7%) | 576,314
145  | Texas[73] | 61
579,713 | 46
433,335 | 38
357,764 |
34,499 |
240,158 |
121,576 |
62  | Virginia[74] | 15
80,183 (22.0%) | 32
164,709 (45.1%) | 15
81,419 (22.3%) |
7,045 (1.9%) |
15,935 (4.4%) |
15,608 (4.3%) | 364,899
53  | Washington[75] | 29
3,784 | 24
3,083 |
166 |
300 |
78 |
1,074 |
6  | American Samoa caucus[76] | 4
(39%) |
(7%) | —  | —  | 2
(22%) |
(32%) |
March 10  | 10  | Alaska caucus[77] | 3
774 | 4
882 |
48 |
18 |
15 |
791 |
March 12  | 36  | Colorado caucus[78] | 17
4,852 | 13
3,720 |
307 |
14 | —  | 6
1,867 |
37  | South Carolina[79] |
1,018 | 22
8,114 | 7
2,777 |
36 |
307 | 8
2,853 |
March 15  | 160  | Illinois[80] | 29
245,289 | 57
484,233 |
77,265 | 74
635,219 |
35,108 |
23,816 |
March 19  | 34[g] | Kansas caucus[81] | 15
278 | 13
235 | 7
125 | —  |
12 |
114 |
March 20  | 40  | Puerto Rico[82] | 11
70,733 | 13
87,757 | 7
45,361 | 9
57,639 |
9,159 |
3,753 |
March 26  | 127  | Michigan caucus[83] | 45
61,674 | 82
113,777 |
4,253 |
4,466 |
27,222 |
326 |
March 29[84] | 63[85] | Connecticut[86] | 35
(58%) | 17
(28%) |
(8%) |
(1%) | —  | 11[h]
(5%) |
April 5  | 81[87] | Wisconsin[88] | 44
(47%) | 24
(30%) | 13
(17%) |
(5%) | —  |
(1%) |
April 16  | 36[89] | Arizona caucus[90] |
(54%) |
(38%) |
(5%) |
(1%) | —  |
(2%) |
April 18  | 15[91] | Delaware caucus[92] |
51.5 (27.3%) |
86.5 (45.8%) |
4 (2.1%) | —  | —  |
47 (24.9%)
April 19  | 243[i] | New York[93] | 142
801,457 | 87
585,076 | 5
157,559 |
17,011 | –  |
14,083 |
April 25  | 23  | Utah caucus[94] | 19
(72%) | 4
(15%) | –  | –  | –  |
(13%) |
April 26  | 161  | Pennsylvania[95] | 114
1,002,480 | 47
411,260 |
44,542 |
9,692 |
7,254 |
32,462 |
May 3  | 79[96] | Indiana[97] | 63
(70%) | 16
(22%) |
(3%) |
(2%) |
(3%) | —  |
159[98] | Ohio[99] | 115
(63%) | 41
(27%) |
(2%) |
(1%) | –  | 3
(7%)[j] |
16[100] | Washington, D.C.[101] | 3
(18%) | 13
(80%) |
(1%) |
(1%) | –  | —  |
May 10  | 25  | Nebraska[102] | 18
(63%) | 7
(26%) |
(1%) |
(1%) |
(3%) |
(6%) |
37  | West Virginia[103] | 36
(75%) | 1
(13%) |
(3%) |
(1%) |
(2%) |
(6%) |
May 17  | 45  | Oregon[104] | 27
(57%) | 18
(38%) |
(1%) |
(1%) |
(2%) |
(1%)
June 7  | 272  | California[105] | 173
1,910,808 | 99
1,102,093 |
56,645 |
43,771 | –  |
25,417 |
19[106] | Montana[107] | 15
(69%) | 4
(22%) |
(2%) |
(1%) |
(3%) |
(3%)
100  | New Jersey[108] | 66
414,829 | 34
213,705 |
18,062 | —  | —  |
7,706 |
24  | New Mexico[109] | 16
(61%) | 8
(28%) |
(3%) |
(2%) | –  |
(6%) |
June 14  | ?  | North Dakota[110] |
(85%) |
(15%) | –  | –  | –  | –  |
Total[111] |  |  | 1,427
10,024,101 (42.37%) | 1,046
6,941,816 (29.34%) | 307
3,190,992 (13.49%) | 115
1,452,331 (6.14%) | 98
1,107,692 (4.68%) | 30
940,431 (3.98%) |

## Convention and general election

[edit]

Main articles: 1988 Democratic National Convention and 1988 United States presidential election

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia, July 18–21. The Dukakis nominating speech delivered by Arkansas governor and future president Bill Clinton was widely criticized as too long and tedious.[112]

Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards, (who two years later became the state governor in 1990), delivered a memorable keynote address in which she uttered the lines "Poor George [Bush], he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth." Six years later, Bush's son George W. Bush would deny Richards re-election as Texas Governor in 1994.

With most candidates having withdrawn and asking their delegates to vote for Dukakis, the tally for president was as follows:[113]

* Michael Dukakis \- 2,877 (70.09%)
* Jesse Jackson \- 1,219 (29.70%)
* Richard Stallings \- 3 (0.07%)
* Joe Biden \- 2 (0.05%)
* Dick Gephardt \- 2 (0.05%)
* Lloyd Bentsen \- 1 (0.02%)
* Gary Hart \- 1 (0.02%)

Jesse Jackson's campaign believed that since they had come in a respectable second, Jackson was entitled to the vice presidential spot. Dukakis refused, and gave the spot to Lloyd Bentsen.

Bentsen was selected in large part to secure the state of Texas and its large electoral vote for the Democrats. During the vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate and Senator Dan Quayle ignored a head-on confrontation with Bentsen (aside from the "Jack Kennedy" comparison) and spent his time attacking Dukakis.

## See also

[edit]

* 1988 Republican Party presidential primaries

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Poll combines first- and second-choice responses.
2. ^ This poll intentionally oversampled voters in border and Southern states in advance of Super Tuesday.
3. ^ Poll of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessse, Texas, and Virginia.
4. ^ Including 5% for Pat Schroeder.
5. ^ Including 14% for Sam Nunn.
6. ^ 12% for "someone else."
7. ^ The delegate totals add up to 35.
8. ^ Only 52 of the 63 delegates were awarded via the primary vote according to the article sourced.
9. ^ The delegate total adds up to 234.
10. ^ 1 delegate each for favorite sons Rep. James Traficant, Douglas Applegate and since-withdrawn candidate Gary Hart

## References

[edit]

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36. ^ John Dillin for The Christian Science Monitor. 23 February 1987 Cuomo's `no' opens door for dark horses
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41. ^ Associated Press, in the Los Angeles Times. 13 March 1988 Quits Campaign : 'The People 'Have Decided,' Hart Declares
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51. ^ New Hampshire. Dept. of State (1989). Manual for the General Court. University of New Hampshire Library. Concord, N.H. : Dept. of State. pp. 132, 153.
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73. ^ "Our Campaigns - TX US President - D Primary Race - Mar. 08, 1988". Our Campaigns.
74. ^ "Our Campaigns - VA US President - D Primary Race - Mar. 08, 1988". Our Campaigns.
75. ^ "Our Campaigns - WA US President - D Caucus Race - Mar. 08, 1988". Our Campaigns.
76. ^ "After Super Tuesday: Caucus Tallies". The New York Times. 10 March 1988. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
77. ^ "Our Campaigns - AK US President - D Caucus Race - Mar. 10, 1988". Our Campaigns.
78. ^ "Our Campaigns - CO US President - D Caucus Race - Mar. 12, 1988". Our Campaigns.
79. ^ "Our Campaigns - SC US President - D Primary Race - Mar. 12, 1988". Our Campaigns.
80. ^ Rothberg, Donald M. (March 16, 1988). "Simon win clouds Democratic race". Google News Search Archive. Lawrence Journal-World. p. 1A. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
81. ^ "KS US President - D Caucus Race - Mar. 19, 1988". Our Campaigns.
82. ^ "Bush Wins Puerto Rico Primary and 14 Delegates". New York Times. March 21, 1988. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
83. ^ "Jackson wins in Michigan". Google News Search Archive. Lawrence Journal-World. March 27, 1988. pp. 1A, 13A. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
84. ^ "Dukakis says victory boosts his campaign". Google News Search Archive. The Nashua Telegraph. March 30, 1988. pp. 1, 16. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
85. ^ "With big win, Dukakis drive back in gear". Google News Search Archive. Ellensburg Daily Record. March 30, 1988. p. 8. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
86. ^ "Our Campaigns - CT US President - D Primary Race - Mar. 24, 1988". Our Campaigns.
87. ^ "Dukakis resumes his front-runner status". Google News Search Archive. Ellensburg Daily Record. April 5, 1988. p. 5. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
88. ^ Espo, David (April 6, 1988). "Dukakis slows Jackson, Bush wins easily". Google News Search Archive. Gettysburg Times. pp. 1A, 2A. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
89. ^ "Democrats stump as New York primary nears". Google News Search Archive. Lakeland Ledger. April 17, 1988. p. 5A. Retrieved 23 September 2023. "Arizona Democrats, whose favorite son, former Gov. Bruce Babbitt, was an early casualty in the Democratic race, held caucuses on Saturday to allocate 36 delegates."
90. ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ US President - D Caucus Race - Apr. 16, 1988". Our Campaigns.
91. ^ "White Catholics Hold Key in New York". Google News Search Archive. Eugene Register-Guard. April 19, 1988. p. 3A. Retrieved 23 September 2023. "The delegates selected Monday will attend the state convention May 23, where Delaware's 15 national convention delegates will be chosen."
92. ^ "Our Campaigns - DE US President - D Caucus Race - Apr. 18, 1988". Our Campaigns.
93. ^ "Dukakis' victory resounding". Google News Search Archive. Newburgh Evening News. April 20, 1988. pp. 1A, 4A. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
94. ^ "Dukakis aims to extend streak; Bush seeks clincher with Pa. win". Google News Search Archive. The Free-Lance Star. April 26, 1988. p. 6. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
95. ^ "Our Campaigns - PA US President - D Primary Race - Apr. 26, 1988". Our Campaigns.
96. ^ "Dukakis wins Indiana, Bayh Overwhelms Rival". Google News Search Archive. Toledo Blade. May 4, 1988. p. 4A. Retrieved 23 September 2023. "The state will send 79 delegates to the Democratic convention and 51 to the Republican meeting."
97. ^ "Our Campaigns - IN US President - D Primary Race - May 03, 1988". Our Campaigns.
98. ^ Hallett, Joe (May 4, 1988). "Dukakis Landslide Buries Jackson in Ohio, Indiana; MARTA Levy Wins Easily". Google News Search Archive. Toledo Blade. pp. 1A, 4A. Retrieved 23 September 2023. "Mr. Ravolo projected that Mr. Dukakis won 115 of the 159 Ohio delegates up for grabs, with Mr. Jackson garnering 41."
99. ^ "Our Campaigns - OH US President - D Primary Race - May 03, 1988". Our Campaigns.
100. ^ "Dukakis wins Indiana, Bayh Overwhelms Rival". Google News Search Archive. Toledo Blade. May 4, 1988. p. 4A. Retrieved 23 September 2023. "Mr. Jackson, who hadn't won a primary since March 20 in Puerto Rico, gained 13 delegates in the district, and Mr. Dukakis, 3."
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## External links

[edit]

* Booknotes interview with Jeanne Simon on Codename: Scarlett - Life on the Campaign Trail by the Wife of a Presidential Candidate, July 23, 1989.
* Booknotes interview with Dayton Duncan on Grass Roots: One Year in the Life of the New Hampshire Presidential Primary, March 31, 1991.

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Straw polls|

* Conservative Political Action Conference
* Iowa State Fair
* (defunct: Ames, Iowa
* Texas)

Major events|

* Iowa caucuses
* New Hampshire primary
* Nevada caucuses
* South Carolina primary
* Super Tuesday

Caucuses
and primaries|

| Democratic Party|

* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024
* 2028

|

Republican Party|

* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024
* 2028

Libertarian Party|

* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Green Party|

* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Reform Party|

* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Constitution Party|

* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Results breakdown|

List of candidates by number of primary votes received
Democratic Party
2008
2016
2020
2024
Republican Party
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024

National
conventions|

| Democratic Party|

* 1832
* 1835
* 1840
* 1844
* 1848
* 1852
* 1856
* 1860
* 1864
* 1868
* 1872
* 1876
* 1880
* 1884
* 1888
* 1892
* 1896
* 1900
* 1904
* 1908
* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

|

Republican Party|

* 1856
* 1860
* 1864
* 1868
* 1872
* 1876
* 1880
* 1884
* 1888
* 1892
* 1896
* 1900
* 1904
* 1908
* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024
* 2028

Libertarian Party|

* 1983
* 1987
* 1991
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2010
* 2012
* 2014
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Green Party|

* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Defunct|

| Whig Party|

* 1839
* 1844
* 1848
* 1852
* 1856

|

Greenback Party|

* 1876
* 1880
* 1884
* 1888

Populist Party|

* 1892
* 1896
* 1900 • 1904 • 1908

Progressive parties|

* Progressive Party of 1912
* 1912
* 1916
* Progressive Party of 1924
* 1924
* Progressive Party of 1948
* 1948
* 1952

Reforms|

* California Democratic Party v. Jones
* Graduated Random Presidential Primary System
* Delaware Plan
* Rotating Regional Primary System
* Interregional Primary Plan
* National Primary
* White primary

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party

* History
* Second Party System
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

National
conventions,
presidential
tickets,
and
presidential
primaries|

* 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
* 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
* 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson
* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
* 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
* 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
* 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
* 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
* 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
* 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
* 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
* 1876 (St. Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
* 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
* 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
* 1888 (St. Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
* 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
* 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
* 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
* 1904 (St. Louis): Parker/H. Davis
* 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
* 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1916 (St. Louis): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
* primaries
* 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
* primaries
* 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
* primaries
* 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
* primaries
* 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
* primaries
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
* primaries
* 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
* primaries
* 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
* primaries
* 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
* primaries
* 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
* primaries
* 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
* primaries
* 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
* primaries
* 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
* primaries
* 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
* primaries
* 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
* primaries
* 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
* primaries
* 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
* primaries
* 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
* primaries
* 2024 (Chicago): Harris/Walz
* primaries

Presidential
administrations|

* Jackson (1829–1837)
* Van Buren (1837–1841)
* Polk (1845–1849)
* Pierce (1853–1857)
* Buchanan (1857–1861)
* A. Johnson (1868–1869)
* Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
* Wilson (1913–1921)
* Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
* Truman (1945–1953)
* Kennedy (1961–1963)
* L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
* Carter (1977–1981)
* Clinton (1993–2001)
* Obama (2009–2017)
* Biden (2021–2025)

U.S. House
leaders,
Speakers,
and
Caucus
chairs|

* A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
* Bell (1834–1835)
* Polk (1835–1839)
* J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
* Davis (1845–1847)
* Cobb (1849–1851)
* Boyd (1851–1855)
* G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
* Orr (1857–1859)
* Houston (1859–1861)
* Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
* Niblack (1873–1875)
* Kerr (1875–1876)
* Randall (1876–1881)
* Carlisle (1883–1889)
* Holman (1889–1891)
* Crisp (1891–1895)
* D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
* Richardson (1897–1903)
* Williams (1903–1909)
* Clark (1909–1921)
* Kitchin (1921–1923)
* Garrett (1923–1929)
* Garner (1929–1933)
* Rainey (1933–1934)
* Byrns (1935–1936)
* Bankhead (1936–1940)
* Rayburn (1940–1961)
* McCormack (1962–1971)
* Albert (1971–1977)
* O'Neill (1977–1987)
* Wright (1987–1989)
* Foley (1989–1995)
* Gephardt (1995–2003)
* Pelosi (2003–2023)
* Jeffries (2023–present)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Caucus
chairs|

* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
* Wallace (1877–1881)
* Pendleton (1881–1885)
* Beck (1885–1890)
* Gorman (1890–1898)
* Turpie (1898–1899)
* J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
* Gorman (1903–1906)
* Blackburn (1906–1907)
* C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
* Money (1909–1911)
* Martin (1911–1913)
* Kern (1913–1917)
* Martin (1917–1919)
* Hitchcock (1919–1920)
* Underwood (1920–1923)
* Robinson (1923–1937)
* Barkley (1937–1949)
* Lucas (1949–1951)
* McFarland (1951–1953)
* Johnson (1953–1961)
* Mansfield (1961–1977)
* Byrd (1977–1989)
* Mitchell (1989–1995)
* Daschle (1995–2005)
* Reid (2005–2017)
* Schumer (2017–present)

Chairs of
the DNC|

* Hallett
* McLane
* Smalley
* Belmont
* Schell
* Hewitt
* Barnum
* Brice
* Harrity
* Jones
* Taggart
* Mack
* McCombs
* McCormick
* Cummings
* G. White
* Hull
* Shaver
* Raskob
* Farley
* Flynn
* Walker
* Hannegan
* McGrath
* Boyle
* McKinney
* Mitchell
* Butler
* Jackson
* Bailey
* O'Brien
* Harris
* O'Brien
* Westwood
* Strauss
* Curtis
* J. White
* Manatt
* Kirk
* Brown
* Wilhelm
* DeLee
* Dodd/Fowler
* Romer/Grossman
* Rendell/Andrew
* McAuliffe
* Dean
* Kaine
* Wasserman Schultz
* Perez
* Harrison
* Martin

State and
territorial
parties|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* District of Columbia Democratic State Committee
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands
* Democrats Abroad

Affiliated
groups|

| Congress|

* Senate Caucus
* Policy Committee
* Steering and Outreach Committee
* House Caucus
* Factions
* Blue Dog Coalition
* Congressional Progressive Caucus
* Squad
* Justice Democrats
* New Democrat Coalition
* Problem Solvers Caucus

|

Campaign
committees|

* Democratic Attorneys General Association
* Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
* Democratic Governors Association
* Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
* Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
* National Conference of Democratic Mayors

Constituency
groups|

* College Democrats of America
* Democrats Abroad
* National Federation of Democratic Women
* Stonewall Democrats
* Stonewall Young Democrats
* Young Democrats of America
* High School Democrats of America

Strategic
groups|

* National Democratic Redistricting Committee
* National Democratic Training Committee

Related|

* Primaries
* Presidential candidates
* Debates
* Superdelegate
* Chairmanship elections
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025
* House caucus leadership elections
* 2006
* 2018
* Weekly Democratic Address

* v
* t
* e

Joe Biden

* 46th President of the United States (2021–2025)
* 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
* U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)

Senator|

* Early life and career
* Classified Information Procedures Act
* Counterterrorism Act
* Violence Against Women Act
* Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

Vice presidency|

* Obama transition
* Task forces
* Gun Violence Prevention
* Protect Students from Sexual Assault
* First Trump transition

Presidency|

| Appointments|

* Cabinet
* Harris vice presidency
* Agriculture
* Commerce
* Defense
* Education
* Energy
* Executive Office appointments
* HHS
* Homeland Security
* HUD
* Interior
* Justice
* U.S. attorneys
* Labor
* State
* ambassadors
* Transportation
* Treasury
* Veterans Affairs
* Judicial appointments
* Jackson
* Supreme Court candidates

|

Legislation|

| 2021|

* American Rescue Plan Act
* Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act
* Consolidated Appropriations Act
* Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* RENACER Act
* Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act

|

2022|

* Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
* CHIPS and Science Act

Consolidated Appropriations Act
* Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act
* Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act
* No TikTok on Government Devices Act
* Pregnant Workers Fairness Act
* State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act
* Emmett Till Antilynching Act
* Inflation Reduction Act
* Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act
* PACT Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* Postal Service Reform Act
* Respect for Marriage Act
* Speak Out Act
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act

2023|

* COVID-19 Origin Act
* Fiscal Responsibility Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* DCA agreement between Finland and the US

2024|

* ADVANCE Act
* Consolidated Appropriations Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* National Security Act
* Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act

2025|

* Social Security Fairness Act

Policies|

* Cannabis
* COVID-19
* COVID-19 Advisory Board
* White House COVID-19 Response Team
* Economic
* Biden v. Nebraska
* Build Back Better Act
* Build Back Better Plan
* Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund
* Electoral and ethical
* Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
* Summit for Democracy
* Environmental
* 2021 Leaders Summit on Climate
* Executive Order 13990
* Foreign
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2023 Chinese balloon incident
* AUKUS
* Camp David Principles
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
* War in Ukraine
* 2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* 2023 visit to Ukraine
* Gaza war
* Ankara prisoner exchange
* Relations with Iran
* Immigration
* A Proclamation on Securing the Border
* Social
* 2021 National Day of Unity
* Space

Timeline|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* security
* Celebrating America
* protests
* First 100 days
* 2021
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2022
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2023
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2024
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* January 2025
* Second Trump transition

* Classified documents incident
* White House cocaine incident
* Efforts to impeach
* House Oversight Committee investigation
* inquiry
* Executive actions
* proclamations
* Opinion polling
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024–2025
* Presidential trips
* international
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024–2025
* Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter

Elections|

| U.S. Senate|

* 1972
* 1978
* 1984
* 1990
* 1996
* 2002
* 2008

|

Vice presidential|

* 2008 campaign
* selection
* convention
* debate
* election
* transition
* 2012 campaign
* convention
* debate
* election

Presidential|

* 1988 campaign
* primaries
* 2008 campaign
* primaries
* debates
* 2020 campaign
* endorsements
* celebrity
* organizations
* Congress
* state and territorial officials
* municipal officials
* primaries
* endorsements
* debates
* Unity Task Forces
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* protests
* 2024 campaign
* withdrawal
* Democratic opposition
* primaries
* endorsements
* protest vote movements
* debate

Family|

* Edward Francis Blewitt (great-grandfather)
* Neilia Hunter Biden (first wife)
* Jill Biden (second wife)
* James Biden (brother)
* Valerie Biden Owens (sister)
* Beau Biden (son)
* Hunter Biden (son)
* Ashley Biden (daughter)
* Howard Krein (son-in-law)
* Hallie Olivere Biden (daughter-in-law)
* Kathleen Buhle (former daughter-in-law)
* Melissa Cohen Biden (daughter-in-law)
* Dogs
* Champ
* Major
* Commander
* Cat
* Willow

Writings|

* Promises to Keep
* Promise Me, Dad
* Tomorrow Will Be Different (foreword)

Speeches|

* Inaugural address (2021)
* Joint session of Congress (2021)
* State of the Union Address
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* Warsaw speech (2022)
* Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech (2022)
* Farewell address (2025)

Media
depictions|

* Confirmation
* The Choice 2020
* "Intro to Political Science"
* My Son Hunter
* "One Last Ride"
* The Onion's "Diamond Joe"
* Our Cartoon President
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Spitting Image

Related|

* Age and health concerns
* Awards
* Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot
* Biden Foundation
* Biden Presidential Library
* Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory
* Buy a shotgun
* Eponyms
* Hunter Biden laptop controversy
* I Did That!
* Let's Go Brandon
* Public image
* Sexual assault allegation
* Situation Room
* Sleepy Joe
* 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal

* ← Donald Trump →

* ← Dick Cheney
* Mike Pence →

* Category

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